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Botanica The illustrated A-Z of over 10,000 garden and how to cultivate them Botanica_S0017-0031_D 15.02.2007 9:16 Uhr Seite 17

17 Major Groups

Annuals & Perennials rounded by bright oranges, yellows, rusty reds edge of the basket. If you are using large pots or and creams, while a white or pastel painted house tubs, both upright and sprawling plant types can Planting Combinations blends well with soft blue, mauve, pink and produce a very decorative display. By combining perennials with annuals in a more white flowers plus masses of silver foliage. Annuals, by their very nature, aim to set as informal manner, the garden loses that ‘all or Just as important as linking the house to the many seeds as possible within a very short life nothing’ effect which is so evident when a bed of garden, is the overall siting of the garden beds. span. Gardeners can extend the flowering period annuals has ‘finished’ and is again planted out Most annuals demand full sun to flower well so by cutting the blooms for indoor use or nipping with tiny seedlings. By placing clumps of peren- be sure to choose an aspect where the plants will off faded flowers before they set seed and so nials beside drifts of annuals the eye is drawn receive as much light, particularly morning sun, decide it’s all over for another year. If you follow from one accent to another, say from a group of as possible. Give them generously wide beds this procedure, remember it is good practice to low-growing annuals in front to the taller peren- ensuring the colorful display will not be over- provide regular nourishment to the plants in the nial flower spikes behind. Annuals are marvel- whelmed by shrub foliage or robbed of nutrients form of a quick-acting fertilizer designed to pro- lous for providing a festive welcome to an by the roots of nearby permanent plants. mote flowers rather than foliage growth. entrance or a splash of color to a shrub border when the garden is to be used for a special event. Instant Color Effects Soil Preparation and Planting For a continuous effect, group them with peren- One of the most welcome developments in re- To ensure strong growth and maximum flower- nials, staggering the flowering times of the plants cent years has been the increase in the number of ing, prepare your garden beds soundly. If the so that when a small pocket of annuals is nearly annuals and perennials available in ‘instant area to be planted has not been dug over before, past its prime a perennial just behind is about to color’ pots. Once red geraniums were the only it is a good idea to double dig. This means that flower. This complementary display can take a available way to provide a splash of color in early the topsoil, say to a fork’s depth, is weeded and few seasons to achieve, as many perennials need spring; now, right through the seasons a pot or put aside and the soil under this layer is dug over two years to bloom, but don’t give up as experi- tray of mature flowering annuals can be pur- to the depth of a fork. Humus, such as well- menting in this way is one of the most rewarding chased to add instant color to a garden dead spot rotted manure, or compost can be added to this aspects of gardening. or patio. And don’t overlook hanging baskets layer to help break up heavy clay particles or to Apart from color combinations within a gar- filled with annuals to highlight a garden color add moisture-retentive qualities to sandy soils. den, try to tie in the house color to that of a scheme. If potting up seedlings to make a basket This double digging is particularly beneficial garden display so they complement one another: full of your own instant color, take care to to perennials which may be left in the same a red or red-orange toned house looks good sur- choose plants that will fall gracefully over the position for some years. Replace the top layer of

RIGHT: A display of annuals like these pansies and double daisies takes a lot from the soil, which you have to put back if you want to repeat it. BELOW: With their large, brightly colored, showy pea flowers, Lupinus species and hybrids will enhance any garden.

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2 2 MAJOR PLANT GROUPS

Palms growing some of the more modest palms in- to cultivate them commercially to harvest the The palms are, by contrast to ferns, true trees, al- doors; but they are among the most attractive of sago. In fact, commercial sago (tapioca) comes though usually they grow on a single unbranched all house plants. They are mostly easy to grow; from a totally unrelated plant. trunk, with a crown of large leaves at the top. give them reasonable light, don’t over-water It is their agonisingly slow growth that limits (Some form clumps of stems, but these are nor- them, and don’t use a pot that is too large for the the popularity of cycads in gardens; sow a seed mally unbranched.) These leaves can be long and size of the palm. and it will be years before you are rewarded with divided, like giant fern leaves, or they can be There are few groups of trees as useful as a fully developed clump of glossy, palm-like rounded and fan shaped, the two types being palms in the countries where they grow; thatch is leaves, let alone the curious flower cones, which called ‘feather’ or ‘fan’ palms. They mostly grow made from the leaves, the trunks provide timber, can be far larger than any pine cone. The plants in the company of other trees, so they like the and dates and coconuts are significant commer- bear male and female cones, usually on the same shade, at least when they are young; but there cial crops, both borne by palms. Some species plant, and the female cones can be a striking are few among the taller palms that insist on it. can have their sap tapped to make palm wine or sight when the seeds ripen. Eventually, most will Palms vary enormously in height; some of the toddy; and there are those whose young shoots develop a short thick trunk, but don’t hold your clump-formers grow to only about 6 or 10 ft can be cut out and cooked like cabbage. breath waiting—the magnificent specimens you (1.8 or 3 m) tall and can be placed in the garden see in botanic gardens are usually at least 50 years like shrubs; others can reach about 90 ft (27 m) Cycads old. Cycads are not exactly abundant and are and are sufficiently stately for the largest gardens. Cycads are an ancient group of plants usually usually protected by law. If you do acquire one, Alas, the most magnificent palms are strictly for grouped like the conifers in the , give it a climate free of frost, or almost so, a place frost-free climates, and the delights of a palm but with palm-like fronds. They are only found in light shade, and fertile soil. Grow it in a big avenue are denied to the temperate climate gar- in limited, warmer parts of the world. They bear pot by all means, and if you like you can bring it dener. He or she will have to be content with large, nut-like seeds that are rich in starch. How- inside to a sunny room. ever, they are not for the vegetable plot—the raw seeds contain poisonous alkaloids which have to be destroyed by long and elaborate preparation Fruit & Nut Trees for consumption. This varies with the species, but may involve pounding the seeds, steeping Choosing a Fruit Tree them in water for long periods or both. This is Fruit trees can be classed into two broad groups: an art perfected by the indigenous peoples of the tropical fruits, members of several plant Australia and Africa, where most cycads grow. families, mainly evergreen, and often rather Some species contain a great deal of starch stately growers; and the temperate fruits, decidu- (called sago) in their growing shoots, although as ous and almost all cousins of the rose. The citrus cycads grow so very slowly it is not economical are a kind of link between the two; evergreen and with members that like hot climates and others LEFT: Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi is a striking that don’t mind it coolish. Which to choose? cycad from South Africa. It is very hardy and Your own favorite, that goes without saying; but adapts well to cultivation. you need to take your climate into account. BELOW: Ferns and palms can be used to create an There is no joy in pining after mangoes if you oasis in the suburban garden. suffer frost, or cherries if you can’t provide them with the cold winters they need. Then, there is no point in growing just any sort of variety. Just about all types of fruit have been bred and im- proved by gardeners for centuries, and come in a bewildering number of varieties. Some of the tropical types (citrus too) can be grown from seed quite easily, but the resulting trees, while vigorous, almost always produce inferior fruit. The named varieties are almost always grafted, and you may be offered the same one on several different understocks. Usually this is because by choice of a more or less vigorous stock you can tailor the final size of the tree, but sometimes one stock will be better than another in different soils. If in doubt, ask your supplier for advice, bearing in mind that bigger isn’t necessarily better—you may prefer to have two smaller trees instead of one large one. That way you might have both a dessert and a cooking apple, or spread your crop by having an early-ripening variety and one that ripens later. With some of the temperate fruits, notably apples, pears and sweet cherries, you need two trees in any case, as they are not ‘self-fertile’—the flowers must receive the pollen of a different variety or there will be no fruit. Not that polli- nating insects respect fences; the spouse tree could be in the garden of a co-operative

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34 ABELIA

compact plant that grows well in pots or AA can be naturalized in a sunny sheltered position; red, pink or white flowers are borne in summer and fall (autumn). ‘Pacific Light Pink’ is an 18 in (45 cm) dwarf cultivar with 2-tone pink flowers up to 4 in (10 cm) wide. ‘Pacific Orange Scarlet’ (syn. ‘Oriental Red’) is also very popular. ZONES 8–12.

