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Project Document FOR DATE OF RECEIPT: ADAPTATION FUND PROJECT ID: (For Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat Use Only) PROJECT/PROGRAMME PROPOSAL PART I: PROJECT/PROGRAMME INFORMATION PROJECT/PROGRAMME CATEGORY: REGULAR PROJECT/PROGRAMME COUNTRY/IES: SEYCHELLES SECTOR/S: WATER RESOURCES TITLE OF PROJECT/PROGRAMME: Ecosystem Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Seychelles TYPE OF IMPLEMENTING ENTITY: MULTILATERAL IMPLEMENTING ENTITY IMPLEMENTING ENTITY: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME EXECUTING ENTITY/IES: MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY AMOUNT OF FINANCING REQUESTED: $ 6,455,750 (In U.S Dollars Equivalent) UNDP PIMS NUMBER: 4775 PROJECT / PROGRAMME BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: Short Summary The proposed project seeks to reduce the vulnerability of the Seychelles to climate change, focusing on two key issues—water scarcity and flooding. The climate change projections in the Seychelles show that rainfall, while increasing in overall terms, will become even more irregular. Much of the precipitation is falling in sharp bursts, creating heavy flooding in the wet season, while imposing extended period of drought during the dry season. As the country does not have a large water storage capacity, and the topography of the islands constrains such infrastructure, water supplies are heavily dependent on rainfall. Furthermore, the coastal zone is vulnerable to flooding as a consequence of rising sea surface levels, and increased storm surges from cyclonic activity in the Western Indian Ocean. The project will reduce these vulnerabilities by spearheading ecosystem-based adaptation as climate change risk management—restoring ecosystem functionality, and enhancing ecosystem resilience and sustaining watershed and coastal processes in order to secure critical water provisioning and flood attenuation ecosystem services from watersheds and coastal areas. Three project components are proposed: Component 1 will maintain and enhance upland wetlands in watersheds and strengthen the integrity of the forest landscape and the forest water provisioning services (through reforestation and removal of invasive alien species and re-colonize with native plants), retain and improve water holding capacity (and biodiversity features), improving run-of-river barrages and water control structures, sustainably managing watercourses and promoting local stewardship of watersheds. The watershed rehabilitation will be implemented in selected watersheds covering 1,800 ha on Mahe Island and about 1,200 hectares on Praslin Island. Component 2 will maintain and enhance tidal wetlands, beach berms and coral reef functions with EbA measures that include (a) selective shoreline re-vegetation and protection, (b) wetland enhancement and improvement of tidal exchange, (c) coral reef rehabilitation, enhancement and protection to enhance their climate change adaptation role in flood attenuation, and (d) measures that address saltwater intrusion effects on low lying agricultural areas focusing strategically on sites with high vulnerability to climate change (assets at risk). The interventions will focus on two priority sites where coastal development, erosion and climate change have diminished the natural coastal defenses and opportunities exist to 1 strengthen the ecosystem attributes and processes. These physical measures will be complemented with policy, legal and institutional capacity development support measures in Component 3. The coastal rehabilitation will be implemented at two sites covering an impact area of about 1,000 ha. Component 3 will develop the policy framework for watershed management which is needed to support EbA measures to address water scarcity and flooding problems and will increase the capacity to respond to climate change through watershed and coastal management. It will also generate appropriate legislation, regulations, standards and guidelines for watershed and coastal protection, and train government, university faculty and NGO staff in applying EbA measures in development decision making in the Seychelles, influencing watershed and coastal management throughout the Mahe and Praslin Islands (covering approximately 20,000 hectares). This component will also increase the awareness, skills and responsibilities of a wide range of stakeholders including district authorities and community organisations in ecosystem-based adaptation for watersheds and coastal areas, and build the lasting basis for further education, training and application in watershed and coastal ecosystem rehabilitation. Ecosystem-based adaptation has developed internationally in recognition of the importance of maintaining the ecosystem attributes and functions including hydrological systems and coastal dynamics that underpin the ability to respond to climate change1. The