Studies on Sex Compatiblity of Some Olive Cultivars
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Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(5): 504-509, 2007 © 2007, INSInet Publication Studies on Sex Compatiblity of Some Olive Cultivars 12Eman S. El-Hady, Laila Haggag F., M.M.M. Abd El-Migeed and I.M. Desouky 1Pomology. Dept. National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. 2Hortic. Dept. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract: This study was carried out during two successive seasons (2004 and 2006) to evaluate the effect of different pollination types on 16 years old olive oil cultivars, namely Arbeqeina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki .The trees were grown in a sandy soil in an experimental orchard at Ismaillia Governorate, Egypt. These cultivars were showing poor fruit set and low yield problems. During the two studied seasons, each cultivar was subjected to the different types of pollination i.e. self, cross and open pollinations. The obtained results generally showed that Arbequina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki under the experimental conditions are self-incompatible cvs. For proper fruit set, Koroneiki proved to be a good pollinator for Arbequina. Meanwhile, Arbequina seemed to be the best pollinator for Bouleillan. Also, Bouteillan is cross-compatible with Koroneiki for good fruit set. However, Abrbequina seemed to be the best pollinator for Koroneiki highest oil content So, The obtained results suggest that under Ismailia Governorate conditions, planting Arbequina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki cvs. in a mixed plots is recommend for good fruit set and oil content Also using Arbequina pollen grains in a supplementary pollination program proved to be effective in enhanceing Bouteillan olive fruit set. Key words: Olive, Arbeqeina, Bouteillan , Kononeiki, self, cross, pollination, fruit set, oil content, fruit quality. INTRODUCTION The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of different types of pollination on three olive oil Olive cultivation plays an important role in the cultivars, namely Arbequina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki economy of many countries which most of them belong to find the proper pollinator for good fruit set, oil to the mediterranean region. In Egypt, the latest content and fruit quality under sandy soil conditions at statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2005 sited Esmailia Governorate. that the total acreage grown with olive cvs. reached about 118382 feddans with average yield 3.25 MATERIALS AND METHODS ton/feddan. Olive fruits used for oil extraction and pickling. The oil proportion in the fruit, ranged from The present investigation was conducted during 35 to 70% on dry weight basis[17,16,15,3]. Most of olive 2004 and 2006 seasons in an experimental olive fruits are used for producing oil and for a little extent orchard at El Kasseen Experimental Station belonging for pickling. In the last two decades olive growers put to Egyptian Horticultural Research, Ministry of their attention on growing olive oil cultivars where, Agriculture, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The olive oil is recommended for its nutritional value, in study was conducted on sixteen years old addition to its value in cosmetics industry. Recently, olive oil cultivars namely, Arbequina, may introduced olive oil cultivars are grown in the Bouteillan and Koroneiki. The selected trees were newly reclaimed soil in Egypt but such trees are of uniform size, planted at 5 x 5 maters apart in suffering from poor fruit set and low yield problems. sandy soil under drip irrigation system and In this respect, Ayerza and Coates[2] mentioned that subjected to the same common horticultural olive trees are self-compatible, but under some climatic practices. Twelve trees (four trees from each cv.) conditions a number of olive cultivars have were randomly selected and were subjected to demonstrated problems with pollination and fruit set. In the following types of pollination. this respet, pollination is one of the most important factors for a good productivity. However, the choice of C Self-pollination. the pollinator is based on our knowledge of its capacity C Cross-pollination. to fertilize the variety that has to be pollinated[14]. C Open-pollination. Corresponding Author: Eman S. El-Hady, Pomology. Dept. National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. 