ABIES FIR The true firs, sometimes known as silver Abelia ϫ grandiflora firs to distinguish them from Picea (which have pendent, not upright, CULTIVATION: They are mostly grown cones), comprise 40-odd species of ever- as summer annuals, requiring fertile, green conifers. Among the most stately Albelmoschus moschatus ‘Pacific Orange Scarlet’ well-drained soil, a sheltered position in of all conifers, firs come from cool- to full sun, and plentiful water. Propagate cold-climate mountain areas of the from seed in spring. Rust disease can be a northern hemisphere. The majority are problem: spray with a fungicide. from China and western North America, but a few species extend into the tropics Abelmoschus esculentus on the high mountains of Central syn. Hibiscus esculentus America and Southeast Asia. The short, OKRA, GUMBO, LADY’S FINGERS stiff needles, which are distributed evenly Long cultivated in parts of Africa and along the twig, usually have 2 longitudi- Asia (where it originated), this 6 ft nal blue bands on their undersides. (1.8 m) tall species was taken to the CULTIVATION: Their narrow shape and Americas with slaves from West Africa often slow growth allow many species to and has remained a traditional ingredi- fit comfortably into the larger suburban ent of many dishes in the USA’s Deep garden, but they will not tolerate urban South. It is an attractive plant with red- pollution and prefer a moist climate Abelia chinensis Abelia floribunda eyed yellow flowers. Both flower buds without extremes of heat. Soils must and the long starchy immature pods are have adequate depth, drainage and ϫ ABELIA Abelia grandiflora eaten. Okra requires a long hot summer moisture retention. Propagation is from A genus of about 30 species of both This hybrid between Abelia chinensis and for successful growth. ZONES 9–11. seed. Grafting is used for selected clones, deciduous and evergreen shrubs from A. uniflora grows to 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m) including named cultivars. The only eastern Asia and Mexico, the abelias are tall and wide. It has arching reddish Abelmoschus manihot pruning or shaping needed is the re- valued for their elegant growth and brown canes and small, glossy dark green AIBIKA moval of twin leading shoots as soon abundant small tubular or trumpet- leaves. Small mauve and white flowers This is a perennial species 6–8 ft as they appear. shaped flowers over a prolonged summer appear in early summer, usually with a (1.8–2.4 m) tall. The stems are covered season. They grow to about 6 ft (1.8 m) second flush at summer’s end. The dull with small, bristly hairs and the 3- to Abies alba tall and have dark green foliage on pink calyces persist on the shrub after the 7-lobed leaves are up to 18 in (45 cm) EUROPEAN SILVER FIR arching canes. flower falls, contrasting with the leaves across. The flowers are white to yellow Originating in the mountains of central CULTIVATION: Species vary from mod- which turn purplish bronze. The cultivar with purple centers, borne singly or in and southern Europe this conifer can erately frost hardy to somewhat tender. ‘Francis Mason’ has yellow or yellow- small racemes, and followed by 3 in grow to 180 ft (55 m). It has glossy dark The frost-hardy species are trouble-free edged leaves but it has a tendency to (8 cm) fruit. ZONES 10–12. plants, capable of surviving harsh con- revert to plain green. ZONES 7–10. ditions. Abelias prefer sun or light shade, Abelmoschus moschatus and need a well-drained soil with regular Abelia schumannii MUSK MALLOW water in summer. They are easily propa- Less vigorous than Abelia ϫ grandiflora, This tropical Asian species is very vari- gated from cuttings and can withstand this deciduous shrub likes a sheltered able, with many wild and cultivated heavy pruning, for example, when used situation. It has arching red canes and races. Some are used for fiber and the for low hedging. small pointed leaves; the upper part of seeds (musk seeds) yield oils and fats each cane produces a succession of (ambrette) used medicinally and in per- Abelia chinensis showy bell-shaped flowers from late fumery. The whole plant has a slight One of the hardier species, Abelia spring to early fall (autumn). Flowers are musky smell. The hairs on the leaves are chinensis forms a spreading bushy shrub. rose pink with an orange blotch in the often bristly and the large flowers are It can be deciduous or semi-deciduous, throat; the pale reddish calyx persists on typically pale yellow with a purple eye. and has reddish stems and small shiny the shrub after the flower falls. ZONES 7–10. Ornamental cultivars have a range of leaves which turn bronze purple in fall flower colors. The cultivar ‘Mischief’ is a Abelia ϫ grandiflora cultivar (autumn). It blooms with a succession of ABELMOSCHUS small white flowers throughout summer This is a genus of around 15 species from and early fall, each conspicuous dull pink the tropics of Africa and Asia. In older calyx persisting on the shrub long after books all the species were included in the the flower falls. ZONES 8–10. larger genus Hibiscus. They are annuals, biennials or short-lived perennials with Abelia floribunda tough bark (sometimes used for fiber) With the largest and most brightly hued and maple-like leaves. Some species die flowers among the abelias, this species back to a large tuber in the tropical dry bears clusters of bright rose carmine, season. The hibiscus-like flowers occur 2 in (5 cm) long flowers along arching in shades of yellow, pink, orange or red. branches in early summer. Only margin- Several species make attractive ally frost hardy, in colder areas it is best ornamentals and the vegetable okra or grown in a warm sheltered spot such as gumbo (Abelmoschus esculentus) is against a wall or fence. ZONES 9–11. grown for its edible young pods. Abelia ϫ grandiflora ‘Francis Mason’ Abies alba

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172 CALLUNA

deep burnt-orange in winter; it has single pink flowers. ‘Robert Chapman’ is 12 in (30 cm) tall by twice this in width and is an excellent accent plant with golden- yellow foliage in spring and summer turning to bronze shades during the colder months; it has lavender flowers. C ‘Silver Queen’ is 15 in (38 cm) tall and spreads to 24 in (60 cm) with downy, silver-gray leaves offset by pale mauve single flowers. ‘Sir John Charrington’ is 15 in (38 cm) and has golden-yellow foli- Calluna vulgaris ‘Allegretto’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Anchy Ann’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Dark Beauty’ age during the summer turning to fall tones during winter with single mauve- silvery pink double flowers held late in pink blooms. ‘Sister Anne’ is a compact the season. ‘Heidesinfonia’ is one of the bush that grows to only 4 in (10 cm) best of the mauve-pink forms; flowers high but spreads to 10 in (25 cm) and is are produced abundantly on long spikes covered with mauve blooms offsetting that are good for cutting. ‘J. H. Hamil- the gray-green foliage, which becomes ton’ is a dwarf plant to 6 in (15 cm) with bronze during the colder months. a spread of 10 in (25 cm) and needs care- ‘Spring Cream’ is 15 in (38 cm) tall by ful siting to prevent it being overgrown 18 in (45 cm) wide with cream-tipped by larger varieties; it has double pink mid-green leaves in spring and white flowers. ‘Joy Vanstone’ has light-colored single flowers. ‘Sunset’ is 10 in (25 cm) foliage turning orange in winter and pro- tall with golden-yellow spring foliage be- duces single pink flowers. ‘Kerstin’ has a coming deeper in summer and turning Calluna vulgaris ‘Fred J. Chapple’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Heidesinfonia’ spread of 18 in (45 cm) and foliage that to vivid fall tones in winter; it has lilac- turns deep lilac-gray in winter then pink flowers. ‘Tib’ has a more open habit cream to red as spring unfurls; flowers with a spread of 15 in (38 cm) and deep are mauve. ‘Kinlochruel’ grows to 12 in pink double flowers during the height of (30 cm) tall with a spread of 15 in (38 cm) summer. ‘Velvet Dome’ is attractive in and has bright green foliage, turning or out of bloom, forming tight buns of bronze in the colder months, and double dense, deep green foliage. ‘Walter white flowers; it is very free flowering. Ingwersen’ has a loose, open habit and ‘Mair’s Variety’ is an upright shrub which grows to 24 in (60 cm) in height with an almost identical spread and has pure white single flowers held on long stems, making it excellent for cutting. ‘Mullion’ grows to 8 in (20 cm) with Calluna vulgaris ‘Kerstin’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Multicolor’ lilac-pink flowers held on short racemes. ‘Multicolor’ is 4 in (10 cm) tall with a CALLUNA available in the UK alone it is hard to de- 10 in (25 cm) spread and is a compact HEATHER, LING cide which to mention, but the following variety with interesting yellow-green fo- The sole species of this genus, heather, is are representative and will add interest liage tinged orange and red with racemes an evergreen shrub and is the dominant and diversity to the garden. ‘Allegretto’ of mauve blooms. ‘Orange Queen’ is a moorland plant of the colder parts of the is a low-growing compact form with very compact plant grown for its foliage, UK and northern Europe; it is closely re- cerise flowers. ‘Allegro’ is medium sized golden yellow in summer changing to Calluna vulgaris ‘Walter Ingwersen’ lated to the heath genus Erica. White, with a neat habit and purple-red blooms. pink, red or purple are the usual colors ‘Anchy Ann’ has very long spikes of for the small bell-shaped flowers, borne mauve flowers on 24 in (60 cm) bushes. in dense clusters. In winter the foliage ‘Anthony Davis’ is a good variety for turns brownish or dull purple. Mostly cutting with long sprays of single white grown in gardens are the numerous flowers. ‘Beoley Gold’ is 18 in (45 cm) cultivars, selected for dwarf or compact tall with a spread of 24 in (60 cm) and growth and for flower or foliage color. has yellow-flushed foliage and single CULTIVATION: It is an extremely frost- white flowers. ‘County Wicklow’ is 10 in hardy plant, thriving in very exposed (25 cm) tall by 15 in (38 cm) and is a situations and often performing poorly semi-prostrate shrub with double, pale under kinder conditions. The soil should pink flowers. ‘Dark Beauty’ has rich, be acidic, gritty, and of low fertility. After deep pinkish red flowers on small, com- flowering cut back to keep bushes com- pact plants. ‘Darkness’ is 10 in (25 cm) Calluna vulgaris ‘Orange Queen’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Velvet Dome’ pact. In areas with warm, humid sum- tall with a spread of 15 in (38 cm) and mers it is prone to root- and stem-rot. has crimson-purple single blooms. ‘Elsie Propagation is usually from tip cuttings Purnell’ is a somewhat larger bush grow- or rooted branches can be detached. ing to 15 in (38 cm) and spreading to 30 in (75 cm) with gray-green foliage Calluna vulgaris and long spikes of silvery pink double Common heather makes a spreading blooms that are good for cutting and⁄or shrub 12–36 in (30–90 cm) high. The drying. ‘Fred J. Chapple’ forms neat, flowers of wild plants are pale pink to a dense mounds dusted with white flowers. strong purplish pink, occasionally white. ‘Gold Haze’ has a height and spread of Flowering time is variable: some races 18 in (45 cm), pale golden foliage and and cultivars flower through summer, white single flowers. ‘H. E. Beale’ is quite others from mid-summer to early fall a tall specimen to 30 in (75 cm) with (autumn). With over 400 cultivars grayish green foliage and long racemes of Calluna vulgaris ‘Robert Chapman’ Calluna vulgaris ‘Spring Cream’

