Biogeography of Angraecum (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae), out of Madagascar Case-Dispersal

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Biogeography of Angraecum (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae), out of Madagascar Case-Dispersal Université de Montréal Systématique évolutive et Biogéographie de Angraecum (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) à Madagascar par Andriananjamanantsoa Herinandrianina Notahianjanahary Centre sur la Biodiversité Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Département de Sciences Biologiques Faculté des Arts et Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Arts et Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor en sciences biologiques Novembre, 2015 © Andriananjamanantsoa Herinandrianina N., 2015 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé: Systématique évolutive et Biogéographie de Angraecum (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) à Madagascar Présenté par: Andriananjamanantsoa Herinandrianina Notahianjanahary a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Luc Brouillet, directeur de recherche Edward Louis Jr., co-directeur de recherche Jeff Saarela, évaluateur externe François-Joseph Lapointe, membre du jury Simon Joly, président du jury Résumé Le genre Angraecum est un groupe d’orchidées tropicales qui compte environ 221 espèces réparties en Afrique subsaharienne, dans l’ouest de l’Océan Indien, et au Sri Lanka. Plus de la moitié des espèces se trouvent à Madagascar, dont au moins 90% sont endémiques à l’île. L’étude systématique et taxonomique du genre Angraecum a toujours été problématique à cause de sa grande diversité morphologique. Pour faciliter la classification, des sections ont été établies dont la plus connue est celle de Garay (1973), qui regroupe les espèces sous 19 sections. Plusieurs analyses phylogénétiques avaient montré que le genre Angraecum et les sections de Garay ne sont pas monophylétiques. Cependant, aucune révision systématique n’a été apportée à cause du faible échantillonnage dans ces analyses. En incorporant un plus grand nombre d'espèces et en ajoutant d’autres caractères morphologiques dans l’analyse, nous avons apporté une plus grande résolution à la reconstruction phylogénétique du groupe. Cette résolution concerne surtout les nœuds plus profonds qui représentent les différents clades à l’intérieur d'Angraecum, qui correspondent à des sections naturelles. A partir de ces clades, nous avons redéfini 14 sections monophylétiques toute en reconnaissant cinq nouvelles. Grâce à cette nouvelle phylogénie d'Angraecum, nous avons pu étudier la diversification du genre et de la sous-tribu Angraecinae en utilisant des méthodes macroévolutives, notamment les roles joués par les traits floraux dans la spéciation, tout en l'interprétant grâce aux histoires géologique et paléoclimatique. Le modèle de diversification chez les Angraecinae semble avoir été celui communément rencontré dans les forêts tropicales humides, c’est-à-dire une diversification par accumulation graduelle d’espèces à travers le temps et non pas une radiation adaptative rapide, comme souvent observée chez des lignées animales malgaches. Plusieurs caractères morphologiques jouent un rôle important dans la diversification des espèces d'Angraecum. Le début de la diversification d'Angraecum à Madagascar coïncide avec le mouvement progressif de l’île vers le nord, l’établissement de la mousson dans la partie nord de l’île durant le Miocène, et l’expansion de la forêt tropicale malgache pendant cette période. Notre étude de l’histoire biogéographique des Angraecinae suggère une origine malgache de la sous-tribu et du genre Angraecum. On observe de la dispersion à longue i distance à partir de Madagascar vers le reste du monde dans le genre Angraecum. La forêt tropicale humide du Nord Est de Madagascar est le point de départ de la diversification des espèces d'Angraecum. Le premier événement de dispersion a débuté à l’intérieur de l’île vers la fin du Miocène. Cet évènement est marqué par une migration du Nord Est vers le centre de Madagascar. Par ailleurs, la majorité des événements de dispersion à longue distance se sont produits durant le Pliocène-Pléistocène à partir soit du centre, soit du Nord Est de l'île. On assiste à des migrations indépendantes vers l’Afrique de l’est et les Comores d’une part, et vers les Mascareignes d’autre part. Un seul événement fondateur ayant conduit à l’apparition de la section Hadrangis est observé dans les Mascareignes. La saison cyclonique joue un rôle significatif dans la dispersion à longue distance des graines d’orchidées, comparée aux vents dominants qui soufflent dans la région ouest de l’Océan Indien, notamment l’alizé et la mousson. La similarité des niches écologiques a facilité l’expansion des espèces d'Angraecum dans les Comores et les Mascareignes. Mots-clés: accumulation graduelle des lignées, Angraecum, Angraecinae, biogéographie, délimitation des sections, diversification, phylogénie, systématique, taxonomie ii Abstract Angraecum is a group of tropical orchids that includes ca. 221 species distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa, the western Indian Ocean region, and Sri Lanka. At least half of the species are found in Madagascar, 90% being endemic to the island. Taxonomic studies of Angraecum have always been problematic because of the great morphological diversity of the group. To facilitate classification, sections have been proposed, the best-known system to date being that of Garay (1973) that subdivides the genus into 19 sections. Previous phylogenetic studies had shown that genus Angraecum and Garay’s sections are not monophyletic. However, no systematic review was made because of a reduced species sample in these analyses. Using a greater sampling from Madagascar and adding morphological characters to the analyses, we brought greater resolution to the phylogenetic reconstruction of the group. This resolution mainly concerns the deeper nodes representing different clades within Angraecum, which basically correspond to natural sections. By using these clades, we redefined 14 sections and recognized five new ones. Using this phylogeny of Angraecum, we evaluated species diversification using macroevolutionary methods, essentially the effect of floral traits in speciation. The great diversity of Angraecum species in Madagascar, the high endemicity, and the geology and paleoclimate histories allowed us to evaluate diversification patterns within the genus as well as sub-tribe Angraecinae. The model of diversification in Angraecinae follows that of most tropical rain forest taxa, which results from the gradual accumulation of species through time and not from a rapid adaptive radiation, as is often the case for Malagasy fauna lineages. Several morphological characters are involved in the diversification of Angraecum. The beginning of Angraecum diversification in Madagascar coincided with the progressive movement of the island northwards, the establishment of a monsoon regime in the northern part of the island during the Miocene, and the expansion of the Malagasy rainforest during that period. Our historical biogeographic study of Angraecinae suggests a Malagasy origin of the subtribe Angraecinae and Angraecum. We observed out-of Madagascar long-distance dispersal in Angraecum. The north-eastern Malagasy rainforest is the center of species iii radiation for the genus. The first dispersal event within the island started in the late Miocene. This event was a migration from the north to the central highland. The majority of long- distance dispersal events outside Madagascar occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, originating from either the center or the North East of the island. There were multiple independent dispersals to East Africa and the Comoros, and to the Mascarenes. A single founder-effect event in section Hadrangis is observed in the Mascarenes. The cyclonic seasons play a significant role in long-distance dispersal of orchid seeds, as compared to prevailing winds in the western Indian Ocean region, essentially trade wind and monsoon. Ecological niche similarity favored the expansion of Angraecum species in the Comoros and Mascarene archipelagos. Keywords: accumulation of lineages through time, Angraecum, Angraecinae, biogeography, delimitation of sections, diversification, phylogeny, systematic, taxonomy iv Table des matières Résumé ......................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ....................................................................................................................... v Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................... ix Liste des figures ......................................................................................................................... xi Liste des abréviations ............................................................................................................... xiv Remerciements ........................................................................................................................ xvii Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Historique du genre Angraecum ...................................................................................... 2 2. Classification et description d’Angraecum ...................................................................... 4 3. Biologie, écologie et répartition d’Angraecum ...............................................................
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