. . . MYTHS OF BABYLONIA . . - .. . ~ AND · ASSYRIA- 9J!r:f'H· d!J(7J L8(j8!J(7) .l!J( LI'I'B'l{.e/.['l'U'R.§ iA!J(7J · d'l{.'I' . CLASSIC MYTH AND LEGEND · · By A. R, Hopi Moncrie.ff . CELTIC MYTH· AND LEGEND.· POETRY AND ROMANCE .. By Charles Squire TEUTONIG MYTH AND LEGEND By Donald A. Mackenzie ROMANCE AND .LEGEND OF CHIVALRY By A. R. Hope Moncrie.ff EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND By Donald A. Mackenzie INDIAN· MYTH AND LEGEND By Donald A. Mackenzie MYTHS OF BA.lJYLONIA AND ·ASSY~A By Donald A. Mackenzie MYTHS OF ·cRETE .. AND, PRE-HELLENIC EUROPE , .By Donald A. Mackenzie. : MYTHS "OF .CHINA AND JAPAN . '· By D!Jnald A. Mackenzie · , • . t MYTHS OF· PRE:-COLUMBIAN AMERICA By Donald A. Mackenzie

THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY LTD. THE TEMPTATION OF EA-BANI From the Painting by E. Wallcousins MYTHS OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA $y DONALD A. MACKENZIE

THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED 66 CHANDOS STREET COVENT GARDEN LONDON PREFACE

This volume deals with the myths and legends of Babylonia and Assyria, and as these reflect the civilization in which they developed, a historical narrative has been provided, beginning with the early Sumerian Age and concluding with the periods of the Persian and Grecian Empires. Over thirty centuries of human progress are thus passed under review. During this vast interval of time the cultural influences emanating from the T~gro-Euphrates valley reached far­ distant shores along the intersecting avenues of trade, and in consequence of the periodic and widespread migrations of peoples who had acquired directly or indirectly the leavening elements of Mesopotamian civilization. Even at the present day traces survive in Europe of the early cultural impress of the East; our "Signs of the Zodiac", for instance, as well as the system of measuring time and space by using 6o as a basic numeral for calculation, are inheritances from ancient Babylonia. As in the Nile Valley, however, it is impossible to trace in Mesopotamia the initiatory stages of prehistoric culture based on the agricultural mode of life. What is generally called the "Dawn of History" is really the beginning of a later age of progress; it is necessary to account for the degree of civilization attained at the earliest period of which we have knowledge by postulating ' v vi PREFACE a remoter age of culture of much longer duration than that which separates the "Dawn" from the age in which we now live. Although Sumerian (early Babylonian) civiliza­ tion presents distinctively local features which justify the application of the ter]Il "indigenous" in the broad sense, it is found, like that of Egypt, to be possessed of certain elements which suggest exceedingly remote influences and connections at present obscure. Of special interest in this _regard is Professor Budge's mature and well-deliberated conclusion that " both the Sumerians and early Egyptians derived their primeval gods from some common but ex- . ceedingly ancient source". The prehistoric burial customs of these separate peoples are also remarkably similar and they resemble closely in turn those of the Neolithic Euro­ peans. The cumulative effect of such evidence forces us to regard, as not wholly satisfactory and conclusive the hypothesis of cultural influence. A remote racial connec­ tion is possible, and is certainly worthy of consideration when so high an authority as Professor Frazer, author of The Golden Bough, is found prepared to admit that the widespread "homogeneity of beliefs" may have been due to "homogeneity o( race ". It is shown (Chapter I) that certain ethnologists have accumulated data which estab­ lish a racial kinship between the Neolithic Europeans, the proto-Egyptians, the Sumerians, the southern Persians, and the Aryo-lndians. Throughout this volume comparative notes-have been compiled in dealing with Mesopotamian beliefs with pur­ pose to assist the reader towards the study of linking . myths and legends. Interesting parallels have been gleaned from various religious literatures in Europe, Egypt, India, and elsewhere. It will be found that certain relics of Babylonian intellectual life, which_ have a distinctive geographical significance, were shared by PREFACE vii peoples in other cultural areas where they were similarly overlaid with local colour. Modes of thought were the products of modes of life and were influencc;:d in their development by· human experiences. The influence of environment on 'the growth of _culture has long been recognized, but consideration must also be given/to the choice of environment by peoples who had adopted distinctive habits ·of life. Racial units migrated from cultural areas to districts suitable for colonization and. carried with them a heritage of immemorial beliefs and customs which were regarded as being qui.te as in~·. dispensable for their welfare as their implements and. domesticated animals. When consideration is given in this connection to the conservative element iu primitive religion, it is not sur­ prising to find that the growth of religious myths was not so spontaneous in early civilizations of the highest ordel" as has hitherto been assumed. It seems clear that in·each great local mythology we have to deal, in the first place, not with symbolized ideas so much as symbolized folk beliefs. of remote antiquity and, to a certain degree, of common inheritance. It may· not be found possible to arri~e at a conclusive solution of the most widespread, and therefore the most ancient folk myths, such as, for instance, the Dragon Myth, or' the myth of the culture hero. Nor, perhaps, is it necessary that we should con­ cern ourselves greatly regarding the origin of the idea of the dragon, which in one country symbolized fiery drought and in another overwhelming river floods. The student will find footing on surer ground by following the process which exalts the dragon of the folk tale into the symbol of evil and primordial chaos. The Babylonian Creation Myth, for instance, can be shown to be a localized and glorified legend in which the hero and viii PREFACE his tribe are displaced by the war god and his fellow deities whose welfare depe~ds on his prowess. Merodach kills the dragon, Tiamat, as the heroes of Eur-Asian folk stories kill grisly hags, by casting his weapon down her throat. · ·

He severed her inward parts, he pierc~d her heart, · He overcame her and cut off her life; He cast down her body and stood upon it ••• And with merciless club he smashed her skull. He cut through the channels of her blood, And he made the north wind to bear it away into secret places. Afterwards He divided the flesh of the Ku-pu and devised a cunning plan.

Mr. L. W. King, from whose scholarly Seven Tablets of Creation these lines are quoted, notes that "Ku-pu" is a word of uncertain meaning. Jensen suggests "trunk, body". Apparently Merodach obtained special know­ ledge after dividing, and perhaps eating, the "Ku-pu ". His "cunning plan" is set forth in detail: he cut up the dragon's body: He split her up like a flat fish into two halves.

He formed the heavens with one half and the earth with the other, and then set the universe in order. His power .and wisdom as the Demiurge were derived from the fierc:e and powerful Great Mother,_ Tiamat. In other dragon stories the heroes deyise their plans after eating the dragon's heart. According to Philo­ stratus,1 Apollonius of Tyana was worthy of being remem­ bered for two things-his bravery · in travelling among fierce robber tribes, not then subject to Rome, and his

1 Lif' of lfpolloniu1 of Tyana, i, :&o. PREFACE wisdom in learning the language of birds and other ani­ mals as the Arabs do. _This accomplishment the Arabs acquired, Philostratus explains, by eating the hearts of dragons. The "animals" who utter magic words are,_ of course, the Fates.· Siegfried of the Nibelungenlied, after ·slaying the Regin dragon, makes himself invulnerable by bathing in its blood.· He obtains wisdom by ea~ng the heart : as soon as he tastes it he can understand the language of birds, and the birds reveal to him that Mimer is waiting to slay him. Sigurd similarly makes his plans after eating the heart of the Fafner dragon. In Scottish legend Finn-mac-Coul obtains the power to divine secrets by partaking of a small portion of the seventh ·salmon associated with the "well dragon ", and Michael $cott and other folk heroes become great physicians after tasting · the juices of the middle part of the body of the white snake. The hero ofan Egyptian folk tale slays a "death­ less snake " by cutting it in two parts and putting sand between the parts. He then obtains from the box, of _ which it is the guardian, the book of spells ; when he · reads a page of the spells he knows what the birds of the sky, the fish of the deep, and the beasts of the hill say; the book gives him -power to enchant "the heaven and the earth, the abyss, the mountains and the sea"• 1 Magic and religion were never separated in Babylonia; not_ only- the priests but also the gods performed magical cer !monies. Ea, Merodach's father, overcame Apsu, the h!lsband of the ·dragon Tiamat, by means of spells: he was "the great magician of the gods". Merodach's division of the "Ku-pu" was evidently an act of con- -tagious magic ; by eating or otherwise disposing o_f the vital part of the fierce and wise mother dragon, he became endowed with her attributes, and was able to . proceed 1 Eopti.. T.Ju (Second Seriea), W. M. Flinden Petrie, pp. 98 ~'"f• X PREFACE with the work of creation. Primitive peoples in our own day, like the Abipones of Paraguay, eat the flesh of fierce and cunning animals so that their strength, courage, and wisdom may be increased. . The direct influence exercised by cultural contact, on the other hand, may be traced when myths with an alien geographical setting are found among peoples whose ex­ periences could never have given them origin. In India, where the dragon symbolizes drought and the western river deities are female, the Manu fish and flood legend resembles closely the Babylonian, and seems to throw light upon it. Indeed, the Manu myth appears to have been derived from the lost flood story in which Ea figured prominently in fish form as the Preserver. The Baby­ lonian Ea cult and the Indian Varuna cult had apparently much in common, as is shown. ~Throughout this volume special attention has been paid to the various peoples who were in immediate con­ tact with, and were influenced by, Mesopotamian civiliza­ tion. The histories are traced in outline of the Kingdoms of Elam, Urartu (Ancient Armenia), Mitanni, and the Hittites, while the story of the rise and decline of the Hebrew civilization, as narrated in the· Bible and referred to in Mesopotamian inscriptions, is related from the earliest times until the captivity in the Neo-Babylonian period and the restoration during the age of the Persi'ln Empire. The struggles waged between the great Powers for the control or trade routes, and the periodic migrations of pastoral warrior folks who determined the fate of empires, are also dealt with, so tha~ light may be thrown on the various processes and influences associated with the developments of local religions and mythologies. Special chapters, with comparative notes, are devoted to the Ishtar-Tammuz myths, the Semiramis legends, Ashur PREFACE xi and his symbols, and the origin and growth of astrology and a'stronomy. . . The ethnic disturbances which occurred at various . ~ell-defined periods in the Tigre-Euphrates valley were not always favourable to the advancement of knowledge and the growth of culture. The invaders who absorbed Sumerian civilization may have secured more settled con­ ditions by welding -together political units, but seem to have exercised a retrogressive influence on the growth of local culture. "Babylonian religion", writes Dr. Langdon, "appears to have reached its highest level in the Sumerian period, or at least not later than 2000 B.c. From that period onward to the first century B.c. popular religion maintained. with great difficulty the sacred standards of the past." 1Although it has been customary to charac­ terize Mesopotamian civilization as Semitic, moc:l~rn research tends to show that the indigenous inhabitants, who were non-Semitic, were its originators. Like the proto-Egyptians, the early Cretans, and the Pelasgians in southern Europe and Asia Minor, they invariably achieved the intellectual conquest of their conquerors, as in the earliest times they had won victories over the antagonistic forces of nature. If the modern view is accepted that these ancient agriculturists of the goddess cult were of common racial origin, it is to the most representative communities of the widespread Mediterranean race that the credit belongs of laying the foundations of the brilliant civilizations of the ancient world in southern Europe, and Egypt, and the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. CONTENTS

CaAP. l''agc INTRODUCTION xxi

I. THE RAcEs AND EAilLT CiviLIZATION oF BABYLONIA-

·u. . THE LAND oF RIVERS AND THE Goo oF THE DEEP- z 1

III. RIVAL PANTHEONS AND REPRESENTATIVE DEITIES fO

IV. DEMONS, FAIRIES, AND GHOSTS S9

V. MYTHS oF TAMMUZ AND lsHTAR - 81

VI. WARS oF THE CITY STATES oF SuMER AND AKKAD - 109

VII. CREATION LEGEND: MER.ODACH THE DRAGON SLAYER. 138"

VIII. DEIFIED HEROES: ETANA AND GILGAMESH 163

IX. DELUGE LEGEND, THE IsLAND oF THE BLESSED, AND HADES - 190

X. BurLDI!"GS AND LAws AND CusTOMS fJF BABYLON Zl7

XI. THE GoLDEN AGE oF BABYLONIA - ZfO

XII. RrsE oF THE HITTITES, MITANNIANs, LssiTES, Hn:sos, AND AssYRIANS - z6o

XIII. AsTROLOGY AND. AsTRONOMY- z87

XIV. AsHuR THE NATIONAL Goo OF AssYRIA- • ·3-Z6

XV. CoNFLICTS FOR. TRADE AND SuPREMACY - 356

XVI. RAcE MovEMENTS THAT SHATTERED EMPIRES - .- 376 :dll xiv CONTENTS CHAP. .Page XVII. THE· HEBREWS IN AssYRIAN HISTORY - - 394 XVIII. THJ'AGE OF SEMIRAMIS - 4'7 . - +« XX. THE LAsT DAYS Oi' AssYRIA A~D BABYLONIA - - 477

INDEX SOl PLATES IN COLOUR

Page 'fHE TEMPTATION OF EA-BANI (p. 173} - Jiro•tispiece Erom tile pai•ti11g ~E. Wa/Jcowi111

ISHTAR IN HADES - - jaci11g g6 FrDitl tile pa;,,;,g ~ E. W 111/coruilll

MERODACH SETS FORTH TO ATTACK. TIAMAT .. 144 FrDitl tile plli•ti11g ~E. Wal/cowi111

THE SLAYINQ OF THE BULL OF ISHTAR - .. 176 From tlleplli•ti"g ~ E. 1Y111/corui,

THE BABYLONIAN DELUGE .. 192. FrDitl tile plli11ti11g ~ E. Wa/lcowi111

NEBUCHADNEZZAR IN THE HANGING GARDENS .. :uo From tlleplli•ti"g ~E. Wal/coui111

THE BABYLONIAN MARRIAGE MARKET - ... U4 Fro• tlu pai,ti,g I!] Edwi• Long, R.A., ;, tile. Royal • Hol/D'Way Colltgt. By ptrmiuio11 o.ftlu T,.,..,., .

THE SHEPHERD FINDS THE BABE SEMIRAMIS - • Fr0111 tlu plli•ti•g ,.~ E. Wallcoui111 PLATES· IN MONOCHROME

Page EXAMPLES OF RACIAL TYPES Fn"K a From 11 4rii'Wit~g b.1 E. IY•/Icoruiru

STATUE OF A ROYAL PERSONAGE OR OFFICIAL OF NON-SEMITIC ORIGIN IZ

WORSHIP OF THE MOON GOD (CYLINDER-SEAL) - so " WINGED MAN-HEADED LION .. 6z From N.W. Ptdtu:6 of Nimroutl

TWO FIGURES OF D~MONS - " 7Z WINGED HUMAN-HEADED COW(?) • 100 From Kouyartjill (NirteWfa)

CYLINDER-SEAL IMPRESSIONS SHOWING MYTHO­ LOGICAL FIGURES AND DEITIES - . . .. 106 , PLAQUE OF UR-NINA .. 116

SILVER VASE DEDICATED TO THE GOD NIN-GIRSU ·BY ENTEMENA • .. 1:&0

STELE OF NARAM SIN • " u.S

GUDEA 1]0 Fr.,. 1M ,,.,_ ;, 1M l.onlrc, Pri "' Ptl XVlll PLATES IN MONOCHROME Page "THE SEVEN TABLETS OF CREATION" - facing 138 From tlu library of Aslzur-bani-pal at Kouyunjilt. (Nitle'IJe!z)

SLIPPER- SHAPED COFFIN, MADE OF GLAZED EARTHENWARE- " ZJ4

STELE OF HAMMURABI, WITH "CODE OF LAWS" " zzz .HAMMURABI RECEIVING THE "CODE OF LAWS" FROM THE SUN GOD ..

THE HORSE IN WARFARE (ASHUR-NATSIR-PAL AND ARMY ADVANCING)- Marble slab from N.W. Palace of Nimroud

LETTER FROM TUSHRATTA, KING OF MITANNI, TO AMENHOTEP III, KING OF EGYPT " z8o THE GOD NINIP AND ANOTHER DEITY - .. JOZ

SYMBOLS OF DEITIES AS ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS - " 306 From sculptured stone in tlze Britislz Museum

ASHUR SYMBOLS " 334 WINGED DEITIES KNEELING BESIDE A SACRED TREE - " 340 Marble slab from N.IY. Palace of Nimroud

EAGLE-HEADED WINGED DEITY (ASHUR) " 344 ASSYRIAN KING HUNTING LIONS , 384

TYRIAN GALLEY PUTTING OUT TO SEA­ J88 Marble slab from Kouyunji!t (NinewA) "

STATUE OF ASHUR-NATSIR-PAL - •• 396 From S.JY. Palace of Nimroud PLATES IN MONOCHROME XIX Page DETAILS FROM SECOND SIDE OF BLACK. OBELISK. OF SHALMANESER. III facing 410 -

STATUE OF NEBO, DEDICATED BY ADAD-NIR.AR.I • IV AND THE QUEEN SAMMU-RAMMAT .. TIGLATH-PILESER IV IN HIS CHARIOT - ..