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346 ERYSIMUM

Erysimum ‘Golden Bedder’ Erysimum ‘Jubilee Gold’ E Erysimum mutabile (some species in mid-winter), followed syn. Cheiranthus mutabilis by narrow seed pods that dry and brown This much-branched shrub from the as they ripen. Canary Islands and Madeira grows to 3 ft CULTIVATION: Most species are not Erythrina acanthocarpa (1 m) high and has narrow, lance-shaped frost hardy, but some are happy enough leaves. In spring the flowers open pale in exposed coastal locations. They all yellow and age to a purplish color. It is enjoy full sun and well-drained soil. marginally frost hardy. ZONES 9–11. Spider mites may be a problem. Propa- gation is from seed in spring or cuttings Erysimum ochroleucum in summer. syn. Erysimum decumbens This short-lived perennial should be Erythrina acanthocarpa grown as a biennial. It has spreading TAMBOOKIE THORN stems to 12 in (30 cm) or more tall, This deciduous shrub from southern lance-shaped leaves and bright yellow Africa forms a thicket of stiff, thorny flowers in spring and summer. branches to 6 ft (1.8 m) tall and often ZONES 6–9. wider. The elongated pea-flowers, scarlet tipped with yellow and green, make a Erythrina bidwillii Erysimum linifolium Erysimum perofskianum spectacular show in late spring and early This biennial or short-lived perennial is summer. ZONES 9–11. Erysimum hieraciifolium usually treated as an annual in gardens. SIBERIAN WALLFLOWER It grows to 15 in (38 cm) tall and about Erythrina bidwillii Native to Europe and northern Asia, 10 in (25 cm) wide and has dark green, HYBRID CORAL TREE this bushy evergreen is short lived and slightly toothed leaves to 4 in (10 cm) This hybrid between Erythrina crista-galli should be grown as a biennial. It has long. It produces its orange to orange- and E. herbacea originated in Australia in toothed, mid-green leaves and bears red flowers in spikes of up to 40 blooms the 1840s. It is an upright, deciduous bright yellow or orange flowers in spring, in summer. This rosette-forming plant is shrub growing to around 10 ft (3 m) tall. putting on a dazzling display for a long native to Afghanistan and Pakistan. The vivid dark red flowers appear from period. Slow growing, it reaches a height ZONES 7–9. late spring to mid-fall (autumn) on long and spread of about 12 in (30 cm). It is racemes at the ends of the current fully frost hardy, preferring light, well- ERYTHRINA season’s growth so it is important to drained, fertile soil and a sunny position. CORAL TREE prune in early spring to ensure a good Erysimum ochroleucum ZONES 6–9. The 108 species of deciduous and semi- floral display. In cooler climates it is evergreen trees and shrubs in this genus best treated as an herbaceous plant. Erysimum ‘Golden Bedder’ Erysimum ‘Jubilee Gold’ occur wild in tropical and subtropical re- ZONES 9–11. syn. Cheiranthus ‘Golden Bedder’ This is a bushy plant to 15 in (38 cm) gions around the world, though with This is one of the color forms of the high with lance-shaped leaves and most species in the Americas and Africa. Erythrina caffra Bedder Series, bred for compact shape golden-yellow flowers in short clusters in Belonging to the bean tribe of the leg- syns Erythrina constantiana, E. insignis and available in shades from cream spring. ZONES 7–10. umes, they are grown as ornamentals for SOUTH AFRICAN CORAL TREE, KAFFIRBOOM through yellow to orange and red. They their vividly hued flowers. Their trunks This semi-evergreen tree with a broad, can flower for months, often starting in Erysimum linifolium and branches are protected by short, open crown quickly reaches about winter in mild climates. ‘Golden Bedder’ Native to Spain and Portugal, this sharp prickles; many species have weak 30–60 ft (9–18 m) and is often grown as is a rich golden yellow. ZONES 8–10. narrow-leafed, mat-forming perennial branches that tend to fall in storms. The a shade tree in its native South Africa. grows to about 30 in (75 cm) tall and has leaves are compound with 3 broad, often The compound leaves, 6 in (15 cm) wide, Erysimum ‘Harpur Crewe’ long spikes of comparatively small, deep diamond-shaped leaflets. Bean-like have 3 broad leaflets. From late spring to syn. Erysimum kewensis ‘Harpur Crewe’ mauve flowers almost all year round in flowers in scarlet, crimson or orange are early summer clusters of pale orange to This lovely hybrid between Erysimum mild climates. Several forms exist includ- borne in racemes towards the ends of the orange-red flowers are borne on almost cheiri and E. bicolor has sweetly scented, ing ‘Bicolor’, with pink-mauve as well as branches at varying times of the year bare branches (sometimes quite thorny). double yellow flowers. It grows to 12 in white flowers, and ‘Variegatum’, with (30 cm) high. It has been known since mauve flowers and white-edged leaves. the seventeenth century. ZONES 8–10. ZONES 6–10.