underlying principle is that healthy ecosystems can play a vital role in maintaining and increasing resilience to climate change and in reducing climate-related risk and vulnerability.2 The project will invest in measures to restore ecosystem functionality, building on techniques that have been piloted in Seychelles, and adapting these by incorporating other good practices. Ecosystem based adaptation will be integrated into the country’s development planning, policy and land and water management systems, ensuring that environmental impact assessments and management measures protect these ecosystem services. “Ecosystem-based adaptation” in the context of Seychelles climate change issues and this proposal refers to the conservation, rehabilitation and enhancement of watercourses, ecosystems, and habitats in order to increase the capability to adapt to changes in temperature, precipitation, storms and sea level rise that affect watershed management and coastal protection. The watershed and coastal processes that influence the bio-physical landscape are inherently linked to ecosystem attributes and functions. For example, maintaining the hydrological balance in a watershed and utilizing the natural water retention and infiltration properties of the geology, soils and vegetation is central to ecosystem-based adaptation. A drainage basin perspective is necessary for understanding the upstream-downstream connectivity of water supplies, water demands, and emerging water problems.3 Secondly, maintaining landscape connectivity ensures that the ecosystem functions within forests, wetlands, mangroves, dunes and reefs are part of the system of inter-connected defences and mitigating influences to adapt to climate change. Environmental and Socioeconomic Context The Seychelles consists of 115 islands (see Figure 1) of which some 40 are granitic and the rest coral formations. The islands are located within 4⁰ and 9⁰ south of the equator and between longitude 46⁰ and 57⁰ east. The country has a land mass of 455.3 km2, and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covering 1,374 million km2. The four largest granitic islands: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette and La Digue, which vary in age from some 650 to 750 million years, together account for 48.6 % of the total landmass. The archipelago has a combined coastline of 491 km. The natural ecosystems 1 See Andrade Pérez, A., Herrera Fernandez, B. and Cazzolla Gatti, R. (eds.) (2010). Building Resilience to Climate Change: Ecosystem-based adaptation and lessons from the field. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2 UNFCCC, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation: compilation of information, Durban, 28 November to 3 December 2011 3 Douglas Ellen M., Kate Sebastian, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Stanley Wood, Kenneth M. Chomitz, The Role of Tropical Forests in Supporting Biodiversity and Hydrological Integrity A Synoptic Overview, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3635, June 2005, p.3. 2 of the Granitic islands range from beach and dune vegetation on the coastal fringe, lowland and coastal forests up to 200-300m, intermediate forests from 200 to 500m altitude and mountain mist forests over 400-500m. Coastal environments include a variety of wetland types, rocky shores and sandy shores. The coral islands are characterized by mixed scrub vegetation. The majority of the islands are fringed by coral reefs many of which were adversely affected by the mass coral bleaching event of 1998 which was caused by abnormally warm surface sea temperatures4. The archipelago’s coral reefs cover an area of 1,690 km2 and include fringing reefs, atolls and platform reefs. The prevailing climate of the archipelago is equatorial. Humidity is uniformly high and mean temperatures at sea level range from 24⁰C to 30⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 2,200 mm. The prevailing winds bring the wet northwest monsoon from December to March and the drier southeast monsoon from May to October, with heavier wind. Climatic conditions, however, vary considerably between islands, mainly in relation to their altitudes and location. Rainfall can be as high as 5,000 mm per year on the top of the highest peak (900 m) on the island of Mahé, and as low as 867 mm on the coralline island of Assumption. High intensity rainfall, with intermittent heavy downpours and even occasional torrential rains (up to 250 mm/day) may occur from December to March. The main granitic islands lie to the north of the Western Indian Ocean cyclone belt, but they can occasionally suffer from heavy seas and storm surges from cyclonic activity occurring to the south. The proposed project will target the uplands and the coastal plateaus of the main granitic islands of Mahé and Praslin, but the outputs will have a bearing on adaptation strategies
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