COLOSSAL WINGED AND HUMAN-HEADED BULL .AND MYTHOLOGICAL BEING .. Fr0111 tloar'Way ;, Palace of Sargon 111 Klumahatl

ASSAULT ON THE CITY OF ••• ALAMMU (?JERUSA­ LEM) BY THE ASSYRIANS UNDER. SENNACHER.IB Mtzrhle slab from Ktll)'unjill (Nine'Uell) "

ASHUR-BANI-PAL RECLINING IN A BOWER " M~~rhle 1/ah from Kouyunjill ( Nine'Uell)

PERSIANS BRINGING CHARIOTS, RINGS, AND WREATHS - " 494 .. Bas-relit/fram Pmepolis

MAP OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA • u INDEX

Vowel Sounds :-ii, as in IAdapa. (a' da-pa), the- Babylonian Thor, 57· 100. 72, 73· ... Aah, Egyptian name of moon, 301. Addu (ad'dU), as form of Merodach, Abijah (a-bi'jah), King of Judah, 402, 16o. 403· Adonis (a-do'nis), Tammuz and myth Abraham, 12; the Isaac sacrifice, so; of, 83, 84; antiquity of myth of, 84; period of migration from Ur, 131, blood of in river, 85; the boat or 245; association of with Amorites, chest of, go, 103; "the Garden or•. 246; conflict with Amraphel (Ham­ 171, 172; slain by hoar, 294, 304- murabi) and his allies, 246, 247 ; Afghans, skull forms of, 8. Babylonian monotheism in age of, Ages, the mythical, Tarumuz as ru~r 160; Nimrod and in Koran, 166, of one of the, 83, 84; Greek flood 167, 349. 350. legend and, 195, 196; the Indian Achaeans (a-ke'ans), the Celts and, and Celtic, 196; in American myths, 377; in Crete and Egypt, 378 ; 198; Babylonian and Indian links, Pelasgians and, 393; the Cyprian and 199; in Persian and Germanic my­ Assyria, 484- thologies, 202, 203 ; various systems Achaemenian (a-ke-mm'ian), Cyrus compared, 310 et se~. called an, 493 ; Darius I claims to Agni (ag'nee ), Indian fire and fertility be an, 496. See Akluzmanislt.. . god, 49; Nusku and, so; links with Adad (ad'ad), deities that link with, 35, Tamrnuz, 94; eagle as, 168, 169; 57• 261, 395; in demon war, 76. Nergal and, 304; the goat and, 333; Adad-nirari I (ad'ad-ni-ra'ri), of As­ . Melkarth and, 346. syria, 362, 36 3· Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix, Adad-nirari III, 396. xxx; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tam· Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Baby­ muz. Ishtar, xxxi; early Sumerians lonian inftuence in court of, 419; as and, 2 ; in Turkestan and Egypt, 6; "husband of his mother", 420; in· early civilizations and, 14; Herodotus novations of, 421; Kalkhi library, _pn Babylonian, 21, 22; irrigation and 422 ; " synchronistic history ", 42 3 ; river floods, 23, 24, 26; deities and Neboworship, 435,436; as "saviour" water supply, 33; Tammuz- Adonis of Israel, 438, 439; Urartu problem, myth, 8 S ; weeping ceremonies, 82 439. 440- et s~.; Nimrod myth, 170; demand Adad-nirari V, 442. for harvesters in Babylonia, 256. Adad-shum -utsur (ad'ad-shUm-U'tsur), Agum (a'giim), Kassite kings named, King of Babylonia, as overlord of 272 et sq. Assyria, 370. Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers liOl 501 INDEX

from Mitanni Merodach and his Amaziah, King of Judah, 448, 449· spouse, 272. Amel-marduk (a'mel-mar' duk), "Evil Ahab, King of Israel, 405-7, 408, 473· Merodach ", King of Babylon, 492. Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony Amenhotep III (a-men-ho'tep) of Egypt, practised by, so; sundial of and 28o; Tushratta's appeals to, 282. eclipse record, 323, 450; relations Amon, wife of, 221; the" world soul" with Assyria, 452, 453, 459· belief and, 329. Aharlah (a-ha-zi'ah), King of Israel, Amorites, Land of.- See Atnurru. 408-ro. Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125-7; Ahiir'a Miiz'da, eagle and ring symbol in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217; Suo of, 347; Ashur and, 355; Cambyses cult favoured by in Babylon, 240; and, 495; identified with Merodach, Moon cult of in Kish, 241 ; blend of 496; reform of cult of, 497. in Jerusalem, 246; raids of, 256; as Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48, 49· allies of Hittites, 284. 363, 364; Akhamanish (a-kha-man'ish), the Per­ Philistines and, 38o; "mother right" sian Patriarch, 493; Germanic Man­ amongst, 418. nus and Indian Manu and, 493; eagle Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33· and, 493· Amrapbel (am'ra-phel), the Biblical, Akhenaton (a-khen-a'ton), foreign cor­ identified with Hammurabi, 131, 246, respondence of, 28o et SetJ. ; Assyrian 247· King's relations with, 285; Aton Amurru (am'Ur-rii), land of Amorites, cult of, 338, 422 ; attitude of to 127; Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127-9; mother worship, 418, 419. Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130; Akkad (ak'kad). Its racial and geo­ Elamite overlordsbip of, 248. graphical significance, I ; early name Amurru, the god called, Merodach and of Uri or Kiuri, 2; early history of, Adad-Rammarfand, 316. 109 et seq. Anabita (ana-bi'ta), Persian goddess, Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et SetJ.; identified with Nina-Isbtar, 496. Naram-Sin and, 128, 129; in Ham­ An'akim, "sons of Anak ",the Hittites murabi Age, 256; observatory at, and, II, 12. 321. Also rendered Agade. Anatu (an-a'tii), consort of Anu, 138. Akkadians, characteristics of, 2; culture Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the of Sumerian, 2, 3, I 3; the conquerors Sumerian, 5; votive statuettes found •. of Sumerians, 12. at, 5· · Aku, moon as the "measurer", 301. Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, Akurgal (a-kiir'gal), King of Lagasb, 294; in Babylonia and China, 295. son of Ur-Nina, 118. Andromeda (an-drom'e-da), legend of, Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42· I 52- Aleppo (a-lep'po), Hadad worshipped Angus, the Irish love god, go, 238. at, 411. Animal forms of gods, 134, 135. Alexander the Great, Southern Baby­ Animism, xxxiii; spirit groups and lonia in age of, 22, 23; his vision of gods, 35, 294 d SetJ.; fairies and elves Tiamat, 151 ; myths of, 164; . the relics of, 79, So; stars and planets as eagle and, 167; Gilgamesb and, 172; ghosts, 295, 304; star worship, 317; water of life, 185, 186; Brahmans Pelasgian gods as Fates, 317. and, 207, 2o8; welcomed in Baby­ "Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind lon, 497; Pantheon of, 497; death of, hag, 73· 498· Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73, Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289. 101. Allatu (al'Ia..tU). See Eresk-ki-gal. An'shan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad Alu (a'lU), the, tempest and nightmare conquers, 127; Cyrus, King of, 493· demon, 65, 68, 69. An'sbar, the god, in group of elder Alyat'tes, King of Lydia, war against deities, 37; Anu becomes like, 124; Medes, 494; Median marriage al­ in Creation legend, 138 d seq.; Ashur .. liance, 494- a form of, 326, 354; as "Assoros ", A'ma, the mother goddess, 57, 100. 328; as night sky god, 328; identified INDE'X SOJ with Polar star, 330, 331; as astral Arad Ea (ar-ad-e'a), "terryman" of Satyr (goat-man), 333; Tammuz and, Hades water, 34; Gilgamesh crosses 333; his six divinities of council, 334- sea of death with, 18o et seq. Anthat (anth'at), goddesses that link Aramre'ans, migrations of, 359; called with, 268. " Suti.,, "Achlame ", " Arimi '', Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, "Khabiri ", and " Syrians", 36o; 134-6. Assyria and the, 367 ; as allies of Anu (a'nii), god of the sky, demons as Hittites, 377, 378; state of Damascus messengers of, ]4, 77; in early triad, founded by, 390; Ashur-natsir-pal III 35, 36; among early gods, 37; Brahma and, 398, 399; "mother worship" and, 38; links with Mithra, 55; other and, 434; as opponents of sun wor­ gods and, 53, 57; as father of demons, ship, 445; settled in Asia Minor, 461. 63; solar and lunar attributes of, 53, Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, ss; wind spirits and, 72, 73· 74l in and Hercules as, 336, -337; robed demon war, 76; as father of Isis, roo; with feathers, 344; Ashur and San­ Ur-Nina and, 116; as father of Enlil, dan as, 352. 124; as form of Anshar, 125, 328; Ardat Lili (ar'dat li-li), a demon lover, high priest of and moon god, 130; 68. during Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, legend, 138 et seq.; Merodach directs 486. decrees of, 149; Etana and eagle in Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, Adonis, 87, 304- 173 et sq.; in Deluge legend, 190 et Argistis I (ar'gist-is), King of Urartu, uq.; planetary gods and, 304; zodiacal campaigns of, 441, 442, or, Argistes. " field of", 307; the star spirits and, Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cim" 318; as Anos, 328; as the "high merians and Scythians, 461. bead", 334; Sargon II and, 463. Arioch (a'ri-ok), the Biblical, Warad­ An'zan. See Ansluzn. Sin as, 247, 248. Apep (ii'pep), the Egyptian serpent Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia demon, 46, 156. and India, 310; development of, 312. Aphrodite (af-ro-di'te), boar lover of Ark, in flood legend, 191 et seq. slays Adonis, 87; lovers of, 103; the Aries money, Babylonian farm labourers "bearded" form of, 267, 301; birds received, 2 s6. and plants sacred to, 427; as a fate, Armenia, Thunder god of, 261, 395; 427, 433; legends attached to, 437· goddess Anaitis in, 267. See Urartu. Apil-Sin (a'pil-sin), King, grandfather of Armenians, the use of cradle board by, Hammurabi, 242. 4, 5; ancestors of, 28 3· Apis bull (a-pis), inspiration from breath Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, of, 49; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, to; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 495· 11, 262 ; traces of in prehistoric Apsu-Rishtu (ap'sil-rish'tii), god of the Egypt, 11, 263, 264; in Palestine, 12; deep, like Egyptian Nu, 37, 64; as culture of, 31 S· enemy of the gods, 38; Tiamat and, Arnold, Ed\Yin, xxii. 1o6; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Arpad (iir'pad) in reign of Tiglath· reference to by Damascius, 328. pileser IV, 446, 447· Apuatu (a-pii'a·til) (Osiris) as the Patri· Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fer­ arch, xxxii. tility, 337; Ashur's and the goddess Arabia, moon worship in, 52; owl a Neith's, 337 "· See Arckn-, tlte mother ghost in, 70; in Zu bird myth, Astral. 74. 7Sl invaded by Ns:ram Sin, 129; Art, magical origin of, 288. Eta.na myth in, 166, 167; water of Artaxerxes, 497· life myth, 186; Sargon II and kings Artemis (iir'te-mis), the goddess, lovers of, 458; Sennacherib in, 466. slain by, 104; as wind hag, 104; the Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7; " Great Bear" myth and, 2¢. Semites of Jewish type and, 7, ro; Artisan gods, Ea., Ptah, Khnumu, and prehistoric migrations of, 11, 12. Indra as, 30. INDEX

Aruru (ar'ii-rii), the mother goddess, spouse of, 355; a Baal, 355; earth­ 100, r6o, 420; assists Merodach to quake destroys temple of, 363; Shal­ create mankind, 148; in Gilgamesh maneser I obtains treasure for, 366; legend, 172 et seq. Esarhaddon builds temple to, 476; Aryans (a'ri-ans), Mitannians as, 269, Sennacherib murdered in temple of, 270; Kassites and, 270. 47.0; Ahuza Mazda and, 496. See Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave Asshur, the Bz'blical Patriaf'ck. . of, 350; images destroyed by, 403; Ashur-bani-pal {a'shur-ban'i-pal), dis­ appeal for aid to Damascus, 404; covery of library of, xxii, xxiii; doc­ death of, 407. tors and, 231, 232; worship of Ashur Asari {a-sa'ri), Merodach as, and Osiris, and Sin, 353; Merodach restored to I 59- Babylon by, 481, 482; Egyptian cam­ Ash'dod, Cyprian King of, 458, 459- paign, 482; sack of Thebes, 483; Ashtoreth {ash-to'reth), Ishtar and, roo; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, lovers of, 103; goddesses that link 483; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt with, 267; worship of at Samaria, 439; against, 484; suicide of Shamash­ also rendered Ash'ta-roth. shum-ukin, 485; Lydia aided by, 486; Ashur (a'shur), Asura theory, 278; as Sardanapalus legend, 486; the Bibli­ Aushar, "water field", the "Holy cal "Asnapper", 487; palace of, 487. One", and Anshar, 326; the Biblical A'shur-dan' I, of Assyria, 370. patriarch, 327; "Ashir" and Cappa­ Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442· dacia, 327 ; Brahma and, 328; as Ashur-danin-apli (a'shur-dan-in'apli), re- Creator, 329; bull, eagle, and lion volt of in Assyria, 414, 415. identified with, 330; connected with Ashur-elit-ilani (a'shur-e'lit-il-a'ni), King sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, of Assyria, 487, 488. 33 I; King and, 331; Isaiah's parable, Ashur-natiir-pal I (a'shur-na'tsir-pal) of 331; as bull of heaven, 334; winged Assyria, 369. disk or " wheel " of, 334, 335; stan­ Ashur-natsir-pal III, his "reign of dard of as "world spine", 335 ; the terror", 396; conquests and atro. archer in "wheel", 335; despiritual­ cities of, 397, 398; Babylonians over­ ization theory, 335, 336; the solar awed by, 399; death of, 401. archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Ashur-nirari IV (a'shur-ni-ra'ri), last Gilgamesh, 336; the arrow of, 337; king of Assyria's" Middle Empire", Babylonian deities and, 337; Baby­ 442,443- ' lonian and Persian influences, 338; Ashur-uballit (a'shur-u-bal-lit), King of as god 'Of fertility, &c., 339; Assyrian Assyria, Egypt and, 28r, 282, 285; civilization reflected by,· 340; as corn conquests of, 284; grandson of as god and war god, 340; the Biblical King of Babylon, 284; Arabian desert Nisroch, 341; the eagle and, 343; trade route, 36o. Ezekiel's references to life wheel, 344 Asia Minor, hill god of, 136; prehistoric et stq. ; fire cult and, 346; Indian alien pottery in, 263. wheel symbol, 346, 347; Persian Ass, the sun god as, J29; in Lagash wheel or disk, 347; wheels of Shamash chariot, 330. and lshtar, 347; the Egyptian Ankh, "Ass of the East", horse called in 347; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348; .. Babylonia, 270. Sandan and, 347, 348; Attis and, 348; As'shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277; son of Ea like Merodach, 348; aided Mitanni king plunders, 28o; imported by fires and sacrifices, 351; disk a beliefs in, 327 ; Biblical reference to, symbol of life, fertility, &c., 351; the 339 ; development of god of, 355; lightning arrow, 352; temples of and .. Merodach's statue deported to, 469. worship of, 35 2; close association of As'shur, the Biblical Patriarch of As­ with kings, 352, 353; association of syria, 276, 277, 327. See Ashur. with moon god, 353; astral phase of, Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.; 354; Jastrow's view, 354; Pinches on Amorite migration to, 217; Ham­ Merodach and Osiris links, 354; as murabi kings as overlords of, 241, patriarch, corn god, &c., 354. 355; 419; Thothmes III corresponds with INDEX sos king of, 276; Biblical reference to Athaliah (ath-a-li'ah), Queen, ot Judah, rise of, 276, 277; Aryan names of 409; reign of, 413; Joash crowned, early kings of, 278; Mitanni kings as 413; soldiers slay, 413, 414- overlords of, 279, 28o; Semitized by Athena (athe'na), indigenous goddess o{ Amorites, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna Athens, lOS; goat and, 337· letters, 28 I, 282 ; rise of after fall of Athens, imported gods in, 105. Mitanni; 284; struggles with Baby­ Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ram­ lonia for Mesopotamia, 284-6; J6r et man, &c., as, JSl "air of life" from, seq.; the national god, Ashur, 326 et 48, 49· seq.; Isaiah's reference to, 340; Egyp­ Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess tians and Hittites allied against, 366, Mut and, 419, 422. 368; Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Attis (at'tis), the Phrygian god, Tam­ Babylonia controls,· 370; character muz and, 84; death of, 87; as lover of, 372-5; periods of history of, 37S; of Cybele, 103, 104; deities that link at close of Kassite period, 38o; end with, 267; as Jupiter, 30S; Ashur of Old Empire, 386; Second Empire •. and, 3S4-5i symbols of, 348· of, 391 et seq.; sculpture of and Aii-Aa, Jab as Ea, 31. Sumerian, 401; mother worship in, Australia, star myths in, 296, 300. 420 et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348. 44o-2; end of Second Empire, 443; Azag-Bau (a'zag bii'ii), legendary queen Third Empire, 444 et seq.; Egypt of Kish, 114; humble origin of, us. becomes a province of, 475 et seq.; Azariah (az-a·ri'ah), King of Judah, last king of, 487; fall of Nineveh, 488; 449- Cyaxares rules over, 493· Astarte (as-tar'te), lovers of, 103; ani­ Baal, the moon god as, 51; shadowy mals of on Lagash vase, 120; ·god­ spouse of, roo; Ashur as, 355; wor­ desses that link with, 267; Semiramis ship of the Phrenician in Israel, 4o6. and, 425. Baal-dag'on, the god, symbols of, 32. Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, Ba'asha, King of Israel, 403; Dama.scus 317; Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et aids Judah against, 404, 405. seq.; literary references to, 325 •. Ba'a-il, the Phrenician mother goddess, Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq. 150. See Stars, Planets, and Constdlations. Babbar (bab'bar), sun god, 125; Nin Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Girsu and, 132; of Sippar, 240. Assyrian period, 321, 322. See Sluzmaslt.. Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., Babylon, in early Christian literature, in Creation legend, 147, 148; dis­ xvii; German excavations at, xxiv; covery that moon is lit by sun, 148 "·; Isaiah foretells doom of, 113, 114. Mythical Ages and, 310et seq.; theory 478; sack of by Gutium, 129; politi­ of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; pre­ cal rise of, 217 et seq.; early history cession of the equinoxes, 320, 320 "·; of, 218; Greek descriptions of late Assyro • Babylonian observatories, city of, 219 et seq.; "hanging gar­ 32o-2; Hittites pass Babylonian dis­ dens " of. 220; date of existing ruins coveries to Europe, J 16 ; in late As­ of, 222; marriage market of, 224. syrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479, 225; sun worship in, 240; the Lon­ 48o. . don of Western Asia, 2S3; return of Astyages (as-ty'a-jez), King of the Merodach from Mitanni to, 272; Medes, Cyrus displaces, 493; wife of observatory at, 321; destruction ot a Lydian princess, 494- by Sennacherib, 468, 469; restored Asura fire (a-shoo'ra), in the sea, so, sr. by Esarhaddon, 471; Asbur-bani-pal Atargatis (at-ar-ga'tis ), the goddess, restores Merodach to, 481, 482; legend of origin of, 28; as a bi-sexual Shamash-sum-ukin's revolt in, 484. deity, 267; Derceto and, 277, 426, 485; Belshazzar's feast in, 494, 495; 427; Nina and, 277, 278. under the Persians, 496; Xerxes Ate (a'te), mother goddess of Cilicia, pillages Merodach's temple in, 497; 267. Alexander the Great in, 497, 498; so6 INDEX under empire ot Seleucidre, 498 ; Bel, the, Merodach as, 34; Enlil as the slow death of, 498, 499· " elder ", 35; demons as " beloved Babylonia, excavations in, xix et seq.; sons" of, 63 ; Zu bird strives to be, religion of, xxviii, xxxi; debt of 74; in demon war, 77; as son of Ea, modern world to, xxxv; early clivi· I 39; decapitated to create mankind, sions of, l et seq.; harvests of, 2I, 148; Etana visits heaven of, I66; in 22; the two seasons of, 23, 24; rise Gilgamesh legend, I 72; in flood of empire of, 133; Amorite migra· legend, I go et seq.; Zodiacal "field" tion into, 217; Golden Age of, 253; of, 307; Sargon II and the "elder", Hittite invasion of, 259; Tell-ei­ 463. Amarna letters and, 28I; early Bel'·Kap-Ka'pU, King of Babylonia, as struggles with Assyria, 284-6; star overlord of Assyria, 419. myths of, 290 et seq.; ancestor wor­ Bel-nirari (bel'-ni-ra'ri), IGng of Assyria, ship in, 295; beginning of arithmetic 285, 286. in, 3IO et seq.; Kassites and Meso­ Bel-shum-id'din, last Kassite king, 37I. potamia, 358, 359, 36I et seq.; Arabian ,Beli (ba'le), "the Howler", enemy of desert route, 360; influence of Hittites Germanic corn god, 95· in, 364, 366, 368 ; Assyria controlled Belit-sheri (bel-it-she'ri), sister of Tam· by, 370; Kassitedynastyends, 37o-I; muz, in Hades, 98, II7. compared with Assyria, 37I-5; Tig­ Belshaz'zar, King of Babylon, over· lath-pileser I and, 385; Ashur-natsir­ throw of, 494, 495· pal III overawes, 399; Shamshi· Beltane Day, fire ceremony of, 50. Adad VII subdues, 4I4, 4I5; Tiglath­ Beltu (ba.l'tU), the goddess, 36, IOO, pileser IV, the " Pulu" of, 444-6; Ben-ha'dad I, King of Damascus, as Esarhaddon and, 47I-6; Nee-Baby­ overlord of Judah and Israel, 404. lonian Age, 478 et seq.; Alexander Ben-hadad II, Ahab defeats twice, 406, the Great and, 497· 407; murder of by Hazael, 410. .Baghdad railway, following ancient Ben-hadad III, Assyrians overcome, trade route, 357, 357 n. 438, 439· Balder, the Germanic god, Gilgamesh Beowulf (ba-o-wiilf), brood of Cain in, and, I84; new age of, 202, 203, So; Scyld myth, 92, 93; sea monsters, . Ba-neb-tet'tu, Egyptian god, 29. I 52> mother-monster in like Sumerian Barley, husks of in Egyptian pre­ and Scottish, 154, I 55· Dynastic bodies, 6. Ber, "lord of the wild boar", Ninip Barleycorn, John, Nimrod and Ice­ as, 302. landic god Barleycorn and, I70, Bero'sus, 27, 30, 83, 148, 164, I70, I98, I7I. 466, 470, 492. Barque of Ra, sun as and the Baby­ Bhima (bhee'ma), the Indian, like Gil­ lonian " boat"' s6, 57. gamesh and Hercules, 187. Basques, the, language of and the Birds, as ghosts and fates, 65; owl as Sumerian, 3; shaving customs of, 4· mother's ghost, 70; demons enter the, Bast, the Egyptian serpent mother, 76. 7I; Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Ba'ta, the Egyptian tale of, 85. Garuda, 74, 75, I68, 169; in Ger­ Bats, ghosts as, 65. manic legends, I47 n.; as symbols of Battle, the Everlasting, 65. fertility, I69; birth eagle, I68, 169, Bau (ba'ti), mother goddess, IOO; Gula 171; imitation of and musical culture, and lshtar and, 116; in Kish, 114, 238; associated with goddesses, 423 126, I27; associated with Nin-Girsu, et seq.; fairies as, 429. See Doves, 115, 116; Tiamat and, ISO; doves Etll{le, Rave,, Swan, Vulture, Wry­ and, 428; creatrix and, 437· neck. Bear, as a clan totem, I64. Birth, magical aid for, 165; straw girdles, Bearded gods, the Sumerian, I35, 136, serpent skins, eagle stones, and magi­ I37; Egyptian customs, 136. cal plant, I65. "Beare, the Old Woman of", as the Bi-sexual deities, Nannar, moon god, eternal goddess, 101, I02. Ishtar, Isis, and Hapi as, I6I, I62 • Behistun, rock inscription at, x:~~. Nina and Atargatis as, 277, 278; INDEX