Erysimum helveticum Erysimum ‘Moonlight’ syn. Erysimum pumilum This is a mat-forming evergreen peren- This small, tufted perennial from the nial to 10 in (25 cm) tall and about 18 in mountains of southern, central and east- (45 cm) wide. It flowers from early ern Europe grows to 6 in (15 cm) tall spring well into summer and produces with linear, lance-shaped leaves and short racemes of cheerful sulfur-yellow fragrant, bright yellow flowers in late flowers. Erysimum ‘Moonlight’ would summer. ‘Yellow Bird’ is a dwarf, make a most attractive rock-garden plant compact grower to 4 in (10 cm). or subject for the front of a border. ZONES 5–9. ZONES 6–9. Erysimum perofskianum Erysimum ‘Moonlight’

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418 GYMNOCALYCIUM

young. The small, star-shaped white flowers are fragrant and are borne in early summer followed, on the female plants, by pendent reddish brown pods to 10 in (25 cm) long. The seeds were once roasted and ground for a coffee-like beverage. ZONES 4–10. This genus of about 20 species of attrac- tive cypress-like trees occurs in islands of the southwest Pacific and Malay Archi- G. mihanovichii ‘Variegatum’ pelago; a single species occurs in north- ern Australia. They are not conifers but grown where they can be contained or are close relatives of Casuarina, in which where they will not become a nuisance. genus they were formerly included. They CULTIVATION: Best and most luxuriant differ from Casuarina and Allocasuarina in full shade but tolerant of a few hours by having only 4 tiny scale leaves at each of daily sun, these ferns need moist, joint of the slender needles, and by the G fertile soil that contains plenty of rotted long ‘beaks’ radiating from the cone-like Gymnocalycium mihanovichii organic matter. They are an appropriate structures containing the seeds. One or ground cover under groups of trees or two species are planted for ornament large shrubs so long as their water needs and shade in wetter parts of the Asian are not neglected. Hardiness varies with tropics, and the Australian species is species but all will take at least some becoming well known in cultivation. frost. Propagate by sowing spores or CULTIVATION: They prefer sheltered, by division. humid situations and deep, moist, humus-rich soil. Propagation is from Gymnocarpium dryopteris seed or cuttings. OAK FERN From Europe, Asia and North America, Gymnostoma australianum this is a lovely fern with yellowish fronds This is Australia’s only member of the about 15 in (38 cm) long. The creeping genus, known in the wild solely on one rhizome by which it spreads is wiry, high granite mountain near the mouth of black and shiny and the triangular fronds the Daintree River in northeastern unroll from a tight sphere. ‘Plumosum’, . It can become a small, with its larger, denser fronds, is generally bushy crowned tree of about 20 ft (6 m), Gymnocladus dioica Gymnocladus dioica thought to be even more attractive. but is usually grown as a neat, conical, ZONES 3–9. 10 ft (3 m) shrub with dense, deep green Gymnocalycium quehlianum foliage. ZONES 10–12. From Argentina, this cactus grows to 2 in GYMNOCLADUS (5 cm) high and 3 in (8 cm) across. It has Distinctive for their enormous, hand- GYNANDRIRIS a gray-green stem with up to 15 ribs. Pale some bipinnate leaves, the 4 deciduous This genus of 9 species of iris-like brown spines develop in whorls, but trees of this genus, allied to Gleditsia, cormous plants is native mainly to South there are no central spines. It bears white come from North America and East Asia. Africa, but also occurs in the Mediterra- funnel-shaped flowers with pinkish Small, greenish white flowers appear nean region and southwest Asia. They throats in early summer. ZONES 9–11. only in prolonged warm weather. The have one or two narrow, channelled seeds and pods of different species have basal leaves and produce a succession of Gymnocalycium saglionis been used for soap and as a coffee short-lived flowers. Each flower consists Native to northwestern Argentina, this substitute. Only female trees bear fruits. of 3 long, spreading outer petals and rounded cactus grows to 4 in (10 cm) CULTIVATION: Cool-climate plants, 3 smaller, erect inner petals. high and up to 12 in (30 cm) wide. It has they require full sun and deep, well- CULTIVATION: Moderately frost hardy, a mid-green stem with 30 or more ribs drained, fertile soil. Propagate from seed they require well-drained soil in full sun. with prominent tubercles. Reddish in fall (autumn). They are from winter rainfall areas and brown spines develop in whorls and need dry summer conditions. Propagate there are about 3 central spines. It bears Gymnocladus dioica from seed or cormlets. Gymnostoma australianum small, very pale pink to almost white KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE flowers in early summer. ZONES 9–11. From moist woodland areas of the east- Gynandriris sisyrinchium Gymnocalycium mihanovichii ern USA, this slow-growing tree reaches syn. Iris sisyrinchium PLAID CACTUS Gymnocalycium tillianum 70 ft (21 m) tall and 50 ft (15 m) wide. This species from the Mediterranean and This Paraguayan species has flattened, This short, squat Argentinian cactus The large compound leaves, up to 3 ft western Asia grows to 8 in (20 cm) high grayish green, globular stems 2 in grows 4 in (10 cm) tall and 6 in (15 cm) (1 m) long, are pinkish bronze when and bears violet-blue, iris-like flowers (5 cm) in diameter. These have 8 ribs wide. It has long, black-brown spines and horizontal grooves above and below and small pink flowers in spring. Spheri- the areoles which bear short brownish cal fruit follow in summer. ZONES 9–11. yellow spines. Pink or greenish yellow flowers appear in early summer. A GYMNOCARPIUM number of cultivars with stems of Consisting of 5 species, this genus of different colors or variegated have deciduous, ground-covering ferns that become popular. Some lack chlorophyll spread by creeping rhizomes can be and so must be grafted onto a normal found on all northern continents. All are green cactus to survive; the best known is attractive and useful ferns, 12–15 in the brilliant red ‘Red Head’ (syn. (30–38 cm) tall with triangular fronds ‘Hibotan’). ‘Variegatum’ has stems that may be bluish, green or yellow- irregularly blotched red and bronzy green in color. Rhizomes are tough and green. ZONES 9–11. tenacious and the plants should only be Gymnocalycium saglionis Gymnocalycium tillianum

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522 LEUCOSPERMUM

Leucospermum cordifolium syn. Leucospermum nutans NODDING PINCUSHION Growing 3–6 ft (1–1.8 m) tall with a spread of about 3 ft (1 m), this species has a well-branched habit with sturdy, flowering branches bearing gray-green, very broad leaves and terminal flowerheads. These distinctive, dome- shaped blooms in yellow, orange and red tones are held over a long period through summer. ‘Flame Spike’ has deep orange-red flowerheads. ‘Red Leucospermum mundii Leucospermum oleifolium Leucospermum reflexum Sunset’, a hybrid with Leucospermum lineare, bears red and gold flowers in early summer it produces clusters of spring. ZONES 9–11. flowerheads at the branch tips, opening honey yellow but ageing dull pink. This Leucospermum erubescens is only one of many beautiful Leuco- A somewhat rare species in the wild, spermum species that await more general Leucospermum erubescens is restricted to cultivation. ZONES 9–10. the Langeberg Mountains east of Cape Town, where it grows on dry rocky hills. Leucospermum formosum It is an erect, rather stiff shrub up to 6 ft Closely allied to and very similar to the (1.8 m) high with narrow, blunt leaves green-leafed Leucospermum catherinae, toothed at the apex. From late winter to this native of the southwest Cape has hairy gray-green leaves and in spring produces hemispherical flowerheads with Leucospermum tottum ‘Scarlet Ribbon’ Leucospermum reflexum var. luteum pale orange-yellow styles. ZONES 9–10. yellow, point almost directly upwards Leucospermum glabrum and are tipped with red pollen recepta- This shrub measures 10 ft (3 m) and cles. ZONES 9–11. has bright green leaves. The flowers have bright scarlet styles and deep red rib- Leucospermum mundii bons. ZONES 9–10. This species, another from the Langeberg L Mountains, has light green leaves with Leucospermum grandiflorum up to 17 notch-like teeth at their tips. Found in the hills and mountains of The small brush-like flowerheads occur southeastern Cape Province, this 5 ft in clusters at the stem tips and open pale (1.5 m) tall species is notable for its yellow then age to golden brown. They unusual flowerheads. They open from appear from mid-winter to late spring. mid-winter to early summer and have ZONES 9–10. Leucospermum grandiflorum relatively few styles. The styles, which are Leucospermum oleifolium Leucospermum tottum This shrub grows 3–5 ft (1–1.5 m) tall and has clusters of flowers that are pale Leucospermum reflexum yellow changing to orange then deep ROCKET PINCUSHION crimson. ZONES 9–10. This species makes an erect shrub up to 10 ft (3 m) tall with a spread of 6 ft (1.8 m). The small, silvery leaves are clasped to the stems in a compact manner while the terminal crimson, yellow-tipped, spiky, reflexed flowers are borne profusely through spring and summer. Leucospermum reflexum var. luteum grows to over 12 ft (3.5 m) tall Leucospermum glabrum Leucospermum erubescens and has light, gray-green foliage and clear light yellow flowers. ZONES 9–10.

