The Sacred Fount"
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Why Susie Sells Seashells by the Seashore: Implicit Egotism and Major Life Decisions
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Why Susie Sells Seashells by the Seashore: Implicit Egotism and Major Life Decisions Brett W. Pelham, Matthew C. Mirenberg, and John T. Jones State University of New York at Buffalo Because most people possess positive associations about themselves, most people prefer things that are connected to the self (e.g., the letters in one’s name). The authors refer to such preferences as implicit egotism. Ten studies assessed the role of implicit egotism in 2 major life decisions: where people choose to live and what people choose to do for a living. Studies 1–5 showed that people are disproportionately likely to live in places whose names resemble their own first or last names (e.g., people named Louis are disproportionately likely to live in St. Louis). Study 6 extended this finding to birthday number preferences. People were disproportionately likely to live in cities whose names began with their birthday numbers (e.g., Two Harbors, MN). Studies 7–10 suggested that people disproportionately choose careers whose labels resemble their names (e.g., people named Dennis or Denise are overrepresented among dentists). Implicit egotism appears to influence major life decisions. This idea stands in sharp contrast to many models of rational choice and attests to the importance of understanding implicit beliefs. What role do people’s thoughts and feelings about themselves important role in major life decisions. For example, only a handful play in their important day-to-day decisions and behaviors? Con- of studies have examined whether self-regulation processes influ- temporary research on the self-concept suggests many answers to ence people’s choice of relationship partners. -
They Aren't, Until I Call Them. Performing the Subject in American
CHAPTER FOUR PERFORMING SEXUALITY Now I would like to turn to texts where I depict, by extending the binary logic of metaphysical thinking, the naturalization of the homosexual in the position of the cultural Other. Born around the turn of the 20th century; these texts foreground homosexuality in a radical way by making the homosexual visible. Although it is possible, as I have already pointed out, to detect a certain parallelism between the texts performing gender on the one hand and those performing sexuality on the other, there is one fundamental difference, which concerns the normative presuppositions informing gender and sexual performance and performativity. As I argued in the earlier chapters, the social script replayed in the performance of womanhood was the construction of woman as object-other-body, while new subjectivities were being constructed by way of radical performative processes. But the construction of the gay person into object-other-body was a little different: this in itself already represented a form of resistance—one against the all pervasive invisibility of the homosexual that characterized earlier texts. The trajectory of gender performativity spans from performances of gender compliance (replaying the heterocentric patriarchal scripts) to radical performative revisions of gender normativity. But the model made up of these two stages—normative performance of object-other-body, performative construction of woman as subject-agent—cannot be applied exactly to sexuality: in these latter cases invisibility constitutes the script of normative performance, and visibility constitutes the background making possible new performative constructions (even if, indeed, the gay person is objectified and otherized into spectacle). -
Re-Defining Meaning in Henry James's "The Beast in the Jungle"
Re-Defining Meaning in Henry James's "The Beast in the Jungle" by Diandra Bobé ay‘re ck,L_ 23 1 Moreover, if we allow [the novel's] full ambiguity to the presence of both a traditional ground and a deconstructive abyss beyond its limits, we seem carried into further ambiguity over the possible meaning of their co-functioning. Does the novel intend to subject this traditional ground to a covert erosion, slyly destining it for the abyss below? Or does the novel mean to use the abyss in a cautionary way, offering its sublime, vertiginous prospect only to frighten us back from it - back to safer, beaten ground whose value is proportionately enhanced by the danger of having strayed? D.A. Miller Narrative and its Discontents D.A. Miller's Narrative and its Discontents: Problems of Closure in the Traditional Novel breaks down the ways in which the three different narrative voices (characters, community and narrator) in George Eliot's Middlemarch answer the question "with what representation of content and value does Middlemarch motivate its constructional categories (nonnarratability, narratability, closure)?" (Miller, 109) This was the very question that Henry James addressed when he once commented of Middlemarch that it "sets a limit to the development of the old-fashioned English novel" (Miller, 107). Indeed, James seemed to heed these words in his own work. This limit is manifested in the ambiguity with which James presents meaning in his work; that is, he forces us to question our notion of meaning by presenting it in an altogether different way than the conventional means of reading and deriving at a meaning at the story's conclusion. -