Meroda.cb and Ishtar change forms, Bull, offered to sea god, 33; Ninip as 299; Venus both male and female, the, 53, 302, 334; of Mithra, 55; 299; mother body of moon father, the winged, 41, 65; Osiris as, 85, 299; Isis as a male, 299. 89, 99; Tammuz as, 85; Attis and Bitumen, Mesopotamian wells of, 25. the, 8g ; Enlil as, 1 59 ; of Ishtar in Blake, W., double vision, 336. · Gilgamesh myth, 176; seers wrapped Blood, as vehicle of life, 45, 47, 48; in skin of, 213; Horus as, 301, 302; inspiration from, 48; corn stalks as, as sky god, 329; Ashur a.S, 334; the 55; sap of trees as, 47· lunar, 135, 334- Boann (bo'iin), Irish river and corn Burial customs, cremation ceremony, goddess, 33· 49, so, 350; "houseofclay", 56; Boar, offered to sea god, 33; demon "houses" and charms for dead, 206, Set as, 85; Babylonian Ninshach as, 207, 212 ; Palaeolithic and Neolithic, 86; Adonis slayer as, 86, 87; Attis 207 ; the Egyptian, 209 ; religious slain by, 87; Diarmid slain by, 87; need for ceremonies, zo8, 209; Su­ the Irish "green boar", 87; the merian like early Egyptian, 211, 214; Totemic theory, 293, 294; Ninip-Ber priestly fees, 210, 211; food, fish­ as lord of the wild, 302; Nergal as, hooks a.,d weapons in graves, 212; 304; Ares as, 304; Ninip and Set as, why dead were clothed, 213; honey 315; the Gaulish boar god and Mer­ in coffins, 214; disturbance of bones, cury, 316, 317. 214. 215; burnings at Hebrew graves, Boghaz-Koi {bog-hiiz'-keUi), prehistoric 350, 351- pottery at, 5 ; Hittite capital, 262 ; Buriats, the, "calling back " of ghosts mythological sculptures near, 268; by, 69, 70; earth and air elves of, Winckler cuneiform tablets from, 28o, 105- 367. Burkans (boor'kans), "the masters", Bones, why taken from graves, 214; spirits or elves of Siberians, 105. Shakespeare's curse, 215. Burnaburiash I (biir'na-bUr'i-ash), Kas­ Borsippa (bor'sip-pa), observatory at, site king, 274- 321. Burns, Robert, 72; the John Barleycorn Botta, P. C., excavations of, xix, xx. myth, 170. · Bracelet, .the wedding, Isbtar's, 98; the Burrows, Professor, Cretan snake and Hindu, 98 n. dove goddess, 430. Brahmii., the Indian god, like Ea, 27; Byron, star lore, 325. Anu and, 38; wife of, 101; eagle as, 169; Ashur and, 328. Cailleacb (kal'yik), the Gaelic, a wind Brahmans, algebra formulated by, 289; bag, 73; as eternal goddess, 101. Assyrian teachers and, 352. Calah (ka'lah), the Biblical. SeeKaJklli. Breath of A pis bull, inspiration from, Calendar, the early Egyptian, 14; the 49· Babylonian, 305. Britain, the ancestral giant of, 42; Cambyses (kam-bi'sez), as King of Tammuz myth in, 85; birth girdles Babylon, 495; sacrifice of Apis bull in, 16 5; •• Island of the Blessed" of, to Mithra by, 495; wife of a Semi­ 203; in Egypt and Persia, 357· ramis, 496. Brood of Tiamat, in Creation legend, Canaan, Abraham arrives in, 245; tribes 141. in, 245, 246; Elamite conquest of, Brown, Robert, on Babylonian culture 247, 248, 249; first reference to in India, 199, 200, Jo8, 309, 310, Israelites in, 379· Jl8, 322. Canaanites, Hittites identified with, 266. Brown Race, the. See Metlilerranea" Canals of Ancient Babylonia, 22, 23. Nace. Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, 472. Buddha (bUd'hi), Babylonian teachers Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river like, 42. (Kheber canal) at Nippur, 344- Budge, E. Wallis, on oldest companies Carchemisb (kar'kt-mish), German rail­ of Babylonian and Egyptian gods, 36, way bridge and Hittite wall at, 357 "·: 37· Hittite city state of, 395; revolt of, (OG&I) 36 so8 INDEX 46I; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Constellations; the Zu bird, 74; why Necho at, 489. anill}al forms.were adopted, 289; the Caria ( kiir'i-ii ), assists Lydia against "Great Bear'! in various mytholo~ies, Cimmerians, 484; mercenaries from 295, 296, 309; the Pleiades, 296, in Egypt, 486. 297; Pisces as " fish of Ea ", 296 ; Cat, sun god as, 329. the " sevenfold one", 298, 300; Caucasus, the, skull forms in, 8. Merodach's forms, 299; Castor and Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, IO. Pollux myths in Australia, Africa, and Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, I05- Greece, 300; Tammuz and Orion, Celtic water demon "myths, 28. 30I; months controlled by, 305; signs Celts, Achaeans and, 377- of Zodiac, 305; Babylonian and Ceres (se-rez), I03. modem signs, 308; the central, Chaldre'ans, Babylonian priests called, nortnern, and southern, 309; " Fish 222, 497; in Hammurabi Age, 257; of the Canal" and "the Horse", history of, 390; Aramaeans and, 390; 309; the "Milky Way", 309; identi­ Judah's rela~ions with, 408; Mero­ fied before planets, 3I8; Biblical and dach Baladan King of, 457 et seq.; literary references to, 324, 325; the revolt of against Esarhaddon, 47I; "Arrow", "Eagle", "Vulture", revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; "Swan", and "Lyra", 336, 337: Nabo-polassar King of Babylon, 487. Copper, Age of in Palestine, II; first Charms, the burial, 2o6; ornaments as, use of, I2; in Northern Mesopotamia, 21 I ; the metrical and poetic de­ 25; Gudea of Lagash takes from . velopment, 237-9. Elam, I30. Chedor-laomer (ched'or-lii'o-mer), the Com child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, Biblical, 247, 248. -89, go; Sargon as, 9I; the Germanic Chellean (shel'le-an) flints, in Palestine; Scyld or Scef, 92, 93, 94; Frey and IO. Heimdal as, 94· .Cherubs, the four-faced, 344· Com Deities, as river and fish gods and Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, goddesses, 29, 32, 33- · 89, 90; Sargon of Akkad as, 9I; Com god, moon god as, 52; Mithra as, Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as, 92, 93· 55l the thunder god as, 57. 340; Children, stolen by hags and fairies, 68; Tammuz and Osiris as, 8I et seq.; in mother worship, I07, 108. Khonsu as, go; Frey and Agni as, China, spitting customs in, 47; dragons 94; fed with sacrificed children, I7I. of, I 52; ancestor worship in, 295· Corn goddess, Isis as, 90; fish goddess Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, as, II7- . 3· Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin Hathor as, 99, 329. . system, xxiv, xxv. Creation, local character of Babylonian Cilicia, thunder god of, 26I; Ate, god­ conception, xxix; of mankind at . dess of, 267; Hittite Kingdom of, Eridu, 38; legend of, 134, I38etseq.; 395; loniansin, 464; in anti-Assyrian night as parent of day, 330. league, 473; Ashur-bani-pal· expels Creative tears, 45 et seq. . Cimmerians from, 484, 486. Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, 30; Cimmerians, raids ofin Asia Minor, 46I, eagle god as, I6g. 464; Esarhacidon and, 472; Gyges Creatress, the goddess Mama as, 57; of Lydia and, 483, 484, 486; Lyd!ans Aruru as, IOO, I48; forms of, 437- break power of, 486. Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, 1 I ; Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, the ceremony of, 49 ; not Persian or 293· Sumerian, 50; in European Bronze Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention; 323. Age, 3I6; Saul burned, 350; Sar­ Clothing, magical significance of, 2I2; danapalus legend, 350. the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, Crete, chronology of, xxv, 114; no 213; the bull skin, 213; the ephod temples, xxxi; women's high social and prophet's mantle, 213, ·2I4. status in, I6; Dagon's connection Comana (ko-mii'na), Hittite city of, 395· with, 33 ; prehistoric pottery in, 26 3 ; . INDEX

Hyksos trade with, 273; Achreans , Assyria, 407; Judah and Israel allied il}vade, 376, 377; Philistine raiders against, 4o8; murder of Ben-hadad from, 379; dove and snake sacred II, 410; Palestine subject to, 414; in, 430; dove goddess not Baby- Israel overcomes, 449; conquered by lonian, 433, 4 34- · · Adad-nirari IV, 438, 439· Crocodile god of Egypt, 29; sun god Damik-ilishu (dam-ik·il·i'shii), last king as, 329. . of Isin Dynasty, 133· Crresus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, 494- Damkina (dam'ki-na), wife of Ea, 33, 34l Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, demon attendants of, 63; as mother 73· of Ea, 105; as mother of Enlil, 139; Cronos, as the Destroyer,· 64; Ninip Zerpanitum and, 16o; association of and Set and, 315. with moon, 436; creatrix and, 437· Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, 7· Damu (dii'mii), the fairy goddess of Cushites, Biblical reference to, 276. dreams, 77, 78. Cuthah (kil'thah), Nergal, god of, 54; Danavas (diin'ivas), the Indian, like annual fires at, 170; the Underworld Babylonian demons, 34- city of, 205; demon legend of, 215, Dancing, the constellations, 333· 216; men of in Samaria, 455, 456. Danes, harvest god as patriarch of, 92. "Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215, Daniel, Nebucbadrezzar's " fiery fur- 216. nace", 349· Cyaxares (sy-ax~:ir-es), Median' King, Danu (dii-nU), the Irish goddess, 268. Nineveh captured by, 488; ally of Daonus or Daos, the shepherd, Tammuz Nabopolassar, 493· as, I!J, 86. Cybele (ky·be'le), Attis lover of, 103, Dari'us I, claims to be Achremenian, 104. 267. . 496; plots against Merodach cult, Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, 497· 433, 434; dove goddess of, 426,427, Darius II, death of at Babylon, 497· 433, 434; Ashur-bani·pal and, 484- Darius Ill, Alexander the Great ovet· Cyrus, Merodach calls, 493; the Patri­ throws, 497· arch of; 493 ; the eagle tribe of, 493; Dasa (dii'sa), the Indian, as "foreign Astyages defeated by, 493; Egypto­ devil", 67. Lydian alliance against, 494; Na­ Dasyu (diish'yoo), the Indian, as" foreign bonidus and, 494; Crresus of Lydia devil", 67. overthrown by, 494; fall of Babylon, Date palm, in Babylonia, 25. 494, 495; the King of Babylonia, David, the ephod used by, 213, 214, 495 ; welcomed by Jews, 495; re· 388. building of Jerusalem temple, 496. Dead, the, Nergal lord of, 56; ghosts of searching for food, 70, 71; Osiris Dadu (dii'dil), Ramman as, 57· lord of, 86; charms, weapons, and ·Dagan (diig'an), the Babylonian, iden­ food for, 2o6; .. houses" of, 206-8; tical with Ea, 31; Nippur temple of, spirits of as warriors and fishermen, 131; under Isin Dynasty, 132. 212. Dagda (dag'da), the Irish corn god, Death, eagle of, 168; the Roman, r69; 33· 238. Hercules and, 170.. Dagon (dag'on), Jah and Ea as, 31; Death, the sea of, in Gilgamesh epic, Dagan and, 31, 32; as a fish and 178 et sef!. corn deity, 32; Batp.l·dagon and, 32; Death, the stream of, 56. offering of mice to, 32, 33· Deer, associated with Lagash goddess,· Daguna (diig'U-na), Dagon and Dagan IZO. and, 31. Deities, the local, 43, 44; food and Daityas (dait'yas), the Indian, like Baby­ water required by, 44; the mead of, lonian demons, 34- 45; early groups of in Egypt and Damascius, on Babylonian deities, 328. Sumeria, 105, 1o6; made drunk at Damascus, Aramrean state of, 390; banquet, 144- Israel and Judah subject to, 395, 396; Deluge Legend, Smith translates, xxii. Asa's appeal to, 404l conflict with See F/QOd Legeruls. 510 INDEX