Leucospermum tottum syn. Leucospermum gueinzii FIREWHEEL PINCUSHION Leucospermum formosum This dense shrub grows to 5 ft (1.5 m) high and wide. Its long, narrow, gray- green, oblong leaves are covered with fine, short hairs. The dome-shaped flowerheads, 3–4 in (8–10 cm) wide and opening in spring and summer, are pinkish red with numerous cream styles radiating from the central boss. ‘Scarlet Ribbon’ is a cross between Leucospermum tottum and L. glabrum with bright pink flowers and yellow styles. ‘Golden Star’, a cross between L. tottum and L. cordifolium, has light yellow flowers on long slender stems. Leucospermum cordifolium Leucospermum cordifolium ‘Flame Spike’ ZONES 9–11.

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580 MISCANTHUS

Miscanthus sinensis on slender, erect stems in fall. EULALIA ‘Variegatus’ has creamy white leaves Probably one of the most beautiful and with pale green bands. ‘Yaku Jima’ is a least invasive of ornamental grasses, this dwarf form to about 30 in (75 cm) or so Asian species has undergone more selec- with narrow arching leaves. ‘Zebrinus’ is tion of cultivars than probably any other a tall variety with bands of gold irregu- grass. The wild form makes neat, upright larly positioned across the leaf blade, to slightly arching clumps up to 12 ft giving it the common name of zebra (3.5 m) tall although usually less. Its grass. ZONES 4–10. leaves have a white midrib and die to a soft straw color in winter. The flower- MITCHELLA heads are usually soft gray tinted purple- PARTRIDGE BERRY brown. ‘Gracillimus’ has very fine leaves Two species of evergreen perennials that color well in fall (autumn), have a make up this genus: one a native of white mid-rib and arch elegantly; it North America, the other found in Japan rarely exceeds 4 ft (1.2 m) in height. and South Korea. They trail across the ‘Kleine Fontaine’ has arching leaves and ground and have glossy, deep green, oval flowers in early to mid-summer. leaves up to 1 in (25 mm) long. In spring, Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’ ‘Morning Light’, similar to ‘Gracillimus’, they produce pairs of 4-lobed, funnel- 1 has a fine silver variegated leaf edge. shaped flowers about ⁄2 in (12 mm) Mitchella repens ‘Silberfeder’ (syn. ‘Silver Feather’) grows long. The American species has white TWO-EYED BERRY, RUNNING BOX, to 8 ft (2.4 m) and produces a generous flowers; the Asian pink. The flowers PARTRIDGEBERRY 1 crop of light, open, silvery pink flowers are followed by ⁄2 in (12 mm) 2-lobed This North American species grows white or red berries, rather like 2 berries into a prostrate mat of dark green foliage 3 fused together. with white veins to ⁄4 in (18 mm) long. Its CULTIVATION: Plant in moist, well- small white flowers are often tinged pink; drained soil in sun or part-shade. They they are produced in early summer and are fully frost hardy. Propagate from are followed by bright red berries. It pre- seed, layers or cuttings. fers acid soil and plenty of moisture. ZONES 3–9.

MITELLA Miscanthus sinensis ‘Morning Light’ BISHOP’S CAP, MITREWORT This genus of some 20 species of furnished leaves erupt its fine erect rhizomatous perennials originates in flower stems supporting tiny green North America and northeast Asia. flowers, hardly showy but en masse an Allied to Heuchera and Tiarella, and very attractive sight. If grown in a moist, M similar in appearance, they form clumps semi-shaded aspect it will self-seed and of roughly heart-shaped leaves with make a good ground cover. It grows to shallow lobes and a covering of fine 6 in (15 cm) tall in bloom. ZONES 6–10. 1 hairs. The leaf size varies from ⁄2–4 in (1.2–10 cm) across, depending on the MITRARIA Miscanthus sinensis ‘Variegatus’ Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zebrinus’ species. The tiny green, white or pink This genus includes just one species, an flowers are carried in spikes on upright, evergreen scrambling or climbing wiry stems that extend well above the subshrub from the south of Chile and foliage clump. Up to 60 flowers per spike Argentina. Its wiry stems are clothed in appear in spring. pointed elliptical leaves with toothed CULTIVATION: These woodland plants edges. The leaves, around 1 in (25 mm) prefer moist, well-drained, humus-rich long, have fine hairs along their midribs soil in sun or part-shade. They will not and petioles. From late spring to fall tolerate prolonged dry conditions, but (autumn), it produces 4- or 5-lobed, will withstand temperatures down to narrow-mouthed, orange-red tubular 1 –10°F (–23°C). Propagate from seed or flowers that are up to 1 ⁄2 in (35 mm) 1 by dividing established clumps in late long. The flowers are followed by ⁄2 in winter to early spring. (12 mm), fleshy, berry-like fruits. CULTIVATION: This climber is very easy Mitella breweri to grow, if a little untidy. Plant it in cool, A dainty if somewhat inconspicuous moist, humus-rich, peaty soil. Provided clumping plant from North America, the roots are cool, its foliage will tolerate this species has pleasant light green full sun and the plant flowers better for foliage that is slightly hairy and about it; otherwise grow in part-shade. 4 in (10 cm) long. Through these densely Propagate from seed, layers or cuttings. Mitraria coccinea This is a useful and attractive subshrub with rich glossy green leaves and a long flowering season. It can be allowed to trail over the ground, spill over banks, cascade from a hanging basket or climb up a fence through trellis or wire. It stems can grow to 6 ft (1.8 m) or more in length. ZONES 9–11. MOLINERIA This small tropical genus of about Miscanthus sinensis ‘Kleine Fontaine’ Mitraria coccinea 7 species of lily-like perennials is distrib-

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INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 971