Relationships and the Self: Egosystem and Ecosystem
C HAPTER 4 RELATIONSHIPS AND THE SELF: EGOSYSTEM AND ECOSYSTEM Jennifer Crocker and Amy Canevello Most social scientists assume that people are funda- Crocker & Canevello, 2008, 2012b;ASSOCIATION Crocker, mentally self-interested, that they do what they Olivier, & Nuer, 2009). We first describe this perceive to be advantageous to themselves (Miller, system in general terms that apply to most, if not all, 1999). Unsurprisingly, this view pervades research types of relationships. Then, because romantic rela- on the self, in which people are depicted as self- tionships are the focus of a great deal of interest and enhancing and self-protective, seeking validation research, we describe the principles of romantic and affirmation, and taking credit for successes but relationships driven by egosystem motivation. dodging blame for failures. Perhaps more surprising, We next describe an emerging alternate view, in this view also pervades a great deal of research on which people have the capacity to transcend self- relationships, which presumably involve shared interestPSYCHOLOGICAL and care deeply about people and things bonds between people and feelings such as close- beyond themselves, which we call ecosystem motiva- ness, caring, affection, or love. Many researchers tion (Crocker, 2008; Crocker & Canevello, 2008, assume that people in relationships, as in the rest of 2012b; Crocker et al., 2006). In relationships, their lives, are fundamentally self-centered and people driven by ecosystem motivation seek to pro- self-serving. In this view, people want to AMERICANbe in rela- mote the well-being of the relationship partner not tionships to promote their own ends, ©they use rela- out of selfish motives to obtain benefits in return, tionship partners to satisfy their own needs, and but because they care about the partner or because they sacrifice and compromise in relationships to both people care about the well-being of someone or keep their relationship partners happy so they can something beyond themselves. -
Origins of Narcissism in Children
Origins of narcissism in children Eddie Brummelmana,b,1, Sander Thomaesb,c, Stefanie A. Nelemansd, Bram Orobio de Castrob, Geertjan Overbeeka, and Brad J. Bushmane,f aResearch Institute of Child Development and Education, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001 NG, The Netherlands; bDepartment of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands; cCenter for Research on Self and Identity, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England; dResearch Centre Adolescent Development, Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands; eDepartment of Communication and Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1339; and fDepartment of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved February 12, 2015 (received for review November 7, 2014) Narcissism levels have been increasing among Western youth, and (9) and “are under a compulsion to ascribe every perfection to contribute to societal problems such as aggression and violence. the child—which sober observation would find no occasion to The origins of narcissism, however, are not well understood. Here, do” (10). Consequently, children might internalize the belief that we report, to our knowledge, the first prospective longitudinal they are special individuals who are entitled to privileges. In evidence on the origins of narcissism in children. We compared contrast, psychoanalytic theory holds that children are likely to two perspectives: social learning theory (positing that narcissism is grow up to be narcissistic when their parents lack warmth toward cultivated by parental overvaluation) and psychoanalytic theory them (11, 12). -
The Dirty Dozen: a Concise Measure of the Dark Triad
Psychological Assessment © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 22, No. 2, 420–432 1040-3590/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019265 The Dirty Dozen: A Concise Measure of the Dark Triad Peter K. Jonason Gregory D. Webster University of West Florida University of Florida There has been an exponential increase of interest in the dark side of human nature during the last decade. To better understand this dark side, the authors developed and validated a concise, 12-item measure of the Dark Triad: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism. In 4 studies involving 1,085 participants, they examined its structural reliability, convergent and discriminant validity (Studies 1, 2, and 4), and test–retest reliability (Study 3). Their measure retained the flexibility needed to measure these 3 independent-yet-related constructs while improving its efficiency by reducing its item count by 87% (from 91 to 12 items). The measure retained its core of disagreeableness, short-term mating, and aggressiveness. They call this measure the Dirty Dozen, but it cleanly measures the Dark Triad. Keywords: Dark Triad, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, measurement The Dark Triad is a term used to describe a constellation of quiring scores on each measure to be standardized (Jonason, Li, three socially undesirable personality traits: narcissism, psychop- Webster, & Schmitt, 2009). athy, and Machiavellianism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). Research Second, assessing the Dark Triad’s 91 items is inefficient, on the Dark Triad has increased exponentially over the last decade. time-consuming, and may cause response fatigue in some partic- An analysis of Google Scholar hit counts for “Dark Triad” in ipants. When studying the Dark Triad and one or more other scientific works reveals an explosive increase from one in 2002 to measures of interest (e.g., self-esteem, Big Five personality traits), at least 38 in 2009. -
Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists
Personality and Social Psychology Review Copyright © 2006 by 2006, Vol. 10, No. 2, 154–165 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists Simine Vazire Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin David C. Funder Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Currently prominent models of narcissism (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001) primarily explain narcissists’self-defeating behaviors in terms of conscious cognitive and affec- tive processes. We propose that the disposition of impulsivity may also play an impor- tant role. We offer 2 forms of evidence. First, we present a meta-analysis demonstrat- ing a strong positive relationship between narcissism and impulsivity. Second, we review and reinterpret the literature on 3 hallmarks of narcissism: self-enhancement, aggression, and negative long-term outcomes. Our reinterpretation argues that impulsivity provides a more parsimonious explanation for at least some of narcissists’ self-defeating behavior than do existing models. These 2 sources of evidence suggest that narcissists’ quest for the status and recognition they so intensely desire is thwarted, in part, by their lack of the self-control necessary to achieve those goals. Narcissists are a puzzle. Their bragging and arro- This article begins by proposing that the widely ac- gance interferes with the attainment of the status and cepted cognitive–affective processing model presented recognition they so poignantly desire. Why do they by Morf and Rhodewalt (2001) be extended to include continually undermine themselves in this way? The re- dispositional impulsivity. We then review the empirical search literature appears to have achieved some con- evidence for our proposal by presenting a sensus about the nature of sub-clinical narcissism1 meta-analysis of the relationship between narcissism with respect to underlying cognitive, social, and affec- and impulsivity, including unpublished results from tive processes (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). -
BOOK REVIEWS 159 Derek W. Valliant Is Professor Of
BOOK REVIEWS 159 Derek W. Valliant is Professor of Communication Studies at the Uni- versity of Michigan and author of Sounds of Reform: Progres- sivism and Music in Chicago, 1873–1935 (2005). Henry James Goes to Paris. By Peter Brooks. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 256.$24.95.) In Henry James Goes to Paris, Peter Brooks, Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature at Yale, offers a biographical and critical examination of a transitional moment in James’s career: the period from 1875 to 1876, when, at the age of thirty-two, the author lived in Paris and immersed himself in Parisian culture, meeting fellow writers and frequenting art exhibitions, which he reviewed for the New York Tribune. Although James had already released Watch and Ward, A Passionate Pilgrim, and Roderick Hudson, Brooks reminds us that he was still “Henry James Jr.,” not yet the Master he would become. James was striving to define himself as a writer and literary critic, striving to find his own voice among naturalists and realists on both sides of the Atlantic. As urbane as he seems to us now, in 1875, James considered himself an outsider to the literary circles he hoped would come to embrace him. As Brooks portrays him, James was, in many ways, a very young man, resistant to the new and threatened by some he judged masters of their art. He was an adoring acolyte to Ivan Turgenev, who brought him to Gustave Flaubert, at whose literary “at-homes” James met a host of writers, including the young Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Edmond de Goncourt, and Alphonse Daudet. -
Intellectual Humility and the Curse of Knowledge
Forthcoming in Arrogance and Polarization. Eds. A. Tanesini and M. Lynch. Routledge. Intellectual Humility and the Curse of Knowledge Michael Hannon University of Nottingham This chapter explores an unappreciated psychological dimension of intellectual humility. In particular, I argue there is a plausible connection between intellectual humility and epistemic egocentrism. Epistemic egocentrism is a well-known cognitive bias – often called ‘the curse of knowledge’ – whereby an agent attributes his or her own mental states to other people. I hypothesize that an individual who exhibits this bias is more likely to possess a variety of traits that are characteristic of intellectual humility. This is surprising because intellectual humility is often regarded as an antidote to cognitive biases, whereas I claim that a particular cognitive bias (namely, the curse of knowledge) may help foster an intellectual virtue. Introduction Intellectual humility is widely considered a