Demeter (de-me'ter), the goddess, Posei­ 427; Ishtar and Gula and, 427, 428; don as lover of, 33, 103. associated with temples and homes, Demons, the Babylonian Ocean, 34; 428; in Gilgamesh epic, 428; deities gods as, 35, 62, 135; Enlil lord of, identified with, 429; ravens and, 429; 35, 63; Tiamat and Apsu as, 37, 38, sacred at Mycenae, 430; snakes and 64; Tiam11.t's brood, 140, 141, 214. in Crete, 430; sacred among Semites 215; "ceremonies of riddance", 58; and Hittites, 430; Egyptian lovers as sources of misfortune, 6o; in images, and, 431; pigeon lore in England, 61; the winged bull, &c., 65; the Ireland, and Scotland, 43 I; fish and, "will-o'-the-wisp ", 66, 67; Anu as 432; Totemic theory, 432 et seq.; father of, 63, 68; as lovers, 67, 68; antiquity of veneration of, 433, 434; Adam's first wife Lilith, 67; ghosts sacrificed in Israel, 439; the Persian as, 69, 215; penetrate everywhere, 71, eagle legend and, 493· 72; as pigs, horses, goats, &c., 71; Dragon, the, of Babylon, 62; in group Set pig of Egypt, 85; as wind hags, of seven spirits, 63; Tiamat as the 72, 73; the Zu bird, 74; Indian eagle, female, 38, 64; Tiamat as ocean, 15, 166; association of with gods, 76; the as "fire drake", "worm", &c., 151; serpent mother one of the, 74-6; the "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, 147; heart of, Jinn, 78 ; as composite monsters, 79; 147 n.; liver vulnerable part of, 153; the Teutonic Beli, 95; in mythology the male, 156 (see Apsu); Biblical and folk lore, 151 et seq.; the Gorgons, references to, 114, 157, 158; Eur­ I 59; King of Cuthah's battle against, Asian variations of myth of, 151, 152; 214, 215; disease germs as, 234- well of at Jerusalem, 152; the Egyp­ De Morgan, pottery finds by, 263. tian, 156; Sutekh as slayer of, 157; Derceto (der-ke'to), fish goddess, Semi­ Merodach as slayer of(see Merotiack). ramis and, 277, 418, 423; mermaid Drake, the Fire, the Babylonian, 66, 67; form of, 426; Atargatis legend, 426, dragon as, 151. 427; dove symbol of, 432; legends Dreams, the fairy goddess of, 77, 78. attached to, 437· Drink traffic, women monopolized in De Sarzec, M., xxiii. Babylonia, 229. "Descent of Ishtar ", poem, 95 et seq. Drinking customs, religious aspect of, Destroyer, the, "World Mother" as, 45; inspiration from blood, 48; the xxx, 100; Ninip as, 53; goddess Nin­ gods drunk at Anshar's banquet, 144. sun as, 57; Enlil and Nergal as, 62, Dungi (dtin'gi), King of Ur, 130; daugh­ 63, 303; Egyptian and Indian deities ters of as rulers, 130; ·an Ea wor- as, 63, 85, 157, 336; Cronos as, 64; shipper, IJI. - "Shedu" bull as, 65; Set boar as, Dyaus (rhymes with " mouse"), dis­ 85; Babylonian boar god as, 86; placed by lndra, 302. eagle as, 168, 169; "winged disk" Dying gods, the eternal goddess and as, 336; sun as, 336; Thor, Ashur, the, 101 et seq.; death a change of Tammuz, and Indra each as, 340. form, 305. ·· Diarmid, the Celtic, Tammuz-Adonis and, 84, 87; water of life myth, 186, Ea (a'a), god of the deep, Ashur-bani­ 187; Totemic boar and, 293· pal and, xxii, xxiii; a typical Baby­ Dietrich (det'rech: 'ch' as in lock) as lonian god, xxviii, xxix, 27; Oannes the thunder god, 74, 164. and, 27, 30; as world artisan like Diodo'rus, on Babylonian star lore, 309· Ptah and Indra, 30; connection of Disease, Nergal the god of, 53, 54; with sea and Euphrates, 28, 29, 39; goddess of, 77; demons of, 6o, 63, 77· as sea-demon, 62; names of, 30, 39; Divorce, in Babylonia, 227. as fish and com god, 32 ; Dagon, Doctors, laws regarding, 230, 231; Poseidon, Neptune, Frey, Shony, &c., Herodotus on, 231; Assyrian king and, JI, 33; Dagon and Dagan, 31; and, 231, 232. Ea as Dagan at Nippur, IJI; as Ya, Doves, goddesses and, 418; Semiramis or Jab, of Hebrews, 31; Totemic protected after birth by, 424; goddess fish of, 294; Indian Varuna and, 31, of Cyprus and, 426; Aphrodite and, 34, 209; wife of as earth lady, 33; INDEX SII \Vile of as mother, lOS; Anu and, 34; Earth children, elves and dwarfs as, Enlil and, 3S; demons of, 3So 63; 292, 292n. in early triad, 36, 37, 463; Indian Earth spitits, males among father wor­ Vishnu and, 38; as dragon slayer, 38, shippers, 105; the Egyptian, Teu­ 140, 153, 157; Adapa, son of, a tonic, Aryan, and Siberian, 105; elves demon slayer, 72, 73; in demon war, and fairies as, 294, 295. 77; as "great magician", 38, 46; Earth worship, moon and stone wor­ moon god and, 40, so, 51, 53; solar ship and, 52. · attributes of, so, 51, 53; food supply Ecclesiastes, •• Lay of the Harper", and, 43; beliefs connected with, 44; "Song of the Sea Lady" and, 179, Nusku as messenger of,.5o; Neho a 18o. form of, 303, 435; gods that link Ecke (eck-a), Tyrolese storm demon, with, 57, 58; as form of Anshar, 125; 74- family of including Merodach and Eclipse foretold by Assyrian and Baby. Tammuz, 72, 73, 82; daughter of, Ionian astronomers, 321, 322; the 117; Merodach supplants, 158; Enlil Ahaz sundial record, 323; Babylonian as son of, 139; Ashur as son of, 348; records of, 324; in reign of Ashur· planetary gods and, 304; worshipped dan III, 442· at Lagash, 116; earliest form of, 134; Ecliptic, when divided, 322. under Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation Edinburgh, the giant Arthur of, 164- legend, 138 et sev.; astral "field" of, Edom, Judah and, 402, 409, 448; trib- 147, 307; constellations and, 296; ute from to Assyria, 439· Merodach directs decrees of, 149; Education, in Hammurabi Age, 251. Etana and eagle visit heaven of, 166; Egg, the, goddess Atargatis born of, 28, in flood legend, 190 et sev. ; as Aos, 426; thorn as life in, 352. 328; the goat and, 333; as "high Egypt, agricultural festivals in, xxxi ~ head", 334; Sargon II and, 463. debt of modern world to, xxxv; pre­ Ea-bani (a'a-ba'ni), 41, 42; ghost of as historic agriculture in, 6; Mediter· " wind gust", 48, 49;. goat demi-god, ranean race in, 7; early shaving 135; lured from the wilds, 173; as customs, s, 9, 10; theory copper first ally of Gilgamesh, 174; Ishtar's woo­ used in, 12; social status of women ing, 174, 175; slaying of lshtar's bull, in, 16; early gods of and Sumerian, 176; death of, 176, 177; ghost of in­ 26, 36, 37; creative tears of deities voked by Gilgamesh, 183, 184- of, 45; lunar worship in, 52; god Eagle, the, Sumerian Zu bird and and goddess cults in, 105; Great Indian Garuda eagle, 74, 75, 165, Mother Nut of, 1o6; at dawn of 166, 168, 169, 330, 346, 347; the Sumerian history, 114; bearded lion headed as Nin-Girsu (Tammuz), deities of, 136 ; dragon of, 156 ; 120, 135; in Etana myth, 165; in " Lay of Harper" and Sumerian Nimrod myth, 166, 167; in Alexander " Song of Sea Lady", 178, 179; the Great legend, 167; in Scottish flood legend of, 197; feast of dead folk tale, 167, 168; as soul carrier, in, 2o6; burial customs and Sumerian, 168; Roman Emperor's soul and, 169; 209-14; Hyksos invasion and Hittite Hercules and, 170, 349; Gilgamesh raid on Babylon, 259; culture debt of protected at birth by, 171; Persian to Syria, 275; prehistoric Armenoid patriarch protected at birth by, 493; invasion of, 11, 263 ; prehistoric black the Totemic theory, 293, 493; wheel foreign pottery, 263; Totemism in, of life and,. 346, 347; Ashur and 292-5, 432-3; Syrian empire of lost, Horus and, 343; wings of on Ashur 284; fairies and elves of, 294; Pharaoh disk, 351, 352. displaces gods in, 295; doctrine of Eagle stone, as a birth charm, r6s. mythical ages in, 315; the phamix, Eagle tribe, the ancient, 493· 330; the "man in the sun", 336; Eannatum (a'iin-na'tum), King of Neith as a thunder goddess, 337, Lagash, a great conqueror, 118, 119; 337 n. ;"Ankh symbol, 347; influence rules Ur and Erech, 119; works of, of Hittites in, 364; wars with Hittites, 119; mound burial in period of, 214- 36 s. 366 ; Cretans and sea raiders, INDEX

378; Hebrews and, 388; "motl1er lord of demons, 35; spouse of, 36; right" in, 418; sacred pigeons in, in early group of deities, 37 ; like 428; fosters revolt against Sargon II, Indian Shiva, 38; deities that link 457; Pharaoh and Piru of Mutsri, with, 35, 57, 271, 272; as destroyer, 458 and n.; Sennacherib defeats army 62, 63; "fates" as sons of, So; Ur of, 465; intrigues against Assyria, Nina worshipped, 116; as son of 465, 471; as Assyrian province, 475; Anu, I24; as son of Ea, IJ9; Ninip Ashur-bani-pal and, 482, 484; As­ as son and father of, 53, 158, 302; syrian yoke shaken off, 486; Scythians during Isis Dynasty, IJ2; astral on frontier of, 488; after Assyria's "field" of, 147; Merodach directs fall, 489; Hophra plots against N ebu­ decrees of, I49l as corn god, 159; chadrezzar II, 491. monotheism of cult of, I6I; temple El'ah, King of Israel, 405. of as " world house", 35, 332; as Elam, prehistoric pottery of, 5, 263; bull and " high head", 334; Etana copper from, IJO; British influence in heaven of, I66; also rendered Ellil. in, 357; caravan routes of, J6I- See Bel. Elamites, relations with earlySumerians, Enlil-bani (en'lil-ba'ni), King of Isin, a I I I; defeated by Eannatum of Lagash, usurper like Sargon, I33- 118; raid on Lagash by,.I2I; Sargon En-Mersi (en-mer'si), a form of Tam­ of Akkad defeats, I27; Ur dynasty muz, 116. overthrown by, IJI; in Hammurabi Enneads, the Babylonian and Egyptian, Age, 2I7; conquests of Warad-Sin J6. and Rim-Sin, 217; King Sin-rnubal­ Enternena(en-te'men-a), KingofLagash, lit's struggle with, 242, 243 ; Medes Ummasubdued by, 119, I2o; famous and, 244; King of and Abraham, silver vase of, I 20; worshipped as a 247; in Syria, 247; driven from god, 257. 258. Babylonia, 249; in Kassite period, Ephod, the, used by David, 213, 214- 274, 370, 380, 38I; connection of Ephron the Hittite, I2. with early Assyria, 278; struggle for Equinoxes, precession of, where law of trade expansion, 361 et seq.; Baby­ discovered: Greece or Babylonia? 320, lonian raid, 369; during Solomon 320n., 322. period, 39I; Esarhaddon and. 472; Erech, Anu god of, 34; gods of be­ Ashur-bani-pal subdues, 484, 485. come flies and mice, 4I ; destroying Elisha, call of Jehu, 409, 410; call of sun goddess of, 57; Ur-Nina and, Hazael, 410, 411. 116; under Lagash, 119; an ancient Elves, the Babylonian, 67; as lovers, capital, 124, 125; rise of after Akkad, 68; origin of conception of, 79, So, 129; moon god at, IJO; in Gilgarnesh 292; like Indian Ribhus and Siberian epic, 172 et seq.; in revolt against "masters", 105; the European, Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabonidus and, Egyptian, and Indian, 294; human 492, .. bargains with, 294, 295. Eresh-ki-gal (eresh-ki'gal), goddess of Enannatum I (en-an-na'tum) of Lagash, death, 53; Nergal husband and con­ defeats Umma force, 119. · · · queror of, 53, 54, 204, 205, 303; as Enannatum II, King of Lagash, last ol a Nom, 77; "Fates" as sons of, So; Ur-Nina's line, I20. as wife of Enlil, So; Germanic hag England, the ancestral giant of, 42; like, 95; punishment of Ishtar by, spitting customs in, 47; return of 96, 97; as destroyer, 100. dead dreaded in, 70, 70 n.; Black Eridu (e'ri-dli), once a seaport, 22, 25, Annis, the wind hag, 73, IOI ; fairies 38; Ea the god of, 27; sanctity of, and elves of, So, I 86; the " fire 38, 39· drake" of, I5I; "Long Meg" a Eros, Greek love god, go. hag of, 156; "Long Tom" a giant E-sagila (e-sag'i-la), Merodach's temple, of, 156; pigeon lore in, 4JI. 221; Hammurabi and, 252; in Kassite Enki (an'ki), "lord of the world", Ea Age, 274; as symbol of world hill, as, JI. See Ea. 332; sacked by Sennacherib, 468; En'lil, god of Nippur and elder Bel, gods of Ur, Erech, Larsa, and Eridu .INDEX

in, 492, 493; Xerxes pillages, 497 ; Father, the .Great, Anu as, 38; Ram­ Alexander the Great repairs, 497 ; man-Hadad as, 57; Apsu, the chaos decay of, 498. demon as, 64; Osiris as, 99; shadowy Esarhaddon (e'sar-had'don), character spouse of, roo; nomadic people and, of, 470; Babylonian wife -of, 471; 105; worshipped by Hatti, xxx, 268, Egypto-Syrian league against, 471, 420. 472; Queen Nakia regent of, 472; Father and son conflict; younger god alliance with U rartu, 473; sack of displaces elder, Ninip and Enlil, Sidon, 473; Manasseh's revolt, 474; Merodacb and Ea, lndra and Dyaus invasion of Egypt, 475; revolt in myths, 158; Osiris and Horus, 159; Assyria, 476; successors chosen by, in astral myths.. 302, 303, 304, 305, 476; death of, 476. 348- Esau, Hittite wives of, 266. Feast of Dead, 2o6. Etana (e-ta'na), Zu bird myth and, Fig tree, in Babylonia, 25. 74-6; quest of the" Plant of Birth", Finger counting, in Babylonia and India, 164, 165; flight with eagle to 311 et se,. heavens, 165, 166. Finn-mac-Coul (finn'mac-cool), as hero Eternal goddess, the, husbands of die and god, 87, 87 "·• 88 "-i as mother annually, 101 et Sef. monster slayer, 153, 154; Beowulf Ethnology, folk beliefs and, xxvi. and, 155; as a "sleeper", 164. 394i Euphrates, the river, 22; as "the soul water of life myth, 186, 187. of the land", 23; rise and fall of, 24; Finns, language of and the Sumerians, as the creator, 29. 3; of Ural-Altaic stock, 4- Europ«:,lunar worship in, 52; Armenoid Fire, as vital principle, 50, 51; fire and invasion of, 264. water ceremonies, so, 51; the ever­ Evans, Sir Arthur, pottery finds by, 263. lasting fire in the sea, 50, 51 ; the Evil eye, the, 235, 236. Babylonian " Will-o' -the-wisp", 66; "Evil Merodach ", King of Babylon, Eagle and, 169; the May Day, 348; 492- ceremony of riddance, 349; Baby· Evolution, in Babylonian religion, xxxiv. lonian burnings, 348; Nimrod's pyre, Ezekiel, on fire-worshipping ceremony, 349, 350; Tophet, 350; royal burn­ so; Tammuz weeping, 82; on ethnics ings in Israel and Judah, 350, 351. of Jeru5alem, 246; on Hittite char­ Fire drake, the Babylonian, 66, 151. acteristics, 266; Assyria the cedar, Fire gods, the Babylonian and Indian, 340, 341 ; the wheel of life symbol, 49· 344 et se,. First born, sacrifice of, 50. Ezra, return of Jewish captives with, Fish deities, Sumerian Ea and Indian 496. Brahma and Vishnu as, 27, 28; in Eur-Asian legends, 28; Sumerian and Face paint, for the dead, 206; why Egyptian, 29; connection of with used for dead, living, and gods, 212. com, 29, 32; goddess of Lagash, 117; Fafner dragon, I 56. '\vestern Asian fish goddesses, 2771 Fairies, the Babylonian, 67; origin of, 418, 423, 426; dove symbol of, 431, 79, 8o; green like other spirits, r86; 432; Totemism and, 294- the European, Egyptian, and Indian, Fiies, gods turn to, 41. 294; human bargains with, 294, 295; Flood legend, the Babylonian, 24. 55, birds as, 429. 190 et se,.; the Greek, 195; the Farm labourers, scarcity ofin Babylonia, Indian, xxvi, rg6; the Irish, 196; 256. the Egyptian, 197; the American, Farnell, Dr., on pre-Hellenic religion, 197, 198; the Biblical, rgS, 199. 104; on racial gods in Greece, 105. Folk cures, the ancient, 61, 231, 232-4- Fates, the birds as, 65,147 "·• 427 "·, 430; Folk lore, mythology and, xxv, xxxiv, as servants of Anu, 77; moon as chief 42, 151 et Sef., 189; ethnology in, of the, 301; oldest deities as, 317; xxvi. on St. Valentine's Day, 430; Aphro­ Food of death, 44- dite and lshtar as, 433· Food of the gods, 44- INDEX