apple gum (Angophora) 945 Arundinaria veitchii see Sasa veitchii Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra) 681 baneberry (Actaea) 55 apple mint (Mentha suaveolens) 572 asarabacca (Asarum europaeum) 117 Austrian briar (Rosa foetida) 773 bangalow palm (Archontophoenix apple serviceberry (Amelanchier Asarina barclayana see Maurandya Austrian sage (Salvia austriaca) 812 cunninghamiana) 106 grandiflora) 87 barclaiana Austrian yellow (Rosa foetida) 773 banjo fig (Ficus lyrata) 375 apricot (Prunus armeniaca) 709 Asarina erubescens see Lophospermum autumn cassia (Senna corymbosa) 837 Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii see Arabian coffee (Coffea arabica) 244 erubescens autumn crocus (Colchicum) 244 Banksia cunninghamii Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac) 489 ash (Fraxinus) 380 autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) 244 Banks’s grevillea (Grevillea banksii) 411 Arabis albida see Arabis caucasica Ashanti blood (Mussaenda erythrophylla) autumn crocus (Sternbergia) 859 banyan (Ficus benghalensis) 374 Arabis ferdinandi-coburgii see Arabis 586 autumn daffodil (Sternbergia) 859 baobab (Adansonia) 56 procurrens Asian bell-flower (Radermachera sinica) autumn elaeagnus (Elaeagnus umbellata) baobab (Adansonia digitata) 56 aralia (Polyscias) 696 734 325 Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra) 557 Aralia elegantissima see Schefflera Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) 633 autumn fern (Dryopteris erythrosora) 316 Barbados fig (Opuntia vulgaris) 619 elegantissima Asiatic poison lily (Crinum asiaticum) 266 autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis) Barbados holly (Malpighia coccigera) 557 Aralia japonica see Fatsia japonica asoka (Saraca indica) 821 840 Barbados lily (Hippeastrum) 447 Aralia papyrifera see Tetrapanax papyrifer Asparagus see also Protasparagus autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) 325 Barbados pride (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) Aralia sieboldii see Fatsia japonica asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) 118 autumn sage (Salvia greggii) 814 164 Araucaria excelsa see Araucaria heterophylla Asparagus densiflorus see Protasparagus autumn snowflake (Leucojum autumnale) Barbassu palm (Orbignya) 619 Araucaria imbricata see Araucaria araucana densiflorus 521 barbel palm (Acanthophoenix) 43 Araujia hortorum see Araujia sericifera asparagus fern (Protasparagus) 706 autumn squash (Curcurbita maxima) 271 barberry (Berberis) 138 Araujia sericofera see Araujia sericifera Asparagus medeoloides see Myrsiphyllum Avena candida see Helictotrichon Barberton daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) 403 arbor-vitae (Thuja) 883 asparagoides sempervirens barley (Hordeum) 450 arbutus (Arbutus unedo) 106 Asparagus plumosus see Protasparagus Avena sempervirens see Helictotrichon barley (Hordeum vulgare) 450 Arbutus glandulosa see Arbutus xalapensis plumosus sempervirens Barosma betulina see Agathosma betulina Arbutus texana see Arbutus xalapensis Asparagus setaceus see Protasparagus avens (Geum) 404 barrel cactus (Echinopsis oxygona) 323 archangel (Lamium album) 508 plumosus avocado (Persea americana) 654 barrel cactus (Ferocactus) 371–2 Arctotis stoechadifolia see Arctotis venusta aspen (Populus) 697–8 Azalea see Rhododendron barren strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) 701 Ardisia crenulata see Ardisia crenata Asperula athoa of gardens see Asperula Azores bay (Laurus azorica) 512 barrenwort (Epimedium) 331 Areca lutescens see Chrysalidocarpus suberosa Azores bellflower (Campanula vidalii) 186 Barringtonia speciosa see Barringtonia lutescens Asperula odorata see Galium odoratum Azores heath (Daboecia azorica) 286 asiatica Arecastrum see Syagrus asphodel (Asphodeline lutea) 118–19 Azorina vidalii see Campanula vidalii Bartlettina megalophylla see Eupatorium Arecastrum romanzoffiana see Syagrus aspidistra (Aspidistra elatior) 119 Aztec lily (Sprekelia) 856 megalophyllum romanzoffiana Asplenium filix-femina see Athyrium filix- Aztec marigold (Tagetes erecta) 873 Bartonia aurea see Mentzelia lindleyi Argentine flame tree (Tabebuia femina baseball plant (Euphorbia obesa) 362 impetiginosa) 872 aster (Aster) 120 B basil (Ocimum) 610 Argentine trumpet vine (Clytostoma Aster chinensis see Callistephus chinensis babao (Syagrus comosa) 865 basil (Ocimum basilicum) 610–11 callistegioides) 241 Aster fruticosus see Felicia fruticosa babassu palm (Orbignya) 616 basil thyme (Acinos arvensis) 52 Argyle apple (Eucalyptus cinerea) 351 Aster luteus see Solidaster luteus Babiana disticha see Babiana plicata basket flower (Hymenocallis narcissiflora) Argyroderma blandum see Argyroderma atamasco lily (Zephyranthes atamasco) 942 baboon flower (Babiana) 130 460 delaetii Athanasia see Hymenolepis baby blue-eyes (Nemophila menziesii) 598 basket grass (Oplismenus) 617 Argyropsis candida see Zephyranthes Athanasia parviflora see Hymenolepis baby gladiolus (Gladiolus colvillei) 405 basket oak (Quercus prinus) 732 candida parviflora baby rubber plant (Peperomia obtusifolia) basket of gold (Aurinia saxatilis) 126 Aristea thyrsiflora see Aristea major Athel tree (Tamarix aphylla) 874 653 basket willow (Salix purpurea) 811 Aristolochia durior see Aristolochia Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis baby snapdragon (Linaria maroccana) 532 basket willow (Salix viminalis) 811 macrophylla thyoides) 219 baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata) 419 basswood (Tilia americana) 889 Aristolochia elegans see Aristolochia atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) 203 baby’s tears (Soleirolia) 847 bastard box (Polygala chamaebuxus) 695 littoralis atlas fescue (Festuca mairei) 373 Babylon weeping willow (Salix babylonica) bastard olive (Buddleja saligna) 159 Aristolochia sipho see Aristolochia aubergine (Solanum melongena) 846 810 bat flower (Tacca integrifolia) 872–3 macrophylla aucuba (Aucuba) 125 bachelor’s buttons (Cenia turbinata) 207 bat plant (Tacca integrifolia) 872–3 Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina) 382 August lily (Hosta plantaginea) 452 bachelor’s buttons (Centaurea cyanus) 207 bat’s-wing coral tree (Erythrina vespertilio) Arizona cypress ( arizonica) 274 Australian banyan (Ficus macrophylla) 375 bachelor’s buttons (Craspedia uniflora) 261 348 Arizona walnut (Juglans major) 490 Australian baobab (Adansonia gregorii) 56 bachelor’s buttons (Gomphrena globosa) Bauer’s grevillea (Grevillea baueri) 411 Armand pine (Pinus armandii) 678 Australian beech (Nothofagus moorei) 606 409 Bauhinia punctata see Bauhinia galpinii Armenian cranesbill (Geranium Australian bluebell (Wahlenbergia gloriosa) bachelor’s buttons (Ranunculus bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica) 588 psilostemon) 402 932 aconitifolius) 734 bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) 512 Armeria caespitosa see Armeria juniperifolia Australian bluebell creeper (Sollya Bacopa see Sutera bay tree (Laurus nobilis) 512 arnica (Arnica montana) 113 heterophylla) 848 bacurubu (Schizolobium parahybum) 828 beach aster (Erigeron glaucus) 340 Arnold crabapple (Malus arnoldiana) 557 Australian brush cherry (Syzygium Baja fairy duster (Calliandra californica) beach bean (Canavalia rosea) 187 Arnold hawthorn (Crataegus arnoldiana) paniculatum) 869 168 beach evening primrose (Oenothera 263 Australian bugle (Ajuga australis) 71 bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) 876 drummondii) 612 Arolla pine (Pinus cembra) 678 Australian clematis (Clematis aristata) 234 baldmoney (Meum) 575 beach lily (Crinum pedunculatum) 266 Arrhostoxylum see Ruellia Australian cliff brake (Pellaea falcata) 648 Balearic boxwood (Buxus balearica) 161 beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae) arrow bamboo (Pseudosasa japonica) 717 Australian daphne (Pittosporum balisier (Heliconia caribaea) 436 474 arrowhead (Sagittaria) 808 undulatum) 686 Balkan primrose (Ramonda myconi) 734 beach pine (Pinus contorta) 679 arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum) Australian fan palm (Livistona australis) 536 ball cactus (Parodia) 639 beach plum (Prunus maritima) 712 867 Australian frangipani (Hymenosporum) 461 ball fern (Davallia mariesii) 292 beach salvia (Salvia africana-lutea) 812 Arroyo lupine (Lupinus succulentus) 544 Australian fuchsia (Correa) 254 balloon flower (Platycodon) 688 beach she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia) 198 Artemisia lanata see Artemisia caucasica Australian fuchsia (Correa reflexa) 254 balloon pea (Sutherlandia frutescens) 865 beach speedwell (Veronica longifolia) 917 Artemisia pedemontana see Artemisia Australian indigo (Indigofera australis) 472 balloon vine (Cardiospermum beach wormwood (Artemisia stelleriana) caucasica Australian ivy palm (Schefflera grandiflorum) 190 115 Artemisia purshiana see Artemisia actinophylla) 827 balloon vine (Cardiospermum halicacabum) bead plant (Nertera granadensis) 603 ludoviciana Australian laurel (Pittosporum 190 bead tree (Melia) 570 Artemisia tridentata see Seriphidium rhombifolium) 686 balm (Melissa) 571 beaked yucca (Yucca rostrata) 941 tridentatum Australian mistletoe (Amylotheca) 89 balm of Gilead (Cedronella) 203 bean (Phaseolus) 659 artillery plant (Pilea microphylla) 676 Australian native rose (Boronia serrulata) balsam apple (Clusia rosea) 241 bean sprout (Vigna radiata) 922 Artocarpus communis see Artocarpus altilis 148 balsam fir (Abies balsamea) 35 bear grass (Dasylirion) 291 Artocarpus incisa see Artocarpus altilis Australian native violet (Viola hederacea) Balsamita major see Tanacetum balsamita bear grass (Xerophyllum tenax) 939 arugula (Eruca sativa) 344 924 bamboo (Bambusa) 131 bear’s breeches (Acanthus) 44 Arum dracunculus see Dracunculus vulgaris Australian pine (Casuarina) 198 bamboo grass (Stipa ramosissima) 861 bearberry (Arctostaphylos) 106 arum lily (Zantedeschia) 941 Australian red cedar (Toona ciliata) 892 bamboo muhly (Muhlenbergia dumosa) bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) 107 Arum sanctum see Arum palaestinum Australian rosella (Hibiscus heterophyllus) 584 bearberry (Rhamnus purshiana) 739 Aruncus sylvestris see Aruncus dioicus 445 bamboo orchid (Thunia alba) 885 bearberry cotoneaster (Cotoneaster Arundinaria murieliae see Fargesia Australian rosemary (Westringia fruticosa) bamboo palm (Chamaedorea erumpens) dammeri) 259 murieliae 935 220 beard-lip penstemon (Penstemon barbatus) Arundinaria nitida see Fargesia nitida Australian teak (Flindersia australis) 377 bamburanta (Ctenanthe lubbersiana) 271 650 Arundinaria palmata see Sasa palmata Australian tea tree (Leptospermum Bambusa glaucescens see Bambusa multiplex beargrass (Camassia) 175–6 Arundinaria purpurea see Sasaella laevigatum) 517 banana (Musa) 585 beargrass (Festuca eskia) 373 masumuneana Australian tree fern (Cyathea cooperi) 276 banana (Musa acuminata) 585 bearskin grass (Festuca eskia) 373 Arundinaria pygmaea see Pleioblastus Australian waterlily (Nymphaea gigantea) banana passion flower (Passiflora Beatrice watsonia (Watsonia pillansii) 933 pygmaeus 608 mollissima) 642 beautiful honey plant (Hoya lanceolata Arundinaria quadrangularis see Australian wisteria (Millettia megasperma) banana shrub (Michelia figo) 575 subsp. bella) 454 Chimonobambusa quadrangularis 576 banana yucca (Yucca baccata) 939 beauty berry (Callicarpa) 168

