DOCSLIB.ORG

Afrikaans: the Language of Black and Coloured Dissent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Afrikaans: the Language of Black and Coloured Dissent Afrikaans: the Language of Black and Coloured Dissent • Introduction Afrikaans, the official language during South Africa’s Apartheid era, often occupies a politicised space as the ‘colonial’ language of the White Afrikaner oppressor. Indeed, Afrikaans has a violent and racist history of oppression during the eras of White Afrikaner nationalism and Apartheid. [1] Afrikaans is therefore generally associated with White Afrikaans speakers (White Afrikaners) and perceived as a ‘White’ language. [2] The history of the oppression of Black and Coloured people by White Afrikaners, especially during Apartheid, is well-known. Afrikaner hegemony and the utilisation of the language during Apartheid to discriminate, dominate, and repress cannot be disputed. The 2015 and 2016 #AfrikaansMustFall protests (part of the #RhodesMustFall protests) underscore the extent of White Afrikaner hegemony and the need to ‘decolonise’ the language. The #AfrikaansMustFall protests have unsurprisingly drawn comparison with the 1976 protests against Afrikaans: both movements resisted oppression by White Afrikaner hegemony. [3] Heritage activist Patric Mellet comments on the reason for the 1976 protests against Afrikaans: The rebellion against Afrikaans in 1976 was against Afrikaans, the white oppressor’s language. Forced on people as a language, a medium of instruction in schools. You’re hearing commands, you’re hearing abusive language, and so on, and you’re supposed to learn in this. So it was a natural thing for young people to say: “To hell with Afrikaans.”’ [4] The 1976 uprisings against Afrikaans Image source However, it is important to recognise that Afrikaans was also employed as a language of liberation during Apartheid (by White and Black/Coloured speakers alike). This article focuses on the Black history of Afrikaans in this regard. [5] The majority of Afrikaans speakers in South Africa are not White. [6] Fifty percent are Coloured people. [7] Indeed, there is a large body of work that focuses on the contribution of foreign slaves and indigenous Khoikhoi to the historical formation of Afrikaans: these population groups were subjugated by the colonists and discriminated against during Afrikaner nationalism and Apartheid, and yet their contribution to the language of their oppressors is documented and accepted. [8] Therefore, Afrikaans occupies a somewhat awkward place in South Africa’s linguistic historiography, it ‘is at once the language of the conqueror and the language of the oppressed’. [9] Rather than focusing on the oppression of Black and Coloured people by White Afrikaans speakers, this article focuses on ways in which oppressed Afrikaans- speakers historically employed the language ‘to express [B]lack resistance’ in the eras of colonialism, Afrikaner nationalism and Apartheid. [10] Afrikaans: A White/colonial or African language? Afrikaans is the third most spoken language in South Africa. [11] Jansen argues that the language can be regarded as a unique ‘African-Germanic’ language: it did not originate within European borders and it ‘is spoken primarily in Africa’. [12] [13] [14] Afrikaans is also defined as a (southern) African creole language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. [15] Due to its association with White Afrikaner nationalism and Apartheid, Afrikaans is popularly perceived as a ‘White’ language. [16] The Apartheid ideology ? according to André P. Brink (in Van den Heever) ? ‘colonise[d]’ the language. [17] Concurrently, Afrikaans is connected to racism, repression and violence. [18] It was, after all, the medium through which the Apartheid government (including police officers, ministers and civil servants) enforced ‘laws prohibiting contact between races in matters of housing, sexual relations, schooling and land ownership’. [19] The 1976 Soweto protests against Afrikaans as a forced medium of instruction in Black schools were recognised globally. [20] The well-known photograph of murdered 13-year-old Hector Pieterson is one of many that reached global audiences and brought attention to the vitriol that Black people carried towards Afrikaans. [21] Photographs circulated of slogans on banners which read, for example, ‘We do not want Afrikaans’. [22] The ‘coercive power’ of the Apartheid government in forcing Afrikaans upon its populace led to ‘the uprising and especially in the wake of the state’s violent response, a hardened suspicion of its speakers’. [23] In addition, the ‘Black history’ of Afrikaans was denied by the hegemony of Afrikaner nationalism (including indoctrination ‘by