Food supply, religion and the, 42, 43· and enemies of the living, ~95; wor­ "Foreign devils", the Babylonian and ship of, 295; Orion and Jupiter as, Indian, 67. · 305. Four quarters, the, in astronomy, 307; Giants, the British Alban, 42; the Baby­ lunar divisions, 323. lonian, 71; graves of, 296. Fowl, inspiration from blood of, 48. Gibil (gi'bil), fire god, Nusku and, 353· France, skull forms in Dordogne valley, Gilgamesh (gil'ga-mesh), the Babylonian 8; Syrian railways of, 357· Hercules, 41;-revelation of ghost to, Frazer, Professor, xxv; "homogeneity 48, 49, 183, 184; quest of, 164; birth of beliefs", xxvi; Adonis garden, 171, legend of, 171; eagle rescues, 171; 172; Hercules and Melkarth, 348; lord of Erech, 172; coming of Ea­ on Semiramis legend, 424, 425. bani, 173; Ishtar's fatal love of, 174; Frey (fri), the Germanic patriarch and "La Belle Dame Sans Merci ", 174, corn god, 33, 93, 94; links with 175; Ishtar spumed by, 99, 176; Tammuz myth, 95, u6, 204. Ishtar's bull slain, 176; death of Ea­ Freyja (fri'ya), the Germanic eternal bani, 176; quest of Water of Life and goddess, 102; lovers of, 102•. Plant of Life, 177; the mountain tunnel Frigg, Germanic goddess, lovers of, 103. and Sea of Death, 178; song of the Frode (fro' de). See Frey. Sea Lady, 178, 179; reaches Pir­ napishtim's island, 18o; ancestor's re­ Gabriel, Abraham rescued from Nim- velation to and magic food, 182; plant rod's pyre by, 349, 350. of life, 183; Earth Lion robs, 183 ; Gaga (ga'ga), messenger of Anshar, 143· Germanic gods and heroes and, 184, Gallu (gal'lii), as" foreign devil", 65-7. 185; flood legend revealed to, 190 et Gandash (gan'dash), Kassite king, 271. seq.; Tammuz and, 210; Ashur and, Ganga (gling'a), the Indian goddess, as 336; Persian eagle and, 493· king's lover, 68. Gillies, Dr. Cameron, on Scottish folk "Garden of Adonis", 171, 172. cures, 232, 233· Gardens, the Hanging, of Babylon, 220. Gira (gi'ra), the god, 42. Garstang, Professor, on fall of Hatti and Girru (gir'rii), the fire god, 49· god cult, 268; on Totemic Adonis Gish Bar, the fire god, 49· boar, 293, 294; Hittite Sandan disk, Goat, inspiration from blood of, 48; 348. demons enter the, 71; on La.gash Garuda (glir-ood'li), Indian eagle god, vase, 120; the six-beaded, 332; the Zu bird and, xxvi; myth of, 74, 75: satyr or astral goat man, 333 ; the Etana eagle and, 165; sons of, 166; white kid of Tammuz, 85, 333; the identified with Agni, Brahma, lndra, Arabic "kid" star, 333; associated Varna, &c., 168, 169; wheel of life with Anshar, Agni, Varona, Ea, and and, 346, 347· Thor, 329, 333, 334; forehead symbol Gauls, Hittite raiders like the, 261 ; of like Apis symbol, 334; Minerva's gods of and the Babylonian, 316,317. shield has skin of, 337· Germ theory,anticipated by Babylonians, Goblin, the Babylonian, 66. 61, 234- God, the Dead, grave of Osiris, 296; Germany, double-headed eagle of, 168; also alive and in various forms, 297. the Baghdad railway, 357· God cult, fusion of with goddess cult, Gezer cave dwellings, 10; cremation 105. practised in, II. Goddesses, at once mothers, wives, and Ghosts, "wind gusts" as, 48, 49; asso­ daughters of gods, 99, 101, 436; ciated with demons, 6o, 215, 216; husbands of die annually, 101 et seq.; as birds, 65; as death bringers, 69, lovers of various, 102; of Mediter­ 295; the terrible mothers, 69; where ranean racial tribes, 105; Ish tar as dreaded and where invoked, 69, 70; "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", 174-6; Babylonian "night prowlers", 7o; the Semiramis legend, 417 et seq. food required by, 70, 212, 213; Gods, Babylonian and Egyptian groups, Ishtar's threat to raise, 215; King of 36, 37; the younger and elder, 149; Cuthah and, 215, 216; as "Fates" why Sumerian were bearded, 135-7· INDEX Goodspeed, Professor, on early astro· the Japanese, 206; the Roman, 207; nomy, 321, 322. Babylonian king and queen of. See Gorgons, the, Tiamat and, 159· Nerga/ and Ereslt.-ki-gal. Graves, charms and weapons in, 206; Hags, of storm, marsh and mountain as houses of dead, 206, :zo8; of gods as primitive goddesses: the Scottish, and giants, 296. · 64, 87; the Babylonian, 68, 71, 72, Great Mother, the, forms of, 36; Hit­ 73, 185; the Germanic. 72, 73, 95· tite and Sumerian forms, 267; Anaitis, See Attnie, Annis, Beowulf, Mothers, Ate, Cybele, lshtar, Isis, Astarte, and Tiamat. Ashtoreth, andAtargatis, 267; Kadesb, Hair, evidence from early graves and Anthat, and Danu, 268. sculptures, 4, 9, 10. Greece, spitting customs in, 46, 47; Hamath, Hittite city of, 395; Israel blood drinking in, 48; wanton god­ overcomes, 449; llu-bi-di, the smith desses of, 104; imported gods in, 105; king of, 457, 458. • dragon myths of, 151, 152; eagle Hamites, Biblical reference to, 276. connected with birth and death in, Hammurabi (hii.m'mii-ra'bi), Dagan as 168; flood legend of, 195, 196; creator of, 31; Sin-muballit father "Island of Blessed", 203; star myths of, 133; pantheon of, 134. 254; the of, 300; Babylonian culture reached Biblical Amraphel, 131, 246, 247; throu~h Hittites, 3o6; doctrine of " Khammurabi" and "Ammqrapi, worlds ages, 310 et sq.; pre-Hellenic forms of, 247, 248; Rim Sin, the beliefs in, 84, 104. 317; astrology in, Elamite, and, 249; character of, 249- 318 el sef.; astronomy in, 316, 319 55; god Nebo ignored by, 303; legal el sef. ;"in pre-Phrygian period, 386; code of, 2, 222, 223 d sef. . fusion of races in, 393· . Hammurabi Dynasty, the, Amorites Greeks of Cilicia, Ashur-bani·pal and, and, 217, 218; early Amorite kings 484- See Ionians. of Sippar, 241, 242; schools and cor· Green, a supernatural colour, 186. respondence during, 252; Kassites "Grey Eyebrows", a Gaelic hag, 87; first appear during, 255; Sealand myth of, 101. . Dynasty in, 257; late kings of, 257, Gudea (gii'de-a), King of Lagash, sculp­ 2 58; Hittite raid at close of, 2 58- tures, buildings, and trade of, xxiii, 6o; Assyria during, 279, 419; astro­ 129, 130; bearded gods of, 136. nomy in, 300. Gula (goo'la), mother goddess, 100; Hanuman (han'u-man), the Indian Bau and, 116; feast of, 476. monkey god, Bhima and, 187; like Gungunu (giin'giin·U), King of Ur, 132. Gilgamesh, 188, 189. Guns, called after giants " Long Meg" llapi (hii.'pi), Nile god, a bi-sexual and " Lon~; Tom ", 156. deity, 161. Gutium (gii't1um), northern mountain­ Haran, Abraham's migration from Ur

eers, 128, 1291 264; demons and, to, 131, 245; Ashur and Sin wor. 307. shipped at, 353: Nabonidus's temple Gyges (gj'jes), King of Lydia, emis­ to Sm at, 494· saries of visit Nineveh, 483, 486. Harper, Professor, 321. Harvest deities, fish forms of, 29, 32; Hadad, Ramman as, 57, 261, 411. river and ocean gods as, 33; the Haddon, Dr., Achzan racial affinities, pre-Hellenic, 84; the Egyptian, 85. 377· Harvest moon, the, crops ripened l>y, Hades, Jshtar receives water of life in, 52. 44; Tammuz spends winter in, 53, Hathor (hat'bor), the fish goddess and, 98; Indian "land of fathers", 56; 29 : lshtar and, S7, 99· · land of no return, 58; descent of Hathor-Sekhet, the destroyer, 157, 197· Ish tar to, 95 et sef.; " Island of the Hatshepsut (hat-shep'soot), Queen of Blessed", 18o et Stf/.; Babylonian Egypt, 16; Sumerian queen earlier conception of, 203 : the Celtic. 203 ; than, 115. the Greek, Germanic. Indian, and Hatti (hat'ti), dominant tribe of Hittites, Egyptian, 204; the grave as, 206; 246; of Armenoid nee, 262; as Great INDEX

Father worshippers, 26o; Mitannians spine", 332; Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, and, 269. · Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash as, Hattusil I (hat-too'sil), King of Hittites, 334· 283. Hindus, Mediterranean race represented Hattusil II, Hittite king, Egyptian among, 8. · treaty, 366; influence of in Babylonia, Hipparchus, the Greek astronomer, 364, 368; marriage treaty with Amo­ discoveries of, 320, 321. rite king, 418. Hiram, King of Tyre, as Solomon's Hawes, Mr., on Cretan chronology, ally, 388, 389. xxv ; Cretan racial types, 8. Hit, the bitumen wells of, 25. Hawk, demons enter the, 71. Hittites, the father worshippers among, lla2ael (haz'a-el), King of Da!I'ascus, xxx, 420; racial types in confederacy 410; Shalmaneser III defeats, 411; of, 11, 12, 246, 265, 266; double­ Israel oppressed by, 412. headed eagle of, 168; in ethnics of Heaven, Queen of, Hebrews offer cakes Jerusalem, 246; Hebrews, dealings to, 106; women prominent in wor­ with, 246, 266, 267; earliest refer­ ship of, 1o6, 107. ences to in Egypt and Babylonia, Hebrews, in Canaan, 379; Philistines 258, 259, 264; prehistoric culture as overlords of, 379, 38o, 386, 387; of, 263; thunder god of and linking as allies of Egypt and Tyre, 388; deities, 261, 268; Merodach carried under David and Solomon, 388, 389; offby, 261; fusionofgodandgoddess Pharaoh Sheshonk plunders, 391; cults by, 267, 268; relations with kingdoms of Judah and Israel, 401 Mitahnians and Kassites, 27o-2, 282, et seq.; in late Assyrian period, 448 358; Subbi-luliuma, the conqueror, et seq. See Israel and Judah. 283; conquestofMitanni, 284; Baby­ Heimdal (him'dal), as patriarch and lonian culture passed to Greece by, world guardian, 93; Tammuz and 3o6, 316; the winged disk of, 347, Agni like, 94; Nin-Girsu of Lagash 348.; Ashur cult and, 355; Syria like, 116. after expansion of, 363; King Mursil, Hercules, Gilgamesh and, 41, 164, 364; influence of in Egypt and Baby­ 172; as dragon slayer, 152; eagle as lonia, 364; wars ofSeti I and Rameses soul of, 170, 349; burning of, 171; II against, 364, 36 5; alliance with of Cilicia and deities that link with, Egypt, 366; early struggle with As­ 261; Merodach and, 316; Ashur and, syria, 367, 368; M uski as overlords 336; astral arrow of, 337; Melkarth of, 380; Nebuchadrezzar I defeats, and, 348. 381; late period of Empire of, 386; Hermes (her'mez), Neho as, 303. citystates of Hamath and Carchemish, Hermod (her' mod), the Germanic 395; Shalmaneser III and, 414; Patriarch, 93; Gilgamesh and, 184- "mother right among", 418; con­ Herodotus, on Babylonian harvests, 21, nection of with Urartu, 440n.; com­ 22; on Babylonian burial customs, bination against Sargon II, 459, 46o; 214; description of Babylon, 219 et Biblical reference to Tahal and Me­ stq.; on Babylonian marriage market, shech, 464- 224, 225; on doctors and folk cures, Horse, sea god as a, 33; demons enter 231, 232; on origin of Nineveh, 277; the, 71 ; domesticated in Turkestan, on Egyptian Totemism, 293, 432; 271; introduction of to Babylonia on pre-Hellenic beliefs, 317; on and Egypt. 270, 271; sacrificed by Semiramis legend, 425; on fall of Aryo-Indian and Buriats, 271, 309; Assyria, 488. constellation of, 309· Heth, children of, Hittites as, 246. Horus (ho'rus), god of Egypt, creative Hezekiah (hez-e-ki'ah), 21, 340; Mero­ tears of, 45; as the sun, Saturn, dach-Balad conspiracy, 465; destruc­ Jupiter, and Mars, JOO, 304; the . tion of Assyrian army, 466, 467; "elder" and "younger", 302; as Esarhaddon and, 471, 472. the "opener", 304; "world soul" Hierap'olis, Atargatis goddess of, 267. conception and, 304; has many forms "High Heads", symbols and "world like Tammuz, 305; Ninip and, 316; INDEX SI7 "winged disk" o£, 336; the eagle bracelet of and Ish tar's, 98,- 98 n.; and, 343· eternal" mothers" and" dying gods" Hoshea (ho·she'a), King of Israel, 453, in, 101; Ribhus the "elves" of, 105; 454- ' fairies of, 294; Gilgamesh myth in, Host of heaven, 305. 187-9; Babylonian culture in, 199, Hotherus (hoth'erus), Gilgamesh and, 200, 313; face ~t of gods in, 211; 184, 185. jungle-dwellers conception of "Self " House of Clay", the grave called, Power", 291, 304; star myths of, s6; 2o6-8. " 296; early astronomers of, 300; lunar Hraesvelgur (hri'svel-gur), Icelandic zodiac of, 309; constellations identified wind demon, 72. before planets in, 318; hor~ sacrifice Human sacrifices, the May Day, 50. in, 309; sun and moon marriages in, " Husband of his mother", xxxii; in 300; doctrine of World's Ages in, 310 Sumerian, Indian, and Egyptian et seq.; "finger counting" at prayer mythologies, 100, 304, 305; Kingu in, 311 n.; deities connected with goat becomes lover of Tiamat, 100; sun in, 333 ; "man in the eye" belief, as offspring and spouse of the moon, 335, 336; cult of "late invaders" of, 301; Adad-nirari IV as, 420. See 338; fire cult in, 346; Solomon's trade Fatlur ami son conflict. with, 389, 390; J ehoshaphat's fleet, Hydra, as Dragon, 152. 408; swans as love messengers in, 429. Hyksos (hik'sos), Egypt invaded by, "Indo-Europeans", Mitanniansas, 269, 259; Mitannians and, 270; horse in· 270. troduced into Egypt by, 271; theories Indra (ind'ri), god of India, a world regardipg, 271 ; trading relations of artisan like Ea and Ptah, 30; Anu's with Crete and Persia, 273; period messengers like Maruts of, 34; Enlil of expulsion of, 275. and, 35; Ramman, Hadad, Thor, &c., and, 57, 261, 340; in Garuda Iberians, the, Sumerians and Egyptians -myth, 74, 75; dies annually like congeners of, 9; goddesses of, 105; Tammuz, 101; various forms of, 101; folk tales of, 156. as slayer of father, 158, 302; eagle as, Ibis, demons enter the, 71. 169; Paradise of like Odin's, 209; Iceland, wind hag of, 73; Barleycorn thunder horn of, 238. a god of, 170 n. Insects, gods as, 21}6. Idols, spirit of god or demon in, 61; Inspiration, derived from sacred juice, gods of taken prisoners, 62. 45; from drinking blood, 48; from Idun(ee'doon),Germanic goddess, lovers incense and breath of Apis bull, 49· of, 102. Inundation, the Babylonian, 24- lgigi (i'gig-i), spirits of heaven, 34, 149· Invemess, the .. sleeper" and fairy llu-bi'di, smith king of Hamath, 457, mound of, 164- 458. Ionians, deported from Cilicia to Nine­ Immortality, quest of Gilgamesh, 177; veh, 464- Song of the Sea Lady, 178, 179; Iranian sun god, Sumerians and, 55, Lay of the Harper, J79: Pir-napish­ s6. tim and Gilgamesh, 181 et sq.; Ea­ Ireland, the corn god and river goddess hani's revelation, 183-4; no Baby­ of, 33, 238; s~itting customs in, 47; lonian Paradise, 203, 210, 211; " calling back ' of souls in, 70, 70 n. ; Brahmans ask Alexander the Great Anu a wind hag, 73; Tammuz-Diar­ for, 208; Egyptian Ra and Osirian mid myth in, 85, 87; Angus, the love doctrines, 209. god of, 90, 238, 428n.; the eternal India, Sumerian myths in, xxvi, xxvii; goddess of, 101, 102, 268; the Mediterranean race in, 7; Brahma­ "morllach" (worm) of, 151; flood Vishnu and Ea, 27; Babylonian flood legend of, 196; the Hades of, 203; myth in, 27, 28, 196; demons of and pig as devil in, 293; doctrine of the Babylonian, 34; mother ghost in, world's ages in, 310 et s~q.; origin 69; Garuda eagle and Sumerian Zu of culture of, 315, 316; giant gods bird, 74. 75, 165-9, 330; wedding of, 317; pigeon lore in, 431. SIB INOEX Iron, in northern Mesopotamia, 25; used worship and, 240; Dynasty of Pashe, in folk cures, 236. 38o. Irrigation, in early Sumeria, 23, 39· Isis (i'sis), goddess of Egypt, Ishtar cult Isaac, forbids Jacob to marry a Hittite, and, xxxi; fish goddess and, 29; as 266. Nile goddess, 33 ; creative tears of, Isaiah, 2I; doom of Babylonia, IIJ, 45; mourning of for Osiris, 83, 99; 499; "worm" of, the dragon, lSI; as daughter, wife, sister, and mother use of Babylonian symbolism by, JJI, of Osiris, 99; as corn goddess, go; as 341; "satyrs" referred to by, 333; serpent goddess, ISO; as bi-sexual on Assyria the Destroyer, 340; on deity, I61; male form of, 299; the Tophet, 350; reference. to Jerusalem's star of, 296, 300; address of to dif­ water supply, 451; warns Ahaz, 459; ferent forms of Osiris, 297- destruction of Sennacherib's army, " Island of the Blessed", in Gilgamesh 466; tradition of murder of, 474· epic, I8o et stlj.; the Greek and Ishbi-Urra (ish'bi-oor'ra), King of Isin, Celtic, 203. IJ2. Israel, first Egyptian reference to, 379; Ish tar (ish' tar), Isis cult and, xxxi; hymn subject to Damascus, 396; separation to, 18-20; Beltu and, 36; water of of from Judah, 401 et Stlj.; Abijah's life given to, 44; as earth goddess, victory over, 402, 403; first conflict 53; identical with Hathor, 57; in with Assyria, 407; tribute to Shal­ demon war, 76 ; as "Queen of maneser III, 411, 412; Assyria as Heaven", 81, 1o6, 107; lamentation "saviour" of, 414, 438, 439; god­ of for Tammuz, 86, 88, 98; in Sargon dess cult in, 42I; Aramreans and of Akkad myth, 91; descent of to mother worship in, 434; war with Hades poem, 95 et Stlj.; magical Judah, 448; Tiglath-pileser harries, ornaments of, 96; punishment of, 96, 453; the lost ten tribes, 455, 456. 97; rescue of, 981; Belit-sheri associ­ ated with, 98; as love goddess, 99; "Jack and Jill", the Sumerian lunar, temple women of, 99, Io6, 107; ab­ 53· sorbs other goddesses, IOO, II 7, 277, "Jack with a Lantern", the Baby­ 496; as daughter of Anu and Nannar, lonian, 66. 100; as mother of Tammuz, 100; the Jacob, personal ornaments as charms lovers of, 103, 126, 174-6; like Tiamat, to, 2 II ; marriage of, 266. 1o6; under Isin Dynasty, 132; links Jah, the Hebrew, Ea as, 31; Dagon with Indian and Egyptian goddesses, as, 31; as dragon slayer, 157; mono­ 157; Damkina and, I6o; as a bi­ theism, 16o. sexual deity, I6I; in Etana legend, Japan, the Hades of, 2o6. 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 172-7; in Jastrow, Professor, on Ea, 29, 30, 435; flood legend, 193, 194; Frey's bride on culture and racial fusion, 42 ; on and, 204; threat to raise dead, 213; fire and water ceremonies, 51; on 6sh goddesses and, II7, 277; Nine­ moon names, 52; on female con­ veh image of sent to Egypt, 280; star servatism, 107, 179, 180; on burial of, 295; changes star forms with customs, 2o8; on Nebo, 303, 435; Merodach, 299; month of, 305; wheel on Greek and Babylonian astrology symbol of, 347; Nineveh temple of and astronomy, 319 tt Stlj.; on Anshar, destroyed, 363; worshipped by Nebu­ Ashir, and Ashur, 354· chadrezzar I, 382; cult of in Assyria, Jehoahaz (je-ho'a-haz), King of Judah, 420; Semiramis and, 425; as a Fate, 414; Necho deposes, 489. 433; moon god and, 436 ; Creatrix Jehoash (je-ho'ash), King of Israel, 448, and, 437; worshipped by Sargon II, 449· 463; worshipped by Esarhaddon, 471; J ehoiachin (je-hoi'a-chin), King ofJudah, Persian goddess and, 496. carried to Babylon, 490. Ishtarate (ish-tar-ii.'te), "Ishtars ", god­ J ehoiakim (je-hoi'a-kim), King ofJ udah, desses in general called, 100. 489, 490. 492. Isin, Dynasty of, 131; early kings of, J ehoram (je-hO'ram), King of Judah, no 132 et Stlj.; last kings of, I33l sun burning at grave of, 350. INDEX 519 Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-phat), King of J opiter, the planet, Ram man and Hadad Judah, 407; navy of wrecked, 408. as, 57; Merodach creates, 147; Mero­ Jehu Ge'hU), King of Israel, Elisha dach as, 296; Horus as, 300, 302 ; calls, 409, 410; tribute to Shal­ associated with sun and moon, JOI ; maneser III, 411, 412; mother wor­ as ghost of sun, 305 ; as " bull of ship in reign of, 42 I, 434- light ", 301; Nin- Girsu (Tammuz) Jeremiah, liver as seat of life, 48; on as, 301 ; month of, 305; Attis as, mother worship, ao6, 107, 421; 305 ; as .. face voice of light" ~d Pharaoh Necho, 489· "star of bronze", 314, 315; ID Jeremias, Dr. Alfred, on precession of astrology, 318. equinoxes, 320 n. . Jupiter-Amon, 317. Jeroboam (jer-o·bo'am), revolt of, 402; Jupiter-Belus, Merodach as, 221, 317. Abijah defeats, 402, 403; an ally of Assyria, 449· Kadashman. Kbarbe (kad • iish 'man. Jerusalem, the "new", ~~:vii; Palzo­ khar'be), King of Babylon, grandson lithic collection at, 10; "dragon of Ashur-uballit, 284, 285; opens well" at, 152; ''father" of Amorite, Arabian desert trade route, 36o; "mother" of Hittite, 246; eclipse re­ murder of, 361. cord from, 323; "Queen of Heaven" Kadesh (ka'desh), goddesses that link worshipped in, 421; wall of destroyed with, 268. by J ehoash, 449; new wall and water Kali (ka1ee), the Indian goddess, goat supply of, 451; siege of by Senna­ sacrificed to, 48. cherib, 465, 466; Assyrian ambas­ Kalkhi (kal'khi), excavations at, xix, xx; sador vi'sits, 471, 472; sack of by capital of Shalmaneser I, 367; head­ Nebuchadrezzar II, 490, 491; Cyrus quarters of Ashur-natsir-pal III, 398; and rebuilding of, 496; return of description of, 399, 400; library at, captives to, 496. 422, 470; religious revolt at, 422; ewellery, the magic, lshtar's, 96, 98. Sargon II and, 463; temple to Nebo ewish type, Akkadians of, 1, 2; Arabs at, 487. Jnot of, 9; the racial blend which Karduniash (kar-doon'i-ash), Baby­ produced, 10 et sq. lonia called, 27J. Jews, Cyrus welcomed in Babylon by, Karna (ki.r'na), Indian hero: like Sar­ 495; return of to Jerusalem, 496. gon of Akkad, u6. Jezebel Gez'e-bel), Queen, 4o6; murder Kassites, Nippur as capital of, 218; in of, 410. Hammurabi Age, 255; as agricul­ inn, the Arabian, 78. turists, 2 56; Aryans associated with, oash Go'ash), King of Judah, con­ 270; Mitannians, Hyksos and, 270, Jcealment of in childhood", 413; coro­ 271, 272, 273; Babylonia consoli­ nation of, 413, 414- dated by, 274. 393; early Assyrian Johns, Mr., on Aryans in early Assyria, kings and, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna 278, Z79· letters, 281; and Mesopotamian ques­ Joram (jo'ram), King of Israel, 4o8, tion, 358; Arabian desert trade route, 409; Jehu murders, 410. 36o; dynasty of ends, 370,371; Sen­ Josiah Go·si'ah), King of Judah, Necho nacherib and the mountain, 464- and, 489. Keats, John, 112; " La Belle Dame otham Go'tham), King of Judah, 451. Sans Merci" and lshtar, 174- Judah, subject to Damascus, 396; sepa· Kengi (ken'gi), early name of Somer, 2. ration of from Israel, 401 et seq. ; • Khammurabi (kham·mU-ra'bi), 247· Edom revolts against, 409; defeated See Hammurabi. by Israel, 448; Damascus and Israel Khani (kha'ni). See MittJifni. plot against, 451; Abu appeals to Kbarri (khar'ri), Mitannians called; Assyria, 452; Sennacherib deports perhaps .. Arya ", 269. · prisoners from, 465; in Esarhaddon's Khatti. See Hatti and Hittites. reign, 474; Pharaoh Necho in, 489; Kheta. See Hittites. the Captivity, 491; return of captives, Khnumu (knoo'moo), the Egyptian god, 496. Ea com pared to, :JO. po INDEX

