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OLIVE TREE TRAIL Mediterranean Cooking, Is Based on Olive Oil

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2 THE STONE QUARRY AND FOSSILS 7 WHEN DOES THE HARVEST TAKE PLACE ? The cliff, behind the olive oil mill, is an old stone quarry; the very same stones were used to build the village of Cadenet. The exact point of time for the harvest depends on the sort of olive and the desired result of the oil. The olives The Luberon in Provence is an area full of fossil deposits. If you look down at your feet you will find scallop and oyster for a fruity green olive oil are harvested at the beginning of the season – between October and November, when fossils dating from the Miocene period (-23 to – 5 million years). This area corresponds to the opening of the western their color is changing from green to black. The resulting oil has an intensive taste with an aroma of herbs. For part of the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, as well as the formation of the Alps. The foundations of the mill revealed the ripe fruity, ripe olives are picked later in the season when the olives are black. These produce an oil that has a extensive fossil beds of oysters in a layer 10 to 20cm thick inches dating from 10 million years ago. In other areas of the taste of apples, flowers and dried fruit. To know the right date for the harvest, depending on the expected result, Luberon we can find very well-preserved fossils of vertebrates, mammal footsteps, insects and plant residues. we use modern technology: we tests olives on a regular basis and analyse them prior to the harvest, to know the percentage of oil and how spicy and bitter it is. 3 OUR TREES THE LUBERON 4000 olive trees spread over 15 hectares of land, planted in 1998, 1999 and 2000. 5 varieties of olives: Aglandau 80%. The The forest area north of you is called the Luberon. This mountain range gives the name to the whole region. The Luberon rest is divided between 4 other varieties called Bouteillan, Picholine, Salonenque and Cayon. These are the 5 varieties of extends from Cavaillon to Manosque and covers an area of 3,000 km2. It connects the Mediterranean sea and the the AOC Provence label. Our trees are fairly young. Irrigation is key for the growth of the trees as well as for the fruit. southern Alps. The highest peak reaches 1125 m and is named Mourre Nègre. It is located just in front of you. You can The most important time of irrigation is April, May and June when the trees are in blossom and fruit begins to form. recognize it by the high mast with all the mounted antennas. This is a beautiful area for hiking and biking. And in clear Water is also needed for the lipogenesis (the production of the oil in the fruit) If it rains in the spring and if we have a few storms in the summer, it won’t be necessary to water. The olive tree is characterized by its longevity; these trees can reach 100 years of age and much more. If the trunk of the tree disappears throughout the ageing process; new shoots grow from the base of the tree, ensure its durability and reproduce a new tree. The olive tree is also known to be very rustic, enabling the tree to grow in a very hot climate and in very poor soil. 8 THE LUBERON REGIONAL NATURAL PARK Here you can also see young olive trees, planted in 2010 (Aglandau, Bouteillan, Salonenque and Cayon). The Luberon Natural Park covers an area of more than 185,000 hectares, extending from Cavaillon (Vaucluse) to Lurs (Alpes- de- Hautes-Provence) along both sides of the Luberon mountain range (1125m high at the peak of Mourre Nègre). 4 VIEW OF THE 2009 GROVE Located at the point where the climate of the Alps meets the climate of the Mediterranean, the Luberon is not only In front of you, you can see our young olive grove planted in 2009. At the bottom of the hill, the stream called the Laval home to an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, but also has a rich architectural heritage and landscape. The Luberon flows from the Luberon out into the Durance river to the South of Cadenet. It runs through 4 communes : Cadenet, Natural Park is also a thriving area, with a population of 174,500 inhabitants living in 77 towns and villages. Vaugines, Cucuron and Puyvert. It also goes through our estate which is why we decided to call it Laval. The river In December 1997 the Luberon Natural Park was officially included in the list of UNESCO World Network of Durance is the longest river in Provence. Its sources is in the Alps, 2632m high in “Mont Chenaillet”, close to the Italian Biosphere Reserves, acknowledging the essential role of the Luberon in the preservation of the region’s ecological border, and it flows into the Rhône 305 km further on. The Durance Valley has carved out a route going from North balance and also its important cultural heritage on an international level. The Luberon Natural Park is also a member to South, crossing 4 departments and a plateau, all of which are filled with a rich history. It is the true spinal column of of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. Provence : from the Alps to the “Crau” plain, the Durance runs through the Provence Alps Côte d’Azur region and provides 75% of its water needs. 5 A CERTIFIED ORGANIC PRODUCTION We do not use any chemical product during the cultivation of the olive trees farming we only use organic fertilizers. We 9 HISTORY OF THE OLIVE TREE mow the grass instead of using weed killer. In fact, the grass harbours a a large amount of insects which help us fight against pests and diseases in the olive tree. We mow the grass twice a year and we control weeds on few centimeters with a special tractor which control the waterborne competition of the olive trees by removing a part of weeds. However, we need to conserve a part of this THE YEARLY CYCLE OF OLIVE TREE CULTIVATION vegetation because it has an important number of insects which help us to fight against the enemies of the olive tree. To fight against the olive fly we use neutral clay, kaolinite which forms a natural barrier and prevents the fly from laying its eggs. To have our land and production certified as organic we had to go through a very thorough administrative process which took several years before obtaining the actual certification. Taille Floraison Fécondation Nouaison Grossissement Véraison Maturation Récolte The certification is issued by a recognized certification authority which makes regular checks and takes frequent samples to ensure that the guidelines of organic agriculture are respected. Our recognized certification authority is called ECOCERT. mars mai/juin juin juillet juil à nov septembre sept à déc nov à dec The olive tree appeared for the first time in a wild form approx.. 14,000 years ago in Asia Minor. There still exists today 6 THE DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OLIVE TREES (possible return to the boutique for the shorter walk or you can carry on for the longer walk for another 30 mn) large forests of wild olive trees. The spreading of olive trees is linked to the spreading of the Mediterranean climate, There are more than 2000 different varieties of olives in the world. There are about 300 varieties in France; however which started about 10,000 years ago. The first known olive growers were Phoenician and Syrians in 4 000 BC. Little not all of these are suitable for the production of olives. Amongst the most famous ones, we have the Sabine in by little the olive tree spread due to trade in the Middle East in Palestine and Cyprus. Around 3,500 B.C. the olive tree Corsica, the Olivière in the Pyrénééns, the Lucques in the Hérault but it’s in Provence that the most varieties are reached Crete and the Aegean coast: various frescos and earthenware jugs from the beginning of the third millennium grown: B.C. are evidence of intensive trading in olive oil. Olive branches found in Egyptian graves shows, that even in Egypt Aglaudau, Bouteillan, Tanche, Grossane, Petit Ribier, salonenque, Cayon, Picholine, Cayetier... The most famous varieties already in 1,500 B.C. olive trees were cultivated. Due to migration of people, conquests and trade the olive tree spread in the South are the Picholine and the Aglandau, which we can find in the Gard, the Ardèche, the Hérault or the throughout the whole Mediterranean region: Italy, Spain, France, Tunisia, Morocco... Bouches du Rhône. At Bastide du Laval, we grow 80% of Aglandau, 5% of Salonenque, 5% of Bouteillan, 5% of Cayon In Provence the olive tree appeared in its wild form already a long time ago: fossilized leaves, dating from 8,000 B.C. and 5% of Picholine. This diversity of varieties of olives enables us to vary the taste and to create different olive oils. have been found in Roquevaire in France. The olive cultivation was introduced in 6,000 B.C. by the Phoenicians who It also helps us optimize the pollination of our trees. Most of the olive trees are self pollinators but however some founded Massilia (Marseille) and who taught the inhabitants how to grow olive trees. That’s why you can still find olive varieties more so than others. For instance the Aglandau olive which forms the majority of our orchard is tricky to trees today which are between 1,000 and 2,000 years old.
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  • Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Eighteen Mediterranean Olive Varieties Cultivated Under the Arid Conditions of Boughrara (Southern Tunisia)

    Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Eighteen Mediterranean Olive Varieties Cultivated Under the Arid Conditions of Boughrara (Southern Tunisia)

    GRASAS Y ACEITES, 60 (5), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 498-506, 2009, ISSN: 0017-3495 DOI: 10.3989/gya.021109 Oil fatty acid composition of eighteen Mediterranean olive varieties cultivated under the arid conditions of Boughrara (southern Tunisia) By Wissem Zarrouk,a Bechir Baccouri,a Wael Taamalli,a Ahmed Trigui,b Douja Daouda and Mokhtar Zarrouka* a Laboratoire Caractérisation et Qualité de l’Huile d’Olive, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia. b Institut de l’Olivier, BP 263, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia. (*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]) RESUMEN three main groups. The first group included a subgroup which is composed of seven olive varieties (Cornezuelo, Ver- Composición de ácidos grasos de dieciocho varieda- dial de Vélez-Málaga, Leccino, Coratina, Koroneiki, Lechín des de aceituna mediterráneas cultivadas en las condi- de Granada and Changlot Real) characterized by high oil ciones áridas de Boughrara (zona meridional de Túnez). yield with high oleic, low palmitic and linoleic acid contents. The fatty acid compositions of the oils from these varieties En este estudio, dieciocho variedades de aceituna pro- comply with international standards and show more benefi- cedentes de España, de Francia, de Italia, de Grecia y de Ar- cial characteristics than the oil obtained from Chemlali: the gelia, cultivadas en la estación experimental del olivo de most abundant olive cultivar in Tunisia. Finally, the main fatty Boughrara (región árida de Túnez), fueron evaluadas para el acids (palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2)) of rendimiento en aceite y la composición de ácidos grasos.