Afrikaner Christian national education, propaganda and the media’). [24] Given this denial of the Black/Coloured history of the language, it is ironic that most Afrikaans speakers in South Africa are, as noted, not White. White Afrikaans speakers only make up 40% of all South African Afrikaans speakers. [25] Coloured people, Black Africans and South African Indians constitute the other 60% of Afrikaans speakers. [26] Extensive scholarly research substantiates the claim that people oppressed by colonialism, Afrikaner nationalism, and Apartheid significantly contributed to the formation of the language. [27] Neville Alexander, for example, asserts: ‘[i]f the Khoi[khoi], the San, and especially the slaves, were not forced to learn Dutch, or to speak it, then the language Afrikaans would not really have developed’. [28] It is also argued that varieties of Afrikaans such as Cape Afrikaans are spoken by Coloured people and contributed greatly to the formation of the language. [29] Coloured people are the descendants of Europeans, the indigenous Khoikhoi, and imported slaves from countries such as Indonesia, Madagascar and Bengal. [30] It is claimed that three main groups contributed to the development of Afrikaans: the European settlers, the indigenous Khoikhoi and slaves from African and Asian countries [31]. Other groups who advanced language contact included Eastern political exiles (between 1652 and 1767, political prisoners were exiled to the Cape from countries such as Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka). [32] [33] Afrikaans is therefore influenced by ‘Dutch; the seafarer variants of Malay, Portuguese and Indonesian; and the indigenous Kh[oikhoi] and San languages’. [34] Valley and Valley state: ‘while [A]frikaans’ [D]utch heritage cannot be denied, it must be acknowledged that it was shaped and molded away from [D]utch by the [K]hoi and [M]alay slaves.’ [35] Vocabulary that demonstrates these influences, include, for example, the word baie/‘many’ (derived from the Malay word banyak) [36]; piesang/‘banana’ (Malay-derived); baadjie/‘jacket’ (Malay-derived); sambreel/‘umbrella’ (Portuguese-derived); mielie/‘mealie’ (Portuguese-derived); and gogga/‘bug’ (Khoikhoi-derived). [37] The expression baie dankie/‘many thanks’ is half- derived from Dutch (hartelijk dank) and Malay (banyak) respectively. [38] In order to place these influences into context, a brief overview of the development of the language is provided in the following paragraphs. Afrikaans developed in (local) colonial circumstances as a contact language: [39] The Cape was a ‘melting pot of languages’. [40] In 1595, Dutch traders and the indigenous Khoikhoi first came into contact at the Cape. [41] The local language Afrikaans thereby started to develop. [42] In 1652, the VOC established a refreshment station at the Cape. [43] Afrikaans originated within the creole community of the Cape Colony during the era of the [44]. The indigenes encounter Jan van Riebeeck Image source In colonial marketplace settings, the indigenous population is usually forced to attempt to converse in the invading settler’s language. [45] At the Cape, the local population had no choice but ‘to quickly adapt to the newcomers’ [Dutch East India Company officials] shrewd tactics when it came to negotiating and bartering’. [46] Interpreters, for example Krotoa, Autshomao and Doman, thereby became significant negotiators. [47] From 1658, the incoming slaves imported Malay and Portuguese (‘the lingua francas of trade in the Indian Ocean world in which the Dutch East India Company operated’) to the Cape. [48] ‘Cape of Good Hope’ Image source At the early Cape during the Dutch East India Company era, documents of court cases recorded slaves’ spoken language: their recorded testimonies documented ‘some of the earliest examples of the restructuring of Dutch, which eventually resulted in the formation of Afrikaans’. [49] According to Jansen, ‘[t]his significant early shift from standard Dutch was first heard through the “voice of the slave”’. [50] According to Shell, the first Afrikaans book was authored ‘by an imam, a slave descendant’. [51] Davids claims that ‘the first published Afrikaans work’ was the religious book Gablomatiem (1856), ‘written in Cape Dutch but in Arabic rather than Roman script’. [52] However, copies of this religious text did not survive. [53] Before the publication date of this text was discovered, it was thought that the first Afrikaans book was Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar (L.H. Meurant, 1862) [54] (Giliomee cites this book as the first secular Afrikaans book). [55] A representation of a madrassa, an Islamic religious school (‘The Afrikaans language is thought to have developed as a lingua franca for the slaves, as well as their masters, to be able to communicate effectively. Educated Muslims were in fact the first to write texts in Afrikaans’) Image source The Cape Dutch translation of Bayan al-Din (‘Exposition of the religion’), namely Uiteensetting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MAATSKAPPY, STATE, and EMPIRE: a PRO-BOER REVISION Joseph R