Khonsu (kon'soo), Tammuz a healer lions with Umma, II8-2o;- site of at like, 90, 94· Tello, 120; revolution in, 120; Uru­ Kid, sacrificed to Tammuz, 8S, 333; kagina, the reformer of, 121-4; sack star called by Arabs, 333· of, 124; Gudea, King of, 129; sculp­ King, L. W., Creation tablets, xxiv, 29; tures, buildings, and trade of, 130; 211 ; on "Cuthean Legend of Crea­ bearded god of, 135, 136; burning tion", 215; 216; on seven gods as of in Hammurabi Age, 243· Also one, 298; on Sennacherib's sack of Slzir-piir'lit. Babylon, 469. Lakshmi (Jaksh'mee), the Indian eternal Kings, worship of, in Hammurabi Age, mother, 101. 242, 257, 258; burning of, 350, 351; Lamassu (la'mas-sii), the winged bull, Ashur's association with, 352. 6s. Kingu (kin'goo), in Creation Legend, Lamb, the sacrificed, inspiration from as son and lover of Tiamat, Io6; stirs blood of, 48. Tiamat to avenge Apsu, 140; exalted Land laws, in early Sumeria, 26; of by Tiamat, 140; overcome by Mero­ Babylonia, 229, 230. dach, I4So 146. Lang, Andrew, on Cronos, 64; on Kish, early dynasty of, I 14; legendary father and son myth, 158; on Greek queen of, 114, ILS; Entemena's sack star lore, 319. of, I20; Sargon and, 125, 126; god­ Langdon, Dr., Sumerian psalms, 98 dess of, 126, 127; kings and gods of, et sey.; on Ninip and Enlil, 158; on 241· doves and goddesses, 428. Kishar (ke'shar), the god, in group of Language, race and, 3; Sumerians, elder deities, 37, 138. Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Kneph, the Egyptian air god, 49· Basques compared, 3· Kora.t (ko'ran),. Etana eagle myth in, Larsa (lar'sii), sun god chief deity of, 40; 166, 167; Nimrod agricultural myth revolt against Isin, I 32; Rim-Sin, in, 170; water of life legend in, 186; king of, 133; rise of sun cult of, 240; Abraham and Nimrod's pyre, 349· Elamite kings of, 242 ; the Biblical Kudur Mabug (kii'diir mab'iig), Elamite Ellasar, 247; Nabonidus and, 492. King of Sumer, 242, 243; the Biblical_ Laurin (law'reen), the Germanic elfin · Chedor-laomer, 247, 248. lover, 68. Kuiri (kii'i-ri), early name of Akkad, 2. Law courts, in Hammurabi Age, 223. Kurds (koords), the, use of cradle board Layard, Sir A. H., discoveries of, xix by, 4, S; of Mediterranean race, 8; et sey.; Ashur symbols, 343; descrip­ Mitannians as ancestors of, 270, 283. tion of Kalkhi, 399-401. Kurigalzu II (kii'ri-giil'zii), King of "Lay of the Harper", the Sumerian Babylonia, 285. "Song of the Sea Lady" and, 178, Kurigalzu III, Kassite king, wars with 179· • Elam and Assyria, 362. Lead, in northern Mesopotamia, 25. Kiita and Kiltha. See Cutlzalz. Lebanon, Gudea of Lagash gets timber Kutu (kii'tii), the men of, 128, · 264. from, 130. See Gutiu111. Leicestershire wind hag, 73· Library, Shalmaneser III founded at Labartu (la-bar'til), the, a mountain Kalkhi, 422. hag, 68; as a luck spirit, 77· Libyans, the, shaving customs of, 9. Labashi- Marduk (la'ba- shi-mar'diik), Life, the water of, 44, 45; the plant of, King of Babylonia, 492. 44; blood and sap and, 45 ; liver as "La Belle Dame Sans Merci ", Ishtar seat of, 48; habits of and modes of · as, 174, 175· . thought, 51. - Lachamu (lach-a'mii), goddess, in Crea- Li*ht on head, Merodach's, 145· tion legend, 37, 138, 143· Li Ia or Li'lu, the demon, 67. Lachmu (lach'mii), god, in Creation Li'lith, "Adam's first wife", 67; Indian legend, 37, 138, 143· Surpanaka like, 67. Lagash (Ia' gash), city of, early rulers of, Linen, manufactured in prehistoric IIS et sey.; deities of, 116-8; rela- Egypt, 14. INDEX p.I

Lion god, Nergal as the, 54- · Merodach sheds blood for, 148; Be­ Lions, associated with mother goddess, . rosus legend, 148, 149, 150. 120. Man bull, the winged, 6 S· Liver, the, as seat of life, .48; dragon's Manasseh, King of Judah, idolatries vulnerable part, I 53· of, 473; legend of Isaiah's end, 474; Loftus, W. K., INoah, 27; the fish IS6. ... . and flood myth, 27, 28, 196. Love charms and loye lyrics, 238. Mara (mii.'ra), the European demon of Love goddess, Ishtar as, 99, 175, 176; nightmare, 69. the incol!stancy of, 99 et sefJ., 102, Marduk (mii.r'duk). See Merodaclz. IOJ, io4. Marduk-balatsu-ikbi (mar'duk-bal'atsli· Lovers, the demon, 67, 68. ik-bi), King of Babylonia, defeat of Lucian (loosh'yan), Semiramis legend, by Shamshi-Adad VII, 415, 416. 425. Marduk·bel-usate (mar'duk-bel-ii-sli'te), Lucifer, Babylonian king as, 331. revolt of in Babylonia, 4o8, 409· Luck, spitting to secure, 46 et sef.; Marduk,zakir-shum (mar'duk-zii.-kii'· spirits of, 77· shlim), King of Babylonia, 4o8; a Lugal-zaggisi (lii'gal-zag'gi-si), King of vassal of Assyria, 409· Umma, sack of Lagash by, 123, 124; Mari (ma'ri), king of Damascus, as the gods of, 124; Kish captured by, 124; Biblical Ben Hadad III, 438, 439· Erech capital of empire of, 124, 125; Marriage contracts, in Hammurabi code, supposed invasion of Syria by, 12S. 225 et sefJ. Lulubu (liil'ii-bii), mountaineers, 128. Marriage market of Babylon, the, 224, Lunar chronology, solar chronololp' 225· . preceded by, 312; "Four Quarters', Marriage of deities, the Hittite, 268. • J2J, 324- Mars, Horus as, 300, 304; month of, Lunar zodiac, the original, 309· 305; as "bronze fish stone", 314; Lycia, god had wife in, 221. the Gaulish mule god as1 316; in Lydia, emissaries from to Ashur-bani­ astrology, 318. -· pal, 483: helps Egypt against As­ Mars, Nergal, wolf planet of pestilence, syria, 486; alliance with Egypt against as, 301, JOJ, 316. Cyrus, 494- · Mars, the planet, boar slayer o( Adonis as, 87; in sun and moon group, . Ma, the goddess, serpent form of, 76; 301, Tiamat and, ISO; goddess of Comana, Maruts (mar'oots), the Indian, like 267- Ann's demons, 34, 64, Magic and poetry, 236 et Sef. Mashi (ma'shi), the mountain of, in Magician, the great, Ea as, 38. Gilgamesh epic, 177, 178. Magyars, language of and the Sumerian, Maspero, Professor, on antiquity of 3· Hittites, 264; on Assyrian colonists, Malzabl.arata, the (mahii.'bha."rata), 67, 456. 68; the various Indras in, 101; Karna. "Masters, the", Buriat earth and air myth in, 126; eagle myth, 166; Bhima spirits, lOS. like Gilgamesh in, 187; Naturalism Mati-ilu (ma'ti-i'lii), of Agusi, relations and Totemism in, 291, 292, 293; the of with Assyria and Urartu, 443, 446,- "wheel of life" in, 346-7; the Sha­ 447; overthrow of by Tiglath-pileser kuntala legend in, 423, 424· IV. Mama (ma'ma), the mother goddess, 57, Mattiuza (mat-ti-ii'za), King of Mitanni, 267; as Creatrix, 100. flight of, 283; as Hittite vassal, 284- Man, creation of, 38; Ea. desired, 148; May Day, fire ceremonies of, so. 522 INDEX

Mead, of the gods, 45; blood as, 48; Tiamat slain, and brood of captured eagle steals, 74- by, I46; eats "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, Measurer, the, moon as, 52. I47, 147 n., I53i forms earth and Medes, 111 ; in Hammurabi Age, 244; sky, I47o 328; creates stars of Zodiac, Sargon II and, 460; Ashur·bani·pal I47; lunar and solar decrees of, I48; and, 486; and fall of Nineveh, 488; other deities and, 34, 35, 38, 149, I 58, Scythians and, 472, 488; alliance of I59, 298, 299, 303, 3I6, 336, 337, with Lydia, 494; Cyrus as King of, 348, 354, 420; hymn to, I49, ISo, 493· I6I; as Tammuz, I 58; Osiris and, Mediterranean Race, the, Basques a I59, 298, 354; Perseus and, I59: variation of, 3; Sumerians and proto· Nimrod and, I67, 277, 343; temple Egyptians of, 7, 8; Cretans of, 8; of, 22I; Hammurabi Age kings and, Ripley traces in Asia, 8, 9, 11; in 24I-2, 252; Hittites carry off image Africa and Europe, 9; "cradle " of, of, 26I, 262, 269, 272; Kassites and, 39; Tammuz·Adonis myth and, 85; 272, 274, 372; complex character of, mother worship and status of women 298, 299; stars of, 296,299, 300, 305; in, 104, 105, 1o8, 420 et seq.; in Jupiter form of as sun ghost, 305; Hittite confederacy, 266; the Biblical Nebo and, 303, 435; month of, 305; Cushites and Hamites and, 276. goddesses and, 22I, 299, 316, 420; Medusa, Tiamat and, I 59· world hill and, 332; as "high head", Meg, Long. See Long M~g. 334; Ashur and, 336, 337, 348, 354; Melkarth (mel'karth), children sacrificed image at Asshur, 468, 469; restora· to, I71; Hercules and, 348; burning tion of, 48I, 482; ceremony of'' taking of, 349· · hands" of, 48o, 48I; Cyrus and, Memphis (mem'pl1is), Assyrians fight 493, 495; Ahura Mazda and, 496; Ethiopians at, 475, 483. Darius I and, 497; Xerxes pillages Men, in worship of mother goddess, temple of, 497; Alexander the Great I07, I08. . and, 497; late worship of, 498. Menahem (men'a-hem), King of Israel, Merodach Baladan (mer'o-dach bal'ad­ pays tribute to Assyria, 449· an), King of Babylon, 457; second Meneptah (men·e'ta or men'e-ta), King reign of, 465; death of, 468; sons of of Egypt, relations of with Hittites, and Esarhaddon, 47I. 378; sea raiders defeated by, 378, Mesopotamia, present-day racial types 379· in, 8; Assyria and Babylonia struggle Menuas (men'ii-as), King of Urartu, to control, 286, 38I, 382, 384; under 440; conquests of, 44I. Kassites, 358, 36o, 361; atrocities of Mercury, the planet; in sun and moon Ashur-natsir-pal III in, 397· group, 30I; Nebo as, 30I, 302; Messenger of gods, Sumerian Nusku month of, 305; the " face voice of and India Agni as, 50; Papsukel as, light", 3I4; "lapis lazuli" star, 3I4; 97; Gaga as, I43· . the Gaulish boar god as, 3I6, 317; Metals, the northern Mesopotamia, 25. in astrology, 318. _ . Mexico, the terrible mother ghost of, Mermaids, the Babylonian, 34· 69. Mermer (mer'mer), a name ofNebo and Meyer, Professor Kuno, 101, 102. Ramman, 303. Micah, the prophet, 405, 4o6. Merodach (mer'o-dach), the god: crea· Mice, the golden, Dagon offering of, tion of mankind, xxix, I48; Dam­ 32, 33; gods as, 4I ; as destroyers kina and, 34; Enlil as older Bel than, of Sennacherib's army, 466. 35; Ea and, 38; water of life belief, Midas (mi'das), King of Phrygia, Sar­ 44; Nusku as messenger of, 50; in gon II and, 46o, 462. demon war, 77; brothers and sister Migrations, earliest from Arabia and of, 82; Zamama of Kish and, I26; Asia Minor, 10, 11, 12; the Canaan­ rise of, I 34; Anshar's appeal to in itic or Amorite, 217; Median and Creation legend, 142; the avenger, Iranian, 244; the Phoenician, 244, I43; proclaimed king of the gods, 245; of Abraham and Lot, 245, 246; 144; weapons and steeds of, 145; of Hittites to Palestine, :Z46; pre· INDEX 523 historic pottery evidence of, 263; Moon goddess, the, 53· cults and, 338; Aramaean, 359, 36o, Moses, in Koran water of life story, 186. 376-8; Achaean, 376-8; the Moslem, Mother, the Great, agriculturists and, 377; the " Bedouin peril", 392; :ax ; as source of food supply, xxxii; effects of on old empires, 393· destroying goddesses as, 57; Tiamat Milky Way, the, 309· as, 64. 1o6, 140, 157; the serpent as, Millet, husks of in Egyptian pre­ 74-6; the Gaelic Hag as, 87; lshtar Dynastic bodies, 6. as, 100, 157; Nut of Egypt as, roo, Minerva, Neith and, 337· ro6; the Aryo-Indian Sri-Lakshmi Mitanni (mi-tan'ni), Mitra, lndra, &c., as, 101; lovers of die yearly, 101 d gods of, SS• 269; rise of kingdom of, self.; human sacrifices to, 104; wor­ 268; Kurds descendants of people of, ship of in Jerusalem, ro6; women as 270; Egypt and, 270, 271, 279, 282, offerers to, 1o6-8; Kish queen and, 358, 359; Kassites and Hyksos and, 114; Lagash form of, 116; lions, 270, 271, 273; Assyria subject to, deer, and wild goats of, 120; at crea­ 270, 279; Merodach's image in, 272; tion of mankind, 148 ; as star Sirius, in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281; con­ 296; Semiramis legend and, 436, 437· quered by Hittites, 28 3, 284 ; cultural See Motlur Worship. influence of, 316; Assyria occupies, Mother demons, in Sumerian and Anglo­ 367. Scottish folk tales, 153 ; N eolitbic Mithra (mith'ra), the Persian god; at­ origin of, I 56. tributes of, 54. SS; Sumerian gods Mother ghost, the terrible, in Western and, 55, 56; eagle as, 168, 169; Asia, India, and Mexico, 69; Buriats Ashur and,·338; Cambyses sacrifices plead with, 69, 70. Apis bull to, 495· "Mother of Mendes", the, Egyptian Mitra (mit'ra), Aryo-lndian god, Sham­ fish and com deity, 29; Nina and, ash and, 54; association of with rain, 117. SS; Sumerians and, 55, 56; identified " Mother right", Hittites and, 418; with Varna, 56, 201; links with Agni Darius I succeeds through, 496. and Tammuz, 94; in Mitanni, 55, Mother worship, in Mediterranean 269. racial areas, 104. 105; in Semiramis Moab, Judah and, 402, Age, 417 et seq.; Queen Tiy and, Mohammed, spitting custom of, 46. 434; goddesses as mother, wife, and Moisture of life, gods and, 45· daughter of god, 436; Sargon II and, Moloch, the god, fire ceremony and, 463; Esarhaddon and, 471; Ashur­ so ; children sacrificed to, 171. bani-pal and, 486; Artaxerxes pro­ Money, spat on to ensure increase, 47· motes, 497· Mongolians, the, Sumerians unlike, J, 4; Mothers, the twin, Isis and Nepthys as, elves of, 105; Hittites and, 265, 266. 99· Monotheism, in Creation legend, 149; Moulton, Professor, on Indian concep­ Babylonia, 16o, 161. tion of conscience, 54; on Mithraism, Mons Meg, 156. 201, Moon, the, water worship and worship Mountain gods, Enlil and the, 35· of, 45, 51; Nannar (Sin), god of, 40; " Mountain of the West", Olympus as, origin of in sea fire, so, S1; as source 332; temples as symbols of, 332. of fertility and growth, 52; consort Mountains, as totems, 291, 29:t. and family of, 53; Mitra and Varona Mouse, god as a, 296. as regulators of, 54; goblet of, 75; Mulla, Gaul ish mule god, as Mars, 316. in demon war, 76; devoured by pig Mulla (miil'la), the "Will-o'-the-wisp", demon, 8 5 ; god of as father of Isis, 66 et Sttf. roo; bi-sexual deity of, 161, 299, MUller, Max, on lunar chronology, 312. 301; as a planet, 301; forms of god Mummu (milm'mil), plots with Apsu and of, 297, 298; Venus and, 314; in Tiamat, 139, 140; overcome by Ea, astrology, 318; the "four quarters 140, 142. of", 323, 324- See Nar11uw and Mummu-Tiamat, orTiawatb. See Tic­ Si,., mat. (OM!) 38 INDEX