virtue.1 Although there is no consensus within philosophy or psychology on a precise definition of intellectual humility, it has been linked to an assortment of desirable traits. For example, intellectual humble people have been said to: not think too highly of themselves; not ascribe to themselves greater excellence than they possesses; show low concern for how special their talents are; take complaints and criticism seriously; generously acknowledge the contributions of others; and not demand special treatment, even 1 For example, see Church and Barrett (2016), Hazlett (2012), Roberts and Wood (2003), Samuelson et al. (2015), Tanesini (2018), and Whitcomb et al. (2017). when deserving. This virtue has been studied by philosophers, psychologists, and theologians, and it seems to involve a mix of cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and motivational components. -
Henry James , Edited by Richard Salmon Frontmatter More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00270-8 — The Reverberator Henry James , Edited by Richard Salmon Frontmatter More Information the cambridge edition of the complete fiction of HENRY JAMES © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00270-8 — The Reverberator Henry James , Edited by Richard Salmon Frontmatter More Information thecambridgeeditionofthe complete fiction of HENRY JAMES general editors Michael Anesko, Pennsylvania State University Tamara L. Follini, University of Cambridge Philip Horne, University College London Adrian Poole, University of Cambridge advisory board Martha Banta, University of California, Los Angeles Ian F. A. Bell, Keele University Gert Buelens, Universiteit Gent Susan M. Griffin, University of Louisville Julie Rivkin, Connecticut College John Carlos Rowe, University of Southern California Ruth Bernard Yeazell, Yale University Greg Zacharias, Creighton University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00270-8 — The Reverberator Henry James , Edited by Richard Salmon Frontmatter More Information the cambridge edition of the complete fiction of HENRY JAMES 1 Roderick Hudson 23 A Landscape Painter and Other 2 The American Tales, 1864–1869 3 Watch and Ward 24 A Passionate Pilgrim and Other 4 The Europeans Tales, 1869–1874 5 Confidence 25 Daisy Miller and Other Tales, 6 Washington Square 1874–1879 7 The Portrait of a Lady 26 The Siege of London and Other 8 The Bostonians Tales, 1879–1884 9 The -
Rhythms of Mastery and Surrender in "The Beast in the Jungle"
Gert Buelens - In Possession of a Secret: Rhythms of Mastery and Surrender in "T... pagina 1 van 14 Copyright © 1998 The Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved. The Henry James Review 19.1 (1998) 17-35 Access provided by your local institution In Possession of a Secret: Rhythms of Mastery and Surrender in "The Beast in the Jungle" Gert Buelens The most common reading (or misreading) of Henry James's "The Beast in the Jungle" (1903) runs somewhat as follows: John Marcher is the benighted author of his own sorry fate. Unable to see that it is up to him to bring about the major event for which he secretly feels destined, he never musters the courage to act and ends up a miserable failure. May Bartram, with whom he has shared his secret, is perceptive enough to see the nature of his problem, yet she cannot impart her insight to the obtusely self-absorbed Marcher during her lifetime. Only after May's death does Marcher come to realize her importance to him and see that she loved him. Too late, he understands that he should have acted by returning the passion she felt for him. Thus summarized, the story is a romantic tale with a palatable moral. If only the hero had been less self-preoccupied, he would have responded to the love of this warm and selfless woman. 1 Or, with a slightly different emphasis, if only the hero had not dreamed in such lofty terms of a strikingly rare destiny, he would have embraced the worthwhile opportunities offered by common reality. -
Reading People, Reading Plots
Reading People, Reading Plots Reading People, Reading Plots Character, Progression, and the Interpretation of Narrative James Phelan The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London James Phelan is associate professor of English at Ohio State University. He is the author of Worlds from Words: A Theory of Language in Fiction, published by the University of Chicago Press. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1989 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1989 Printed in the United States of America 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phelan, James. Reading people, reading plots. Includes index. 1. English fiction—History and criticism—Theory, etc. 2. Characters and characteristics in literature. 3. American fiction—History and criticism—Theory, etc. I. Title. PR830.C47P47 1989 801'.953 88-20840 ISBN 0-226-66691-3 ISBN 0-226-66692-1 (pbk.) © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. for Katie and Michael, two characters who wonderfully complicate the progression of my life Contents Preface ix Introduction: Character, Progression, and the Rhetorical Interpretation of Narrative 1 Part I The Mimetic-Thematic Relationship and the Thematizing of Narrative 1 Character, Progression, and Thematism: The Cases of 1984 and Pride and Prejudice 27 2 The Thematic Function and