    MAATSKAPPY, STATE, AND EMPIRE: A PRO-BOER REVISION Joseph R. Stromberg* As we approach the centennial of the Second Anglo–Boer War (Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, or “Second War for Freedom”), reassessment of the South African experience seems in order. Whether the recent surrender by Afrikaner political leaders of their “central theme” and the dismantling of their grandiose Apartheid state will lead to heaven on earth (as some of the Soweto “comrades” expected), or even to a merely tolerable multiracial polity, remains in doubt. Historians have tended to look for the origins of South Africa’s “very strange society” in the interaction of various peoples and political forces on a rapidly changing frontier, especially in the 19th century. APPROACHES TO SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER HISTORY At least two major schools of interpretation developed around these issues. The first, Cape Liberals, viewed the frontier Boers largely as rustic ruffians who abused the natives and disrupted or- derly economic progress only to be restrained, at last, by humani- tarian and legalistic British paternalists. Afrikaner excesses, therefore, were the proximate cause and justification of the Boer War and the consolidation of British power over a united South Africa. The “imperial factor” on this view was liberal and pro- gressive in intent if not in outcome. The opposing school were essentially Afrikaner nationalists who viewed the Boers as a uniquely religious people thrust into a dangerous environment where they necessarily resorted to force to overcome hostile African tribes and periodic British harassment. The two traditions largely agreed on the centrality of the frontier, but differed radically on the villains and heroes.1 Beginning in the 1960s and ’70s, a third position was heard, that of younger “South Africanists” driven to distraction (and some *Joseph R.
    [Show full text]
  • Afrikaans Literature and Other Themes
    ISSUE NUMBffl THRE & FOUR • 1998 • Afrikaans Literature and Other Themes Dapo Adeniyi and felicit'ous headlines; all seemingly mea- sured or sparing, and sufficiently serious to Robert Kriger and Ethel Kriger keep in the frame of dignified intellectual pub- (Issue eds.) AFRICANS LITERA- lications. TURE: RECOLLECTION. REDEFINI- Three more recent volumes, but account- ing for five issues (two double issue, one single) TION, RESTITUTION (Matatu 15- on Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefi- 16), Rodopi, Amsterdam & Atlanta, nition and Restitution (Matatu 15-16); Preserv- G.A., 1996, 336pp. ing the Landscape of Imagination: Children's Literature in Africa (Matatu 17-18) and With Open Eyes: Women and African Cinema Raoul Granqvist and Jurgen Mar- (Matatu 19) have clear indications of current interests by the journal with possible glimpses tini (Issue eds.) PRESERVING THE into the near future when the present is con- LANDSCAPE of IMAGINATION: trasted with the past. CHILDREN'S LITERATURE IN And Matatu grows text heavier; matters AFRICA (Matatu 17-18). 1997, 361 which it throws up implicate vast regional as well as cross-regional African landscapes. Or- pp. dinarily the broad spectrum of African national literatures in English ought to assure a cease- less flow of matter and - barring other limita- Kenneth W. Harrow (Issue ed.) tions - regularity of publication. This unfortu- WITH OPEN EYES: WOMEN AND nately is hardly always the case, and the AFRICAN CINEMA (Matatu 19), present writer should know! - conversations with editors of African literature
    [Show full text]
  • THE SHAPING of SOUTH AFRICAN THEATRE: an OVERVIEW of MAJOR TRENDS by Temple Hauptfleisch 1. INTRODUCTION: CHANGED CONCEPTS of H