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Publisher Gordon Cheers Picture research Gordon Cheers

Introduced by William Warren Art directors Stan Lamond, Bob Mitchell

Managing editors Susan Page, Margaret Olds Page layout Joy Eckermann Picture sizing Jean Burnard Chief consultant Tony Rodd Publishing manager Linda Watchorn

Consultants William Warren (Asia) Publishing assistant Sarah Sherlock Geoff Bryant (NZ) Lynton Johnson (SA) Maps Stan Lamond, Graham Keane Barbara Segall (UK) R. J. Turner Jr. (USA) Map zone consultant Dr. J. Gentilli Ernie Wasson (USA) Photo library Suzannah Porter

Writers Geoff Burnie Chief photographer James Young Sue Forrester Denise Greig Index Lisa Foulis Sarah Guest Michelle Harmony Typesetting Dee Rogers Sue Hobley Gregory Jackson Copyright © Random House Australia 2003 Dr Peter Lavarack Published by Random House Australia Pty Ltd 20 Alfred Street, Milsons Point, NSW Australia 2061 Melanie Letgett tel 02 9954 9966 Dr Ross McDonald fax 02 9954 9008 Stirling Macoboy Bill Molyneux http://randomhouse.com.au Douglas Moodie Judy Moore Sydney New York Toronto Dalys Newman London Auckland Johannesburg Tim North and agencies throughout the world Professor Kristo Pienaar First published in 1997 Graeme Purdy Second edition, revised, published 1998 Julie Silk Third edition, revised, published 1999 Stephen Ryan of Dicksonia Rare Plants, Mt Macedon, Vic All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Gina Schien reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Editors Lisa Foulis photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior Marlene Meynert written permission of the Publisher. Dee Rogers Photos © Random House Australia Pty Ltd 1997, 1998 Janet Parker from Random House Photo Library Kate Etherington Text © Random House Australia Pty Ltd 1997, 1998 Heather Jackson Siobhan O´Connor © for this edition: 2004, h.f.ullmann publishing GmbH Marie-Louise Taylor Julie Stanton Cover design: Simone Sticker Loretta Barnard Cover photo: Getty Images Louise Egerton Overall responsibility for production: Doreen Grézoux h.f.ullmann publishing GmbH, Potsdam, Germany Gillian Gillett Denise Imwold Printed in China, 2013 Valerie Marlborough Gisela Mirwis ISBN: 978-3-8480-0287-0 Margaret McPhee Steve Samuelson 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Philippa Sandall X IX VIII VII VI V IV III II I Sarah Shrub www.ullmann-publishing.com Judith Simpson [email protected] Botanica_S0945-1024_D 16.02.2007 13:24 Uhr Seite 973