Mursil (mUr'sil), King of Hittites, 364; "self power", 29I; SUmerian and conquests of Egypt, 364. Indian beliefs, 29 I, 292, 304, 328, Music, magical origin of, 238. 329; Totem ism and, 293 et seq.; Muski (moosh'kee), overlords of Hit­ various co-existing forms of deities, tites, 380; Hittites freed from yoke 297· of, 386; Thraco-Phrygian kingdom Navigation, Sumerians and, 2. of, 395; Assyrians fight with, 397; Nebo (na'bo), protector of Ashur-bani• the Biblical Meshech, 464. pal's library, xxii, xxiii, 303; as Mer- • Milt, Egyptian cult of, 105, 418; Aton cury, the messenger, 302; Merodach and, 419. and Ea and, 303, 435, 436; as Mutallu (mU'tal'lU), Hittite king, wars Mermer-Ramman, 303; month of, of with Rameses II, 365, 366. 305; Semiramis inscription, 419, 422; Mysticism, the "lord of many exist­ mother worship and, 434; spouse of, ences", 297, 299; Osiris as father, 436; small Kalkhi temple of, 487. husband, son, &c., 297; Babylonian Nebuchadrezzar I (ne-bU-chad-rez'zar) and Egyptian, 297, 298; forms of of Babylonia, 38o; conquests of, 38I; Horus, 300, 304; "world soul" con· power of, 382. ception, 304; father and son gods Nebuchadrezzar II, Hanging Gardens identical, 304, 305; Anshar and Anu of, 220, 489; fiery furnace of, 349; and "self power", 328; Ashur and monotheistic hymn of, 479; Egyptians Brahma, 328. routed by, 489; King of Judah cap­ tured by, 490; takes Jews captive, Nabonidus (na-bo'nid-us), King of Baby· 49I, 492- lonia, religious innovations of, 492, Necho, the Pharaoh, Asiatic campaigns 493; relations with Cyrus, 494, 495· of, 489; rout of by Nebuchadrezzar, Niibo-pol-iis'sar, King of Babylon, 487; 489, 490· alliance of with Medes, 488; fall of Necho of Sais, Assyrian governor in Nineveh, 488; Cyaxares the ally of, Egypt, 475; Ashur-bani-paland, 482; 493· slain by Ethiopians, 483. Nabu (na'bU). See Nebo. Neheb-Kau (ne'heb-ka'U), Egyptian Nabu-aplu-iddin (na'bu-ap-lu-id' din), serpent goddess, ISO. King of Babylon, 408. Nehemiah in the Susan Jllllace, III; Nabu-na'id, King of Babylonia. See restoration of Jews, 496. Nabonidus. Neith, Egyptian cult of, 105; her arrows Nadab (na'dab), King of Israel, 403. of fertility, 337; "shuttle" of a ·Nahum, the doom of Nineveh, 477, 478, thunderbolt, 337 n. . 488. Neolithic Age. See Stone Age, tke Late. Naki'a, queen mother of Esarhaddon, Neolithic folk tales, 156. 470; reigns in absence of Esarhaddon, Nepthys (nep'thys) mourning for Osiris, 472; coronation of Ashur-bani-pal, 83; laments with Isis for Osiris, 99; 48o. • as joint mother of Osiris, 99; as ser· Namtar (nam'tar), demon of. disease, pent goddess, I 50. smites Ishtar in Hades, 97· Neptune, connection of with Ea, Dagon, Nana (na'nii), goddess of Erech, 124, &c., 33; the horn of, 238. 125; statue of 1635 years in Elam, Nereids {ne're-ids), the, 33; the Baby­ 485 .• lonian, 34; as demon lovers, 68. Nannar (nan'nar), moon god, origin of Nergal {ner'giil), solar god of disease, name of, 52; consort and children of, 53; as King of Hades, 53, 54; Varna 53; as father of Isis, 100; as a bi­ and, 56; as Destroyer, 62, 63, 303; sexual deity, 161, 299; cult of in like Teutonic Beli, 95; as form of Kish, 241; as bull of heaven, 334; Merodach, 16o; conflict with Eresh­ Ish tar and, 436. See Moon and Sin. ki-gal, 205; as planet Mars, 303; Naram-Sin (nii'ram-sin), King of Akkad, Horus and Ares and, 304; like Agni, famous stele of, 128; great empire of, 304; Osiris and Tammuz and, 304; I 29; pigtails worn by enemies of, 26 5· month of, 305; as" high head", 334l Natgrahsm1 xxxiii j tbll concep~on of. worship of in Samaria, 4SS· • · INDEX 525 Nergal-sbar-utsur (il'tsUr), King of Baby­ Ninus, king. legendary founder of Nine· lonia, 492. veh, 277, 424; Semiramis and, 424. Nidaba (ni'da-ba), goddess of Lugal- 425- zaggisi, I 24- . Nin'yas, son of Semiramis, 426. Nightmare, Babylonian demon of, 68, Nippu't (nip'pur), Enlil god of, 35; 69. Ninip the Destroyer advances against, Nimrod, eagle myth regarding, 167; 53; Ram man, Hadad or Dadu and, agricultural myth of, r7o; John 57; Ur-Nina and, 116, 117; Lugal­ Barleycorn and, 170, r7o n.; the zaggisi and, 124; Ur moon god at, Biblical " mighty hunter", 276; as 130; Ea's temple at, 131; Isin kings Ni-Marad (Merodach), 277, 343; the from, 132, 133; Kassites showed fires of, 350; Asshur and, 354- preference for, 218; observatory at, Nimrud. See Kalkhi. 321; Kheber (Chebar) canal near, Nina (ni'na), the fish goddess, lshtar 344· as, roo; at Lagash, u7, uS, 327; Nirig (ni'rig), as Ninip and destroying Derceto and Atargatis and, 277; sun, 53· See Nini.p. goddess of Nineveh, 327, 423; creatrix Nisroch, the Biblical, Ashur as, 343, and, 437; Persian Anahita and, 496. 470. Nineveh, excavations at, lix; called Njord (nyerd), the Eddie sea god, 33- after Nina, fish goddess, roo, 423; Noah, the Babylonian, 27. King Ninus and, 424; Biblical re­ Nil, the Egyptian god, the crocodile as, ference to origin of, 276, 277 ; Semi­ .29; Sumerian form of, 36, 37; vaguer ramis legend of origin of, 277; than Nut, Io6. plundered by King of Mitanni, 28o; Nudimmud (nii'dim-mild). See Ea. observatory at, 321; Ashur and, 354; Niisk'il, the god, as fire deity, 49, so, palace of Ashur-natsir-pal III at, 399; 51; as messenger of g:xls, so, 53; lonians deported from Cilicia to, 464; connection of with sea fire, so, 51; as Babylon's rival, 469; Esarhaddon's association of with sun and moon Ashur temple at, 476; Nahum's pro­ gods, so, 353; identified with Nirig phecy, 477, 47S; Ashur-bani-pal's and Tammuz, 354· palace and library at, 487; fall of, Nut (noo'it), the Egyptian goddess, 36 i 48S; Scythian legend, 4SS. Tiamat as, 37; as mother of Osiris, Nin-Girsu(nin-gir'su), thego(fofLagash, 101; Nu vaguer than, Io6. Ninip and Tammuz and, 53, us, 116, 333; Ur-Nina and, 117, uS; Oak, Saul buried under, 350; associa- Urukagina, the reformer, and, 121 tion of with thunder gods, 350. . elletJ.; famous silver vase from temple Oannes (o-lin'nes), as Ea, 27, 30. of, 120; lion-headed eagle of, 120; Odin (o'din), 64; lovers of wife of, 103; Gudea's temple to, 130; Shamash and Gilgamesh and, 184, 1S5; the mythi­ Babb&r and, 132; development of, cal Ages and, 202; Paradise of like r35; eagle of, 168; Merodach and lndra's, 209. Zamama a.nd, 126, 241. Olympus, the Babylonian, 332. Ninip (nin'ip, or Nin'ib), as Nirig and Omri, King of Israel, 405. destroying sun, 53; Zamama identi· Opener, the, Horus as, 302. See fied with, 126; during lsin Dynasty, Apuata and Pa.tritu-ck. 132; in flood legend, IC)O et Uf.; Opis, Kish swayed by, 114; King of father and son myth, 1sS, 302; as captured by Eannatum of Lagash, bull god and boar god, 302, 334l 119; Entemena's sack of, 120. month of, 305; the boar and, 315; Ops, 103. as Kronos and Saturn, as elder and Ori'on, the Constellation, as form of younger Horus, 316. Osiris, 297; Nin-Girsu and Tammw: Nin'-shach, Babylonian boar god, 86. as, 301; as form of the sun, 305. Nin'-s11n, as destroying goddess, 57, Orion, the Greek giant, origin of, 45· 100. Osiris (6-si'ris), Tammuz cult and cult Nin'til, the Babylonian serpent mother, of, uxi, 81. Varna and Gilgamesh 76; Tiamat and. 150. and, uxii; as gael of the Nile, 331 INDEX