    In: Arndt and Berndt. Words and Worlds. African Writing, Literature, and Society – A Commemorative Publication in Honor of Eckhard Breitinger. Africa World Press, 2007. This is an expanded version of the German article called “Sudafrikanisches Theater – Entwicklungen und Strömungenvon Vergangenehit bis Gegenwart”. In Kreatives Afrika. Schriftstellerinnen über Literatur. Theater und Gesselschaft. Einer Festschrift für Eckhard Breitinger (Hrsg. Susan Arndt und Katrin Brendt). Wuppertal: Peter Hammer Verlag, 2005 THE SHAPING OF SOUTH AFRICAN THEATRE: AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR TRENDS By Temple Hauptfleisch University of Stellenbosch South Africa 1. INTRODUCTION: CHANGED CONCEPTS OF HISTORY The radical changes in political, social and cultural thinking in the world, and in Africa in particular, over the past twenty years have significantly affected concepts of historiography and have caused major re-evaluations of accepted histories across the world. This sense of (re)discovery has had a similar impact on the cultural history of South Africa. It has meant rediscovering lost (or discovering new) facts, redefining principles of historiography, reinterpreting the old, and ultimately seeking to write a new history. The most fundamental issue of course is to discover and learn to deal with fact and (real and potential) influence of the vast treasure-trove of events and artefacts produced before and during the colonised period, but ignored, denied or undervalued by commentators in the past. This situation, the processes involved and the causes for it all, are not unique to, or in any way limited to, South Africa of course, as the history of any former colony will testify. However the political history of Southern Africa the country has so entrenched a specific way of thinking that any wider awareness of tradition and cultural riches encompassing anything more than purely colonial values was virtually impossible till very late in the 20th century, except as a radical, oppositional, esoteric, or possibly even eccentric, area of study and contemplation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Poetic Utilization of Dialectal Varieties of the Afrikaans Language for Strategic Purposes in the Southern African Context
    Bernard J. Odendaal The Poetic Utilization of Dialectal Varieties of the Afrikaans Language for Strategic Purposes in the Southern African Context Abstract: Afrikaans is a southern African language named after the continent on which it has evolved from seventeenth-century Dutch in a complex contact situa- tion between European settlers, their imported slaves, and indigenous peoples. It was standardized in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for literary purposes, among others. The poetic utilization of dialectal or colloquial varieties of Afrikaans, however, has been an important trend in its literary history, espe- cially since the advent of the so-called Movement of the 1960s. The relevant vari- eties include geolects like Karoo Afrikaans, but also sociolects like “Loslitafri- kaans” (informal Afrikaans, characterized by being mixed with English), Cape Afrikaans, and Griqua Afrikaans. As a stylistic device, the use of dialectal Afri- kaans has served both literary-strategic purposes (literary renewal) and socio-po- litical aims (as actuality literature or socio-politically engaged poetry). As a whole, it transpires that the pressing socio-political and broader cultural condi- tions that have dictated past developments, or are driving present ones, in South and southern Africa (resistance to nineteenth-century efforts at anglicizing south- ern Africa, the advent and decline of Apartheid, the increasingly hegemonic posi- tion of English in the post-Apartheid dispensation) loom large behind the relative importance of this trend in Afrikaans poetry. Keywords: actuality, Afrikaans geolects and sociolects, socio-political and cultur- al conditions, socio-political engagement, strategic poetic utilization, stylistic re- newal 1 Introductory notes on the origins of the Afrikaans language and literature Afrikaans is a southern African language, named after the continent on which it originated.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Removal of Population the Apartheid Regime Has Sought to Enforce Strict Territorial Segregation of the Different ‘Population Groups’
    residence, commercial activities and industry for members of the White, Coloured and Asian groups (each in separate zones). Based on these group areas are segregated local government structures, and a segregated tricameral parliament with separate White, Coloured and Indian chambers, designed to preserve white political power while extending limited participation in central government to small sections of the Indian and Coloured communities. The majority of the population in South Africa is united in rejecting the segregated political structures of apartheid. Forced Removal of Population The apartheid regime has sought to enforce strict territorial segregation of the different ‘population groups’. People are forcibly evicted from their homes if they are in a zone which the government has asigned to another group. The government speaks, not of forced removal or eviction, but of Relocation and Resettlement. The evictions take place in many different kinds of areas and under different laws. In rural areas people are moved on a number of different pretexts. The places in which they live may be designated Black Spots — these are areas of land occupied and owned by Africans which the government has designated for another group, usually white. The occupiers are moved to a bantustan. Others are moved in the course of Consolidation of the bantustans, as the regime attempts to reduce the number of fragments of land which make up the bantustans. Over a million black tenants have been evicted from white owned farms since the 1960s. Tenants who paid cash rent to the farms were called Squatters, implying they had no right to be on the land.