504 Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(5): 504-509, 2007 These treatments were arranged in a complete apparition using Hexan of 60-80°C boiling point as randomized block design with four replicates for described by[1]. each cultivar. The obtained results were statistically analyzed and Duncan's[6] multiple range test was used to differentiate Pollination Procedure: In both studied seasons, in means, Duncan[6]. each of the twelve experimental trees, a number of inflorescences having flowers at the same Fruit Quality: developmental stage (balloon stage) on one-year-old Fruit Weight: was determined by weighing the fruit shoots around the tree were chosen. Unwanted sample (10 fruits) and average weight per fruit was pollinations were prevented by bagging the shoots calculated. before anthesis (at balloon stage), keeping the bags on the shoots until pollination treatment. To collect the Fruit Volume: Volume of the displaced water when pollen grains for hand pollination (cross-pollination), immersing the fruit sample (10 fruits) in a jar filled the flowers of the pollinators cvs. were collected at with water was estimates and average volume per fruit balloon stage. In order to let the anthers dehisce, the was calculated. flowers were placed on a paper in the laboratory at room temperature. After one day, the pollen grains of Seed Weight: was determined by weighing the sample each pollinator were collected in glass tubes separately. (10 seeds) and average weight per seed was calculated. Pollination Treatments: Self-pollination treatment was Pulp Weight: was measured by a venire weighing as performed by bagging the shoots at balloon stage. At a difference between fruit and seed weight. anthesis (75% of the flowers were opened), the shoots were shaken; the shaking was repeated two days later Pulp/seed Ratio: Values were calculated by dividing to ensure pollination of all flowers. the weight of the pulp over the weight of the seed. Cross pollination treatment was carried out by emasculating the flowers of the mother cultivar at Moisture Content: was determined by drying of flesh balloon stage using hand forceps. Buds at other in an oven at 60-80°C until a constant weight[1]. developmental stage were eliminated. Immediately, treatment was performed by applying the appropriate RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS pollen grains to the respective stigma with a fine paint Results: brush, and then covered again with pergamin bags to Fruit Set: Data in Table (1) show the effect of self, prevent unwanted pollinations. After 20 days of cross and open pollinations on fruit set of Arbequina, pollination, the protecting bags were removed. Bouteillan and Koroneiki olive cultivars during 2004 For open-pollination treatment, the flowers was left and 2006 seasons. From results in Table (1), it is under the natural conditions of the orchard and the obvious in Arbequina cv., that fruit set was markedly same number of flowers in other pollination increased when Koroneiki pollen grains were used, treatments mentioned above were labeled without any showing a significant variation comparing with other treatment (control). pollination types. Concerning Bouteillan cv. data in Table (1) Fruit Set: As mentioned, in the pollination treatments, revealed that cross pollination with Arbequina gave the about 450 flowers per each treatment were left for fruit highest significant fruit set than other treatments set measurements. The numbers of total flowers were As for Koroneiki, results proved that Bouteillan counted at anthesis. Moreover, fruit set percentage was pollen grains produced the highest fruit set compared determined as follows: with other pollination treatments. C Fruit set = {Number of fruit set ( 20 days after Oil Content: Data in Table (1) show the effect of pollination)} / {total number of followers} X 100. different types of pollination on oil content in fruits of Arbequina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki cvs. during 2004 Fruit set was measured as percentage of the & 2006 seasons.. number of fruits per 100 flowers on the same shoots at Results revealed that highest oil content in days after pollination. Arbequina fruits was obtained from cross-pollination with Koroneiki pollen grains. As for oil content for Oil Content: Fruit oil content on dry weight basis was Bouteillan, the results indicated that open pollination determined by means of the soxhlett fat extraction was the most effective in this respect followed in a 505 Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(5): 504-509, 2007 Table 1: Effect of pollination type on fruit set and oil content of Arbequina, Bouteillan and Koroneiki olive cultivar during (2004-2006) seasons fruit set (%) Oil content(%) cultivars Type of pollination ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Year 2004 2006 2004 2006 Arbequina open 7.8c 8.5c 40.75a 42.68a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arbequina 1.1d 0.9d 26.27c 21.06c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bouteillan 9.8b 10.0b 36.27b 36.45b -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------