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 973

bluebell creeper (Sollya heterophylla) 848 bracelet honey myrtle (Melaleuca bulrush (Typha latifolia) 905 calamint (Acinos) 52 bluebells (Wahlenbergia) 932 armillaris) 569 bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) 251 calamint (Calamintha) 165 blueberry ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus) 326 Brachychiton diversifolius see Brachychiton bunny ears (Opuntia microdasys) 618–19 calamondin ( Citrofortunella microcarpa) A blueberry climber (Ampelopsis populneus bunya bunya (Araucaria bidwillii) 104 232 brevipedunculata) 88 Brachyscome see Brachycome bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii) 104 Calceolaria violacea see Jovellana violacea blueberry elder (Sambucus caerulea) 817 brake fern (Pellaea) 648 bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) 731 calico bush (Kalmia latifolia) 497 blue-leafed apple (Eucalyptus cinerea) 351 brake fern (Pteris) 719 Burdett’s banksia (Banksia burdettii) 131 calico flower (Aristolochia littoralis) 112 bluewings (Torenia fournieri) 892 bramble (Rubus fruticosus) 802–3 Burkwood ceanothus (Ceanothus California bay tree (Umbellularia) 909 bluff lettuce (Dudleya) 316 brand bush (Grewia flava) 415 ‘Burkwoodii’) 201 California black flowering sedge (Carex blunt tongue greenhood (Pterostylis brass buttons (Cotula coronopifolia) 260 Burkwood viburnum (Viburnum nudata) 191 obtusa) 721 Brassaia see Schefflera burkwoodii) 918 California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) 731 blushing bride (Serruria florida) 839 Brassaia actinophylla see Schefflera Burmese honeysuckle (Lonicera California blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium blushing bromeliad (Neoregelia carolinae) actinophylla hildebrandiana) 540 bellum) 843 599 Brassavola digbyana see Rhyncholaelia Burmese plumbago (Ceratostigma griffithii) California buckeye (Aesculus californica) 62 blushing bromeliad (Nidularium fulgens) digbyana 210–11 California buckthorn (Rhamnus 604 Brazil cherry (Eugenia brasiliensis) 357 burn plant (Aloe vera) 83 californica) 739 blushing philodendron (Philodendron Brazil raintree (Brunfelsia pauciflora) 157 burnet (Sanguisorba) 818 California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera) erubescens) 662 Brazilian bell-flower (Abutilon burnet bloodwort (Sanguisorba officinalis) 932–3 boab (Adansonia) 56 megapotamicum) 38 819 California holly (Heteromeles) 443 bo tree (Ficus religiosa) 375 Brazilian firecracker (Manettia luteorubra) Burnet rose (Rosa pimpinellifolia) 774 California laurel (Umbellularia) 909 boat lily (Tradescantia spathacea) 894 563 burning bush (Bassia scoparia f. California lilac (Ceanothus) 201 Bocconia cordata see Macleaya cordata Brazilian flame vine (Pyrostegia) 726 trichophylla) 134 California live oak (Quercus agrifolia) 730 Bodinier beauty berry (Callicarpa Brazilian ginger (Dichorisandra thyrsiflora) burning bush (Dictamnus) 305 California maidenhair (Adiantum jordanii) bodinieri) 168 304 burning bush (Dictamnus albus) 305 58 bog arum (Calla) 167 Brazilian ironwood (Caesalpinia ferrea) burr rose (Rosa roxburghii ‘Plena’) 774 California nutmeg (Torreya californica) 829 bog bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 572 164 burrawang (Macrozamia communis) 553 California pitcher plant (Darlingtonia) 290 bog myrtle (Myrica gale) 588 Brazilian jasmine (Mandevilla sanderi) 563 burr-marigold (Bidens) 144 California poppy (Eschscholzia) 349 bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella) 90 Brazilian nightshade (Solanum burro tail (Sedum morganianum) 833 California privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) bog rosemary (Andromeda) 91 seaforthianum) 846 burser’s saxifrage (Saxifraga burseriana) 526 bog sage (Salvia uliginosa) 817 Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus 823 California redwood (Sequoia) 838 bog star (Parnassia) 638 terebinthifolius) 828 bush anemone (Carpenteria) 193 California rock cress (Arabis bokbaai vygie (Dorotheanthus bellidiformis) Brazilian plume (Justicia carnea) 494 bush cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) 700 blepharophylla) 103 312 Brazilian red cloak (Megaskepasma) 568 bush clover (Lespedeza thunbergii) 518 California rock fern (Polypodium) 696 bokhara fleece flower (Fallopia bread tree (Encephalartos altensteinii) 327 bush germander (Teucrium fruticans) 881 California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) baldschuanica) 369 breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) 115 bush honeysuckle (Diervilla) 306 688 Bokhara iris (Iris bucharica) 476 breath of heaven (Coleonema pulchellum) bush lavender (Lavandula stoechas) 513 California tree poppy (Romneya coulteri) Bomarea kalbreyeri see Bomarea caldasii 245 bush lily (Clivia miniata) 241 771 bonavist bean (Lablab) 504 brewer’s saltbush (Atriplex lentiformis bush lily (Crinum moorei) 266 Californian allspice (Calycanthus boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) subsp. breweri) 125 bush milkweed (Asclepias subulata) 117 occidentalis) 175 226 brewer’s weeping spruce (Picea breweriana) bush morning glory (Convolvulus cneorum) Californian black sage (Salvia mellifera) boneset (Symphytum officinale) 866 672 248 814 boobialla (Myoporum insulare) 587 Bribie Island pine ( columellaris) bush penstemon (Penstemon ambiguus) Californian bluebell (Phacelia boomerang wattle (Acacia amoena) 39 171 650 campanularia) 658 bopple nut (Macadamia tetraphylla) 552 bridal heath (Erica bauera) 336 bush poppy (Dendromecon) 297 Californian desert bluebell (Phacelia borage (Borago officinalis) 147 bridal wreath (Francoa) 380 bush snapdragon (Keckiella antirrhinoides campanularia) 658 border forsythia (Forsythia intermedia) bridal wreath (Spiraea ‘Arguta’) 854 var. antirrhinoides) 498 Californian fawn lily (Erythronium 378 bridal wreath (Stephanotis floribunda) 859 bush-tick berry (Chrysanthemoides californicum) 348 border penstemon (Penstemon Bridgesia spicata see Ercilla volubilis monilifera) 226 Californian firecracker (Dichelostemma gloxinioides) 651 brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) 41 bush violet (Browallia) 156 ida-maia) 304 boree (Acacia pendula) 42 Brisbane box (Lophostemon confertus) 542 bushman’s poison (Acokanthera Californian fuchsia (Zauschneria Boronia elatior see Boronia molloyae bristle cone pine (Pinus aristata) 678 oblongifolia) 53 californica) 942 Borzicactus see Oreocereus bristle grass (Setaria) 840 busy Lizzie (Impatiens walleriana) 471 Californian holly grape (Mahonia pinnata) Borzicactus celsianus see Oreocereus British Columbia wild ginger (Asarum butcher’s broom (Ruscus) 805 556 celsianus caudatum) 117 butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) 805 California nutmeg (Torreya californica) 892 Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) 601 brittlebrush (Encelia farinosa) 327 butia palm (Butia capitata) 161 Californian red fir (Abies magnifica) 36 Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) 640 brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) 353 butt ixia (Ixia paniculata) 485 Californian white oak (Quercus lobata) 731 Bot River protea (Protea compacta) 707 brittle willow (Salix fragilis) 810 buttercup (Ranunculus) 734 Californian white sage (Salvia apiana) 812 bottle gentian (Gentiana andrewsii) 399 Brittonastrum mexicanum see Agastache buttercup winter hazel (Corylopsis calla lily (Zantedeschia) 941 bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis) 461 mexicana pauciflora) 255 Calla sancta see Arum palaestinum bottle plant (Hatiora salicornioides) 427 broad bean (Vicia faba) 922 butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) 159 Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) 727 bottle tree (Adansonia gregorii) 56 broad-leafed drumsticks (Isopogon butterfly delphinium (Delphinium Callicore rosea see Amaryllis belladonna bottlebrush (Callistemon) 169 anemonifolius) 484 grandiflorum) 293 calliopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria) 250–1 Bougainvillea ‘Hawaiian Scarlet’ see broad-leafed linden (Tilia platyphyllos) 890 butterfly flag (Diplarrena moraea) 309 Callistemon lanceolatus see Callistemon Bougainvillea ‘Scarlett O’Hara’ broad-leafed paperbark (Melaleuca butterfly flower (Schizanthus) 828 citrinus Bougainvillea ‘Helen Johnson’ see quinquinervia) 569 butterfly palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) Callistemon paludosus see Callistemon Bougainvillea ‘Temple Fire’ broad-leafed paperbark (Melaleuca 225 sieberi Bougainvillea ‘San Diego Red’ see viridiflora) 570 butterfly pea (Clitoria ternata) 241 Callitris glauca see Callitris glaucophylla Bougainvillea ‘Scarlett O’Hara’ broad-leafed pondweed (Potamogeton butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa) 117 Callitris huegelii see Callitris glaucophylla bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis) 820 natans) 700 butternut (Juglans cinerea) 490 Callitris priessii subsp. verrucosa see Bouvardia humboldtii see Bouvardia broad-leafed scribbly gum (Eucalyptus butterwort (Pinguicula) 677 Callitris verrucosa longiflora haemastoma) 353 button cactus (Epithelantha micromeris) Calocephalus brownii see Leucophyta Bouvardia triphylla see Bouvardia ternifolia broad-leaved marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza 333 brownii bower plant (Pandorea jasminoides) 634 majalis) 287 button fern (Pellaea rotundifolia) 648 Calonyction aculeatum see Ipomoea alba bower vine (Pandorea jasminoides) 634 broccoli (Brassica oleracea) 154 buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) 687 Calonyction see Ipomoea Bowles’ golden grass (Milium effusum Brodiaea capitata see Dichelostemma camas (Camassia) 175–6 ‘Aureum’) 576 pulchellum C camash (Camassia quamash) 176 Bowles’ mint (Mentha villosa f. Brodiaea grandiflora see Triteleia cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 154 Camassia esculenta see Camassia quamash alopecuroides) 572 grandiflora cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) 808 camel melon (Citrullus lanatus) 232 bowman’s root (Gilia trifoliata) 404 Brodiaea hyacinthina see Triteleia cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto) 808 Camellia chrysantha see Camellia bowman’s root (Veronicastrum virginicum) hyacinthina cabbage tree (Cordyline) 249 nitidissima 917 Brodiaea ida-maia see Dichelostemma ida- cabbage tree (Cussonia paniculata) 275 Campanula muralis see Campanula bowstring hemp (Sansevieria) 819 maia cabbage-tree palm (Livistona australis) 536 portenschlagiana box (Buxus) 161 Brodiaea ixioides see Triteleia ixioides cacao (Theobroma) 882 Campanula wanneri see Symphyandra box holly (Ruscus aculeatus) 805 Brodiaea laxa see Triteleia laxa cactus geranium (Pelargonium echinatum) wanneri box honeysuckle (Lonicera nitida) 540 Brodiaea pulchella see Dichelostemma 644 camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) box sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium) pulchellum cadaga (Corymbia torelliana) 355 229 515 Brodiaea purdyi see Brodiaea minor cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendra) 569 camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) box-elder maple (Acer negundo) 46 Brodiaea uniflora see Ipheion uniflorum cajun (Cajanus) 164 229 boxthorn (Lycium) 546 brome grass (Bromus) 156 calabash (Amphitecna) 89 campion (Lychnis) 545 Boykinia heucheriformis see Boykinia bull bay (Magnolia grandiflora) 554 Caladium hortulanum see Caladium campion (Silene) 841 jamesii bull oak (Allocasuarina luehmannii) 78 bicolor Campsis chinensis see Campsis grandiflora

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