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners
    McDonald, Jared. (2015) Subjects of the Crown: Khoesan identity and assimilation in the Cape Colony, c. 1795- 1858. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22831/ Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Subjects of the Crown: Khoesan Identity and Assimilation in the Cape Colony, c.1795-1858 Jared McDonald Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) University of London A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History 2015 Declaration for PhD Thesis I declare that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the thesis which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Historical Classification of Khoekhoe Groups
    Socio-historical classification of Khoekhoe groups Tom Güldemann & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (Humboldt University Berlin, University of Kiel) Speaking (of) Khoisan: A symposium reviewing southern African prehistory EVA MPI Leipzig, 14–16 Mai 2015 1 Kolb 1719 Overview • Introduction • Khoekhoe groups • in pre- and early colonial period • in later colonial periods • today • Problems and challenges 2 Introduction • The Khoekhoe played an important role in the network of language contact in southern Africa a) because of their traditionally mobile economies → larger migratory territories b) contact with all language groups in the area . Tuu languages as the earliest linguistic layer . Bantu languages (Herero, Tswana, Xhosa) . colonial languages: Dutch → influencing Afrikaans 3 Introduction • The Khoekhoe played an important role in the network of language contact in southern Africa a) traditionally mobile → larger migratory territories b) contact with all language groups in the area c) fled from the encroaching colonial system carrying with them their Khoekhoe language + Dutch and some cultural features → considerable advantages and prestige vis-à-vis the groups they encounter during their migrations 4 Introduction • The Khoekhoe language played a dual role: o the substratum of groups shifting to other languages (e.g. Dutch/Afrikaans) o the target of language shift by groups speaking other languages • complexity unlikely to be disentangled completely • especially problematic due to the lack of historical linguistic data → wanted: a more fine-grained
    [Show full text]
  • Kaffraria, and Its Inhabitants
    Afrjcana. a 0 SEP. 1940 I » Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Pretoria, Library Services https://archive.org/details/kaffrariaitsinhaOOflem KAFFIR CHIEFS. KAFFRARIA, AND ITS INHABITANTS. XING WILLIAM’S TOWN. BY THE EEV. FRANCIS FLEMING, M.A., Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces in King William's Town, British Kajfiaria. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS’ COURT; NORWICH: THOMAS PRIEST. MDCCCLIV. : MERENSKY-BIBLIOTEEK ( ■*! V E*SITI!T V A N m ETC* IA i ASNOMiilff 6 FLEMING | KiGiSTflUNOUMER-. ta.4» TO THE RIGHT REV. FATHER IN GOD, ROBERT GRAY, D.D., BY DIVINE PERMISSION, LORD BISHOP OF CAPE TOWN, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, NOT ONLY AS A MARK OF ESTEEM FOR HIS LORDSHIP’S UNWEARIED ZEAL AND ENERGY, IN BEHALF OF HIS PRESENT EXTENSIVE DIOCESE, BUT ALSO AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE, TOKEN OF LOVE, GRATITUDE, AND AFFECTION, FOR MANY PERSONAL KINDNESSES RECEIVED BY THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. A few words will here suffice to describe the nature of the contents of the following pages. The part, performed by the pen, has been arranged from Notes, taken during a residence in Kaffirland of nearly three years. These notes were collected from personal observation, and inquiry, as well as from the reports of various individuals, long resident in the Cape Colony. I am much indebted to the Lord Bishop of Cape Town, for the use of some valuable information ; and also to the Honorable J. Godlonton, of Graham’s Town, the Rev. J. Appleyard, Wesleyan Missionary at King William’s Town, and various others in the Colony, for a similar boon.
