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Capitalismo-00.Indd 1 12/09/11 06:38 AM ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 1 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 2 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM Capitalismo del conocimiento e industria de servicios de telecomunicaciones en México ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 3 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Dr. José Narro Robles Rector Dr. Eduardo Bárzana García Secretario General Lic. Enrique del Val Blanco Secretario Administrativo Dra. Estela Morales Campos Coordinadora de Humanidades INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ECONÓMICAS Dra. Verónica Villarespe Reyes Directora Mtro. Gustavo López Pardo Secretario Académico Sr. Aristeo Tovías García Secretario Técnico Sr. Roberto Guerra Milligan Jefe del Departamento de Ediciones ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 4 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM Capitalismo del conocimiento e industria de servicios de telecomunicaciones en México Sergio Ordóñez y Rafael Bouchain con la colaboración de Mónica Correa UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ECONÓMICAS ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 5 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM Esta investigación, arbitrada por pares académicos, se privilegia con el aval de la institución editora. HD30 .2 O73 Ordóñez, Sergio (Ordóñez Gutiérrez) Capitalismo del conocimiento e industria de servicios de telecomunicaciones en México / Sergio Ordóñez y Rafael Bouchain con la colaboración de Mónica Correa. — México: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, 2011. 357 p. ISBN 978-607-02-2514-7 1. Administración del conocimiento — Aspectos económicos — México 2. Tec- nología de la información — Aspectos económicos — México. 3. Telecomunicacio- nes — Aspectos económicos. I. Bouchain Galicia, Rafael, coaut. II. Correa, Mónica, colab. III. t. Primera edición 20 de septiembre de 2011 D. R. © UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México, D.F. INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ECONÓMICAS Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad de la Investigación en Humanidades 04510, México, D.F. ISBN 978-607-02-2514-7 Diseño de portada: Enrique Amaya. Cuidado de la edición: Hélida De Sales Y. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio sin la autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales. Impreso y hecho en México ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 6 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM ÍNDICE SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS 11 PRESENTACIÓN 17 INTRODUCCIÓN 19 PRIMERA PARTE 1. CÓMO SE UBICA MÉXICO EN EL CAPITALISMO DEL CONOCIMIENTO Y LA NUEVA DIVISIÓN INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO 25 Nueva fase de desarrollo y capitalismo del conocimiento 25 La división internacional del trabajo basada en el conocimiento 43 Ubicación de México en el desarrollo internacional del capitalismo del conocimiento 51 2. REESTRUCTURACIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DE SERVICIOS DE TELECOMUNICACIONES Y TENDENCIAS ACTUALES DE DESARROLLO 71 Introducción 71 Gran intensidad en el capital fi jo de infraestructura 72 Revolución tecnológica centrada en el desarrollo de las redes de interconexión 74 Sustitución de tecnología empresarial tradicional por equipo basado en internet 84 [7] ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 7 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM 8 CAPITALISMO DEL CONOCIMIENTO Nueva industria de servicios de telecomunicaciones integradora 87 Redespliegue espacial de la industria 100 Tendencias de desarrollo de la industria posteriores a la crisis mundial 107 3. DESARROLLO COMPARATIVO DE LA ISTC Y LA UBICACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE MÉXICO EN LOS SERVICIOS INTENSIVOS EN CONOCIMIENTO 115 Introducción 115 Análisis comparativo internacional de la ISTC de México con otros países 116 Posición internacional de México y otros países en los servicios intensivos en conocimiento sustentados en tecnologías electrónico-informáticas 136 SEGUNDA PARTE 4. MODALIDAD Y PROBLEMÁTICA ACTUAL DE DESARROLLO DE LA ISTC EN PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA 155 Modalidad y problemática actual de desarrollo de la ISTC 155 5. CENTRALIZACIÓN, PRINCIPALES ESTRATEGIAS EMPRESARIALES DE EXPANSIÓN Y DESPLIEGUE ESPACIAL- TERRITORIAL DE LA ISTC 203 Introducción 203 Niveles de centralización y estrategias empresariales de expansión en la ISTC 204 Despliegue espacial-territorial de la ISTC 265 6. ENCADENAMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS Y LINEAMIENTOS DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA ISCT 277 Encadenamientos productivos de la ISCT 277 Encadenamientos productivos hacia adelante 303 Lineamientos de políticas públicas para el desarrollo de la ISTC 322 capitalismo-00.indd 8 13/09/11 11:55 AM INTRODUCCIÓN 9 CONCLUSIONES 331 ANEXO METODOLÓGICO 341 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 347 ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 9 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 1010 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS 1G 1era generación 3G 3era generación 4G 4a generación AFT Activos fi jos totales Arpanet Advanced Research Projects Agency Network AT&T American Telephone and Telegraph ATS-3 Applications Technology Satellite 3 BCSM Basic Call State Machine Bitnet Because it’s time network BPL Broadband over power lines BPO Business process outsourcing BRIE Berkeley Roundtable on the International Eco- nomy BSTC Balanza de servicios de telecomunicaciones BW Business week CABI Capacidad del ancho de banda internacional CAU Costo anual unitario CAUI Costo anual unitario por investigador CDMA Code division multiple access CE Censos económicos CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina CI Consumo intermedio CIAPEM Comité de Informática de la Administración Públi- ca Estatal y Municipal CIIU Clasifi cación Industrial Internacional Uniforme CIS Comunidad de Estados Independientes [11] ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 1111 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM 12 CAPITALISMO DEL CONOCIMIENTO CMM Contenido en medios masivos COC Composición orgánica del capital Cofepris Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios Cofetel Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones Conacyt Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CR4 Concentration ratio 4 CR8 Concentration ratio 8 CSI Centro de Soluciones en Informática Csnet Computer Science Network CTC: Continental Telephone Company CT-SC-E Composición Técnica del Capital del Sector Cien- tífi co-Educativo CTV Circuito cerrado de televisión CUCI Clasifi cador Uniforme de Comercio Internacional Dipsa Directorios Profesionales DSL Digital subscriber line DVD Digital versatile disc DVR Grabación de video digital EPO Ofi cina de Patentes Europea FMI Fondo Monetario Internacional FTTH Fibra óptica hasta el hogar GE General Electric GEO Satélites de órbita geoestacionaria GPN-WP Global Production Networks-Working Paper GSM Global system for mobile communications HD-DVD High density digital versatile disc HDTV High-defi nition television HP Hewlett-Packard IBM International Business Machines ID Investigación y desarrollo IE Industria electrónica IMF-BOP International Monetary Fund-Balance of Payment INEGI Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía INEGI-CN Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía- Cuentas Nacionales ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 1212 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS 13 INEGI-CN-BIE Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía-Cuen- tas Nacionales-Banco de Información Económica IP Internet protocol IPTV Internet protocol for TV ISDN Red digital de servicios integrados ISTC Industria de servicios de telecomunicaciones ITESM Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey ITIF Information Technology and Innovation Founda- tion ITT International Telephone and Telegraph, Co. ITU International Telecommunication Union JPO Ofi cina de Patentes de Japón KC Capital constante KCC Capital constante circulante KTS Key telephone systems KV Capital variable LCD-TV Liquid crystal display televisions LEO Satélites de baja órbita terrestre MCI American Telecommunications Company MEO Satélites de media órbita terrestre MGM Metro Goldwyn Mayer MIDA Marco Institucional de Desarrollo de Aplicaciones Milnet Military Network MSS Servicios Móviles Satelitales MTV Music Television NAICS North American Industry Classifi cation System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers Auto- mated Quotation OCDE Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico OEM Manufactureras de equipo original ORVM Operadores de redes virtuales móviles PAST Precio agregado del servicio telefónico PBT Producción bruta total PBX Private branch exchanges PCS Personal communications service ccapitalismo-00.inddapitalismo-00.indd 1313 112/09/112/09/11 006:386:38 AAMM 14 CAPITALISMO DEL CONOCIMIENTO PIB Producto interno bruto PLMN Red pública terrestre móvil POT Personal ocupado total PP Participación porcentual PPP Purchasing power parity PSTN Red de telecomunicación de acceso público PV Plusvalor R Remuneraciones RI Redes inteligentes SAIC Sistema Automatizado de Información Censal SAP Systeme, anwendungen and produkte Satmex Satélites de Mexicanos, S.A. de C.V. SBC SouthWestern Bell Comunications SBO Superávit bruto de operación SCE Service creation environment SC-E Sector científi co-educativo SCNM Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de México SCIAN Sistema de Clasifi cación Industrial de América del Norte SCN Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales SCP Service control point SDP Service data point SE Secretaria de Economía SE-I Sector electrónico-informático SF Servicios fi nancieros SFA Software de fuente abierta SOS Telecomunicaciones, S.A. de C.V. SSP Service Switching Points STC Servicios de Telecomunicaciones STPC Sistemas Telefónicos Portátiles Celulares,
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