    [Show full text]
  • 75 Jaar Van Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde Jan Stander Is ’N – ’N Voorlopige Verkenning Nagraadse Student in Die Departement Afrikaans, Universiteit Van Pretoria
    Jan Stander 75 jaar van Tydskrif vir Letterkunde Jan Stander is ’n – ’n voorlopige verkenning nagraadse student in die Departement Afrikaans, Universiteit van Pretoria. E-pos: [email protected] 75 years of Tydskrif vir Letterkunde – a provisional exploration Tydskrif vir Letterkunde was founded in 1936 as the Jaarboek van die Afrikaanse Skrywerskring (Yearbook of the Afrikaans Writers’ Circle). This article explores the history of the Skrywerskring and its journal, particularly its establishment and early history, as well as its surrounding political and literary environment. Primary research for this study was undertaken in the archives of the National Afrikaans Literary Museum and Research Centre in Bloemfontein and the documentary holdings on the Afrikaanse Skrywerskring at the Universities of Stellenbosch and South Africa. In this study, particular attention is paid to the so-called North-South divide in Afrikaans literature, the political milieu, the writers’ organisation’s attitude to censorship, its withdrawal from PEN International and lastly, a brief overview of the role of its six editors since 1936. In its initial years the Skrywerskring demonstrated a proximity to the political powers of the day, suggesting a lack of critical distance. With the demise of the Skrywerskring during the last decade of the 20th century the journal almost floundered. Since 2003 the journal was fundamentally repositioned to reflect not only Afrikaans Literature but also literatures from the rest of the African continent and African diaspora. Key words: Afrikaans Literature, Afrikaans Skrywerskring (Afrikaans Writers’ Circle), history of a literary journal, literary history, literary society. Inleiding 75 jaar gelede, in 1936, is Die Afrikaanse Boek, die lyfblad van die Afrikaanse Skrywers- vereniging wat in Johannesburg ontstaan het, opgerig.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2010 N T Ann Rrepo P
    AnnualAnn RReReportpop rtt 2010 The Naspers Review of Governance and Financial Notice of Annual Group Operations Sustainability Statements General Meeting 2 Financial highlights 22 Review of operations 42 Governance 74 Consolidated 198 Notice of AGM 4 Group at a glance 24 Internet 51 Sustainability and company 205 Proxy form 6 Global footprInt 30 Pay television 66 Directorate annual financial 8 Chairman’s and 36 Print media 71 Administration and statements managing corporate information director’s report 72 Analysis of 16 Financial review shareholders and shareholders’ diary Entertainment at your fingertips Vision for subscribers To – wherever I am – have access to entertainment, trade opportunities, information and to my friends Naspers Annual Report 2010 1 The Naspers Review of Governance and Financial Notice of Annual Group Operations Sustainability Statements General Meeting Mission To develop in the leading group media and e-commerce platforms in emerging markets www.naspers.com 2 Naspers Annual Report 2010 The Naspers Review of Governance and Financial Notice of Annual Group Operations Sustainability Statements General Meeting kgFINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Revenue (R’bn) Ebitda (R’m) Ebitda margin (%) 28,0 6 496 23,2 26,7 6 026 22,6 09 10 09 10 09 10 Headline earnings Core HEPS Dividend per per share (rand) (rand) share (proposed) (rand) 8,84 14,26 2,35 8,27 11,79 2,07 09 10 09 10 09 10 2010 2009 R’m R’m Income statement and cash flow Revenue 27 998 26 690 Operational profit 5 447 4 940 Operating profit 4 041 3 783 Net profit attributable
    [Show full text]
  • Download Bronnegids by Die Studie Van Die Afrikaanse Letterkunde, Taal
    Bronnegids by die studie van die Afrikaanse letterkunde, taal en kultuur, 1987, Ena Van der Walt, T. Toerien, Nasionale Afrikaanse Letterkundige Museum en Navorsingsentrum, G. Stroebel, Naln, 1988, 0947023631, 9780947023638, . DOWNLOAD HERE Die blink uur van mooi dinge М•n huldiging van Alba Bouwer, Alba Bouwer, Thomas Van der Walt, 1995, 20th century, 212 pages. Some sestigers Chris Barnard, Breyten Breytenbach, Abraham de Vries, Jan Rabie, Bartho Smit, Dolf van Niekerk, Marianne Nicoline Van Erdelen, 1970, Literary Criticism, 57 pages. Bronnegids by die studie van die Afrikaanse taal en letterkunde ..., Volume 4 nuwe reeks, Esther Joubert, Petrus Johannes Nienaber, 1972, Literary Criticism, . LiterГЄre polemieke 1919-1959 , Merle Davies, 1966, , 62 pages. Groot trek honderd-en-vyftig , G. D. J. Duvenage, 1994, History, 220 pages. Kaapstad: Webster's Timeline History: 1804 - 2007 , , , , . Kaapse Bibliotekaris, Volume 25 , , 1981, Language Arts & Disciplines, . Issues for Nov. 1957- include section: Accessions. Aanwinste, Sept. 1957-. Afrikaans: Webster's Timeline History 1710 - 2007 , , , , . Deur: Webster's Timeline History 1547 - 2007 , , , , . Tydskrif vir volkskunde en volkstaal, Volumes 43-44 , , 1987, Fiction, . Bronnegids by die studie van die Afrikaanse taal en letterkunde , , 1947, Afrikaans philology, . Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Bibliografie , , 1985, History, . Vols. for 1959-65: "Publications received in terms of Copyright Act No. 9 of 1916 during the year ..." Vols. for 1966-76: Publications received in terms of the Copyright Act .... Afrikaanse boekweek Onder beskerming van die Pretoriase kultuurraad, en die Universiteit van Pretoria. Katalogus van boeke. Tentoongestel vanaf 17 tot 27 junie 1936 in die Pretoriussaal, Pretoria. Omhelsende 1. Afrikaanse letterkundige en ander werke, saamgestel deur P.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin
    Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin To cite this version: Denis-Constant Martin. Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa. African Minds, Somerset West, pp.472, 2013, 9781920489823. halshs-00875502 HAL Id: halshs-00875502 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00875502 Submitted on 25 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sounding the Cape Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin AFRICAN MINDS Published by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West, 7130, South Africa [email protected] www.africanminds.co.za 2013 African Minds ISBN: 978-1-920489-82-3 The text publication is available as a PDF on www.africanminds.co.za and other websites under a Creative Commons licence that allows copying and distributing the publication, as long as it is attributed to African Minds and used for noncommercial, educational or public policy purposes. The illustrations are subject to copyright as indicated below. Photograph page iv © Denis-Constant
    [Show full text]