creative tears of, 45; as a "dangerous Pelasgians, the, Sumerian kinship with, god", 63; as patriarch, 52, 8z, 83, 9; Achaeans and, 393· 84, 86, 90; weeping for, 83, twin Pennsylvania, University of, expedition goddesses mourn for, 99; Adonis of, xxiv. myth, 83, 84; origin of, 84; blood of Penrith, " Long Meg's " stone circle in Nile, 85; swine associated with, near, 156. 85; as the lunar babe, 89; as child, Persephone (per-sef'on-e), the Baby· husband, brother, and father of Isis, Ionian, 53; as lover of Adonis, 90· &c., 991 .297; as son with two Perseus, legend of, 15.2; the Babylonian, mothers, 99; Nut as mother of, 101; 159. 164. Paradise of, .209; fusion of Ptah with Persia, fire worship in, so; Yama of Seb and, .264; Isis star and, 296; the India and Gilgamesh, and Yima of, grave of, 296; makes Isis a male, .299; zoo, 201 ; the mythical Ages of, 202; N ergal and, 304; in star lore, 315 ; eagle symbol of great god of, 347, backbone symbol of world mountain, 493 ; Ashur cult and, 355; Britain 332; Merodach and Ashur and, 3.54- and Russia in, 357; Cyrus King of, 0siris-Sokar, Merodach like, .299. 493; religion of and Babylonian in­ Owl, as ghost of sorrowful mother, 65; fluence, 496. Arabian belief regarding, 70; refer­ Persian Gulf, early Sumerians traded on, ence to in Isaiak, 114. .2; Eridu once a port on, 22. Ox, the wild, in eagle and serpent myth, Petrie, Professor Flinders, dating of, 75· 76. xxv, 212; alien pottery in Egypt found by, 263; on Egypt's culture Palaeolithic Age, skull forms of in debt to Syria, 275· France, 8; Palestine in, 10. Pharaoh," Piru" theory, 458, 458n. Palestine, early races in, to; Palaeolithic Philistines, the, their god Dagon, 32, finds in, to; cave dwellers of, 10, II; 33; "way of '\an ancient trade route, in empire of Naram Sin, 129; Abra­ 357; invasion of Palestine by, 379; ham's wanderings in, 245; tribes he as overlords of Hebrews, 379, 38o i found in, 245, 246; Elamites in, 247, Hittites and, 386; civilization of, 248, 249; Necho's campaigns in, 489. 387, 403, 405; as vassals of Damas­ Pan, Ea-bani and, 135; the pipes 9f, .238. cus, 414; tribute from to Assyria, Pantheon, the National, during Isin 439· Dynasty, 132. Phrenicians, Baau, mother goddess of, Pap-sukal (pap-sii'kal), messenger of 150; traditional racial cradle of, 244 • gods, rescues Ishtar from Hades, 97· appearance of on Mediterranean coast, Paradise, childless ghosts excluded 245; Melkarth, god of, 346; as allies from, 71; the Indian, Germanic, and of Hebrews, 388. Egyptian, 209; Babylonian beliefs, Phrygia, thunder god of, 261; Cybele 210. See Hades. and Attis of, 267; Muski and, 395; Patesi (pa'te-si), priest king, 1 •. King Midas of, 46o; Cimmerians Patriarch, the, Apuatu as, xxxii; Sargon overrun, 472; Lydia absorbs, 494- of Akkad as, xxxiii, 91; Yama as, Picts, why they painted themselves, xxxii, 56, zoo; Osiris and Tammuz 212. as, xxxii, 82, 86, 90, 297 ; Scyld or Pig, demon in, 71; sacrificed to Tam­ Sceafas, gz; Yngve, Frey, Hermod, muz, 85; associated with Osiris, 85; and Heimdal as, 93; the mythical sacrifice of to cure disease, 2 36 ; to­ "sleepers" and, 164; Nimrod as, temic significance of, 293; as the 170, 277, 354l Gilgamesh as, xxxii, devil in Egypt and Britain, 293 ; zoo; Mitra as, .201 ; the Biblical Ninip as boar god, 302. Asshur, 276, 327, 354; King Ninus Pigeons. See .Doves. of Nineveh and, 424, 425; the Persian Pillar worship, " world tree " and and Cyrus, 493· "world spine", 334· Paul, Mars' hill sermon of, 59, 6o. Pinches, Professor, on Ea, Ya or Jab, Pekah, King of Israel, 450, 451; As­ andDagan,~t; on Babylonian "Will­ syrian king overthrows, 453· o'-the-wisp ', 66; on Babylonian INDEX 5'21 boar god, 86; on flocks of Tammuz, Preservers, the, mother goddesses as, 93; on Creation hymn, 149, 150; on 100. Babylonian monotheism, 16o; on Priests, En-we-dur-an-ki of Sippar, 42; names of Hammurabi, Tidal, &c.; the sorcerer's spell, 46; Dudu of 248; on Merodach as Nimrod, 277; Lagash, 1zo; as culers of Lagash, on Nebo and Ramman, 303; on 121; and burial ceremonies, zoS, zag ; Ashur worship, 352, 353; on Nusku fees of cut down by reformer, 210, and Tammuz, 353, 354; on Ashur, 211; as patrons of culture, z87, z88, Merodach, and Osiris, 354; on the 289. sacred doves, 427. • Pritha (preet'ha), mother of Indian Pir-na-pish'tim, the Babylonian Noah, Kama, 126. 27; sun god and, 55; Gilgamesh's Prophecy, blood· drinking ceremony journey to island of, 177, 178, 18o; and, 48; breath of Apis bull and, revelation of, 181, 182; the flood 49· legend of, 190 el seq.; the Indian Prophets, clothing of, 213, 214- Yama and, zoo; the Persian Yima Psamtik (sam'tik), Pharaoh of Egypt and, 201. under Assyrians, 483; throws off Planets, deities identified with, 296; Assyrian yoke, 486. Merodach as Jupiter and Mercury, Ptah (tii.), the Egyptian god; Ea com­ 299; Venus female at sunset and pared to, 30; cult of and mother male at sunrise, 299; when gods worshippers, lOS; deities that link were first associated with, 300; Horus with, 263, 264- . identified with three, 300; the seven Pill, Assyrian king called in Bible, 444- included sun and moon, 301; Jupiter Pumpelly expedition, Turkestan dis- as" bull of light", 301; the "bearded coveries of, So 6, 263. · · Aphrodite" and Ishtar, 301; Ninip Punt, the land of, as "cradle" of (Nirig) and Horus as Saturn, 302; Mediterranean race, 39· Nebo. and Merodach as Mercury, Purusha (piir-iish'i), the Indian chaos 303; Nergaland Horus as Mars, 303, giant, 429. 304; in doctrine of mythical Ages, 313 et seq.; the Babylonian and Greek, Quarters, the four. See Foul' guarte,s. 316; in astrology, 318. Queen of Heaven, the, lshtar as, 81; Plant of Birth, Etana's ~uest for, 164- descent of to Hades, 95 et seq.; Bau­ Plant of Life,Gilgamesh squest for,164, Gula as, 116; Etana and eagle legend 177· and, 166; Ashur worshipped like,. Plato, the dance of the stars, 333· 3S2; Jehu worshipped, 412, 421. Pleiades (pli'a·dez), the. See Constel­ Queen of Kish, the legendary Azag· lations. Bau, 114; humble origin of, 115. Pleistocene (plist'o-sen) Age, the, Pales­ tinian races of, 10. Ra (rii. ot' ra), the Egyptian god, as chief Pliny, on the "Will-o'·the-wisp", 67. of nine gods, 36; creative tears of, 45, Plutarch, the Osirian bull myth, 89; on 334; creative saliva of, 46; the" Eye" Babylonian astrology, 318. of blinded and cured, 46; as a de­ Poetry, magical origin of, 236 el seq. stroyer, 63; in flood legend, 197; Poets, inspired by sacred mead, 45· Paradise of, zag; Osiris and, Z97l as Polar star, as "world spike", 332; old man, 314; as cat, ass, bull, ram, Lucifer as, 331, 332. and erocodile, 329. Pork, tabooed by races, Z93· Races, languages and, 3; the Sumerian Poseidon (J>O·si'don), 64, lOS. problem, 3; shaving customs of, 4; Postal arrangements, in Hammurabi the Semitic blend, 10; culture pro­ Age, 2SI· moted by fusion of, 42; ErOd and Pottery, linking specimens of in Turke· goddess cults and, 105. See .A,. stan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Southern m~~noids, Mong-olians, Aleditllt't'a•uan Europe, s. z6]. Race, Senzites, Sumerians. Prajapati (praja'pati), the Indian god, Rain gods, Enlil, Ramman, lndra, &c., creative tears of, 4.5- as, 35, 57; Mitra and Varona as, 55· szs INDEX Rainy season in B.'\bylonia, 24- Risley, Mr., on Naturalism in India, Ram, sun god as, 329; Osiris as, 85. 291- Riima, the Indian demi-god, demon Rivers, worship of, 44l life principle in, lover of, 67; colour of, 186. 48; created by Merodach, 149· Rdmdyana (ram-ay'an-a), the, 67; eagle Robin Goodfellow, the Babylonian, 66. myth in, 166. Roman burial customs, 207. Rameses I (ram'e-sez or ra-me'ses), Hit· Rome, the death eagle of, 169. tites and, 364- Rose Garden, the Wonderful, 68. Rameses II, of Egypt, wars of in Syria, Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, the Lilith 365; the Hittite treaty, 366; Hittites . sonnet, 67. aided by Aramaeans against, 378. Rudra (rood'ra), the Indian god, 64- Rameses III, sea raiders scattered by, Rusas (rii'sas), King of Urartu, Sargon 379; Philistines and, 379· II routs, 46o, 4S1. Ramman (ram'man), the atmospheric Russia, the double-headed eagle of, 168;. and thunder god, 57; in Zu bird Persian and Armenian questions, 357. myth, 74; in demon war, 76; a hill Russian Turkestan, early civilization of god, 136; Merodach and, 159, 16o; and the Sumerian, 5· in flood legend, 192 et seq.; deities that link with, 261; called Mermer Saliva, Isis serpent formed from, 45; like Nebo, 303; month of, 309· magical qualities of, 46. Rams, offered to sea god, 33· Samaria, building of, 405; murder of Rassam, Hormuzd, xx, xxiii. Jezebel in, 410; Assyrians capture, Ravens, demons enter the, 71; in folk 455; "ten tribes" deported, 455; cures, 234; as unlucky birds, 429· Babylonians settled in, 456. Rawlinson, Sir Henry, xx, xxi. Sammu-rammat (sam'mu-ram-mat), Rebekah, Hittite daughters-in-law of, Queen of Assyria, as Semiramis, 417, 266,267. 437, 438; a Babylonian, 418; high Reed hut, Ea revelation to Pir-napish­ status of, 419; relation to Adad- tim in, 190, 191; and reeds in graves, _nirari IV, 419, 420; innovations of, 213. 421; mother worship and, 423, 436; Reformer, the first historic, Urukagina Queen Nakia like, 470, 471. of Lagash, 121 et seq. Samsu-iluna (sam-sii-il-ii'na), King, son Rehoboam (re-ho-bO'am), subject to of Hammurabi, slays Rim-Sin, 249; Egypt, 402. Kassites appear in reign of, 255; Rem, the Egyptian god of fish and com, Erech and Ur restored by, 256. 29. Sandan (san'dan), the god, 261; Agni Rephaim (reph'i-im), the, Hittites and, and Melkarth and, 346; winged disk II, 12. of, 348. Also rendered Santks. Rezin, King of Damascus, 449 ; Pekab Sandstorms, the Babylonian, 24- plots with, 451; Tiglath-pileser IV Sap of plants, vitalized by water of life, and, 453· 45· - Rhea, 103. Sarah, Abraham's wife, 16. Rhone, the river, dragon of, 152: Saraswati (sii-riis'wi-tee), wife of Ribhus (rib'hUs), the elves of India, 10.5- Brahma, 101. Ridgeway, Professor,- on the Achaeans, Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a-pi1us), palace 377· burning of, 350; Ashur-bani-pal and, Rim-Anum (rim-an'um), revolt of in 486, 487, 488. Hammurabi Age, 242· Sargon of Akkad, as Patriarch, xxxiii; Rimmon (rim'mon), Enlil, Tarku, &c., the Patriarch-Tammuz myth of, 91, as, 35, 57, 395· 437; humble origin of, 125; legend Rim-Sin, struggle of with Babylon, 217; of like Indian Kama story, 126; Hammurabi reduces power of, 249; empire of, 127; Enlil-bani of lsin put to death by Samsu-iluna, 249, 256. like, 133; Gilgamesh legend and, Rim'ush. See UrumuslJ. 171, 172; Sargon II an incarnation Ripley, Professor W. Z., on Mediter­ of, 462. ranean racial types in Asia, 8. Sargon II, King of Assyria, excavations INDEX 529 at city of, u:; " Lost Ten Tribes" ceremony, 213; folk cures in, 232, deported by, 455; Merodach Baladan 233; pig as the devil in, 293; May revolt, 457; Syrian revolts against, day solar belief in, 348; the "seven 458, 459; tribute from Piru ofMutsri, sleepers " in, 394; " death thra w " 458; Piru and Pharaoh, 458 n.-; Isaiah belief, 427 n.; doves and ravens, 429; warns Ahaz regarding, 459.; Hittites pigeon lore in, 431. and, 400; Urartu crippled by, 400, Scott, Sir Walter, the Taghairm cere­ 461; Merodach Baladan ejected by, mony, 213. 462; Messianic pretensions of, 462; Scyld. See Sceaf. Dur-Sharrukin built by, 463; deities Scythians, raids of in Western Asia, worshipped by, 463; assassination of, 461; Esarbaddon and, 472; fall of 463, 464- Nineveh, 488, Saturn, the planet, Horus as, 300, 302; Sea demon, Ea as a, 62. in sun and moon group, 301; Ninip Sea fire, so, 51. (Nirig) as, 301; as ghost of elder god, Sea giants, the Babylonian, 34- 302; month of, 305; the " black", Sea goddess, Ea's spouse as, and earth 314, 315; in astrology, 318. lady, 34- Satyrs, the dance of at Babylon, 114, . Sea gods, Ea, Dagon, Poseidon, Nep­ 333· tune, Shonr,, and Njord as, 33· Saul, the ephod ceremony, 213, 214; " Sea Lady ', the, Sabitu, in Gil­ cremation of, 350. gamesh epic, 178, 179; Germanic Saushatar (sa-ii-sha'tii.r), King of Mi­ hag and, 184, 185; the Indian Maya tanni, Assyria subdued by, 279, 28o. like, 188. Sayee, .Professor, on Dagon-Dagan Sea of Death, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 problem, 32; on Daonus and Tam­ et seq. muz, 83; on Hittite chronology, 264; Sealand, Dynasty of in Hammurabi Age, on star worship, 317; on the goat 257; in Kassite Age, 274, 275. god, 332, 333; Hittite winged disk, Seasonal changes, evil spirits cause, 65. 347. J48, 428. Seasons, the, of Babylonia, 23, 24- Sceaf or Scef, " the sheaf", Tammuz Sebek (seb'ek), Egyptian crocodile god, and the Germanic myth of, 91, 92, as a wee,ping deity, 29. 93. 210. Sekhet (se khet), the Egyptian goddess, Schliemann, pottery finds by, 263. Ish tar and, 57. Schools, in Hammurabi Age, 251. Seleucid Period, Lagash occupied in, Scorpion man and wife, in Gilgamesh 243· epic, 177L 178. Seleucus I, 498. Scotland, the sea god of, 33; spittinR Seleukeia, rival city to Babylon, 498. customs in, 47; the "Great Mother' " Self power", xxxiii; conception of in in, a demon, 64; return of dead stage of Naturalism, 291; the "world dreaded in, 70; "calling back" belief soul " conception, 304; Anu a form in, 70 n.; south-west wind a hag like of, 328; the "world soul", 328; gods Babylonian, 73; fairies and elves of, as phases of, 329; stars as phases of, 8o, 186; Tammuz-Diarmid myth of, a31- 85; Diarmid a love god of, 87; the Semiramis (sem-ir'a-mis), Queen, as eternal goddess of, 101; " the ¥ ellow founder of Nineveh, 277; Queen Muilearteach" of, 151; slain by Finn Sammu • rammat as, 417; mother as Merodach slays Tiamat, 151; great worship and, 423, 434; birth legend eel story of, 152} mother-monster like Shakuntala's, 423, 424; as re­ Sumerian lore in, 153; giant lore of, presentative of mother goddess, 425; 164, 317; Etana-like eagle myth of, buildings and mounds of, 425, 426; 167, 168; John Barleycorn, the Ice­ Persian connection, 427, 433; dove landic god Barleycorn and Nimrod, symbol of, 431, 432; origin of legend 170, 170 "·• 171; water of life myths of, 437,438; Urartu and, 441; Queen of, 186, 187; dark tunnel stories of, Nakia and, 471; wife of Cambyses 189 ; Pictish customs in, 212; the like, 496. See Satn,,.-ra,,at. Gunna, 213; seers and bull skin Semites, Akkadians were, 2; the racial 530 INDEX blend of, 9 et seq.; influence of on tites, 407; Ahab of Israel fights Sumerian gods, 135, 136, 137· against, 407; authority of in Baby­ Sennacherib (sen-nak'er-ib), King of lonia, 408, 409; defeat of Hazael of Assyria, 463; wars of in Elam and Damascus, 4II; tribute from Jehu of Asia Minor, 464; lonians deported Israel, 4II, 412; conquests of, 414; to Nineveh by, 464; Merodach revolt of son against, 414; death of, Baladan's second reign, 465; army of 415; Babylonian culture, 422; library destroyed by " angel of the Lord", of at Kalkhi, 422. 466, 467; death of Merodach Bala­ Shalmaneser IV, of Assyria, reign of, dan, 468; destruction of Babylon by, 439; Urartu wars of, 442· • 468, 469; murder of, 470; Nakia, Shalmaneser V, imprisons Hoshea of Babylonian wife of, 471. · Israel, 4 54. 4 55· Sergi, Professor, on Syrian and Asia Shamash (shii.m'ash), Semitic name of Minor races, II, 267. sun god, 40; Babbar Sumerian name Serpent, Isis makes from saliva of Ra, of, 54, 240; Mitra and Varuna and, 45; in group of seven spirits, 63; the 54; as god of destiny, 55; Mithra and, world, 150; dragon as, 157, ISS; 55· s6 ; sun as .. boat of the sky"' totemic theory, 293, 296; in Crete, s6, 57; consort and attendants of, 430. 57, roo; local importance of, 58; in Serpent charms, as fertility and birth eagle and serpent myths, 75, 76; in charms, 150, 165. demon war, 76; development of, 132; Serpent worship, 77· in Gilgamesh legend, 172 el seq.; as Serpents, the mother of, in Zu bird an abstract deity, 240, 241; oracle myth, 74, 75; the Babylonian and of pleads for Merodach, 272; month Egyptian, 74~. ISO. of, 305; as the "high head", 334; Sesostris (se-sos'tris), Hittite god identi­ "water sun" of, 334; the wheel fied with, 441; Semiramis and, 426. symbol of, 347; Aramreans destroy Set, as boar demon, 46, 85, 293; as the temple of, 445; worshipped by Esar­ dragon, 156; as thunder god, 261. haddon, 471; oracle of and Ashur­ Seti I (set'ee), of Egypt, struggle. of bani-pal, 481; Nabonidus and, 492. with Hittites, 364. . Shamash-shum-ukin (sham'ash-shum­ Seven, the demons in groups of, 34· U'kin), King of Babylon, 471, 476, " Sevenfold One", 298; constellations 48o; restoration of Merodach, 48o, as, 300 el uq.; Tammuz as, 304. 317. 481; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, "Seven sleepers", the, 394· 484; bums himself in palace, 485. Seven spirits, the, dragon, &c., in, 63; Shamshi-Adad VII (sham'shi-ad'ad), the daughters of Anu, 68; the sex­ King of Assyria, 414; civil war, 415; less, 71. conquests of, 415, 416; culture in Shabaka (sha'ba-ka), King of Egypt, reign of, 423; rise of Urartu, 440. the Biblical So and, 454n. Shar, the god. See Ansluzr-: Shakespeare, "Jack" the fairy, 66; Shar A psi, "King of the Deep", Ea Tiamat-like imagery in, 151; "sea as, 28, 29. devils", I 52; grave inscription Df, " Shar Kishshate ", " King of the 214, 215; astrology references, 324, World", Assyrian title, 363, 370. 325. . Shard uris III (shar'dU-ris), of U rartu, Shakuntala (shi-koon'ta-lii.h), birth routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447· legend oflike Semiramis's, 423, 424; Shaving customs, significance of, 4; of Persian eagle legend and, 493· Arabians and Libyans, &c., 9; why Shallum (shai'lUm), revolt of at Sa­ Sume.rian gods were bearded, 135-7. maria, 449· Shedu (sha'du), the destroying bull, 65; Shalmaneser I (shal-man-e'·ser), of as household fairy, 77· Assyria, a great conqueror, 363; Sheep, skin of in graves, 213. western and northern expansion, Shepherd, the divine, Tammuz as, 53· 366; Kalkhi capital of, 367. Sheshonk (shish'ak), Pharaoh of Egypt, Shalmaneser III, referred to in Bible, alliance with Solomon, 388; Hebrews 401; attacks on Arama:ans and Hit- spoiled by, 391, 402. INDEX 531

Shinar, the Biblical, I II, 247; Amraphel Sirius, the star, Teutonic giant as, 295; (Hammurabi) of, 131. goddess Isis as, 296. . Shishak. See Sluslumk. Skull forms, language and, 3; of Mon­ Shivi, the Indian god, Bel Enlil like, golian, Ural-Altaic, and Mediter­ 38; the Sumerian Ninip like, S3l ranean peoples, 3, 4; Kurdish and Osiris and Ra like, 63; in " dying Armenian treatment, 4, S; of early Indra" myth, 101. Egyptians and Sumerians, 7 d set[.; Shony (shon'ee), sea god of Scottish Pal.lleolithic still survive, 8; persistence Hebrides, 33· of, 8; broad heads in Western Asia, Sbii, the Egyptian god, created from Egypt, and India, 8, 9; the Semitic, saliva, 46. 10. Shubari (shu-ba'ri) tribes, 284- Sky, conception of " Self Power" of, Shurippak' or Shurruppak', city of, in 2921 god of, 31; goddesses of, 36, 37· flood legend, 190, 191, 243· ' Sleeper, the divine, Angus, the Irish, Shushan. See Susa. and Tammuz, 90- Siberia, elves of, 105; "calling back" Sleepers, the seven, the lndras as, 101; of ghosts in, 69, 70. Thomas the Rhymer, Finn, Napoleon, Sidon, conspiracy against Nebuchad· and Skobeleff as, 164; as spirits of rezzar II, 491; tribute of to Adad· fertility, 164; Tammuz and, 210. nirari IV, 439; Tyre and, 388, 392; Smith, Professor Elliot, on Sumerian Israel an ally of, 4o6; in league origins, 7; on origin of Semites, 10; against Esarhaddon, 472; destruction on conquest by Akkadians of Sume­ of, 473· rians, 12 ; on first use of copper, 12 ; Siegfried.(seeg'freed), "birds of Fate" on early Egyptian invasion of " broad sang to, 65; the "Regin" dragon, heads", 263, 264- . 156, 164- Smith, George, career and discoveries Signs of the Zodiac. See Zodi4&. . of, xxi-iii; "Descent of Ishtar ", 95 Sigurd (see'goord), link with Merodach et se9. as dragon slayer, 147 n.; the" Fafner" Smith, Professor Robertson, on Atar· dragon, I 56, 164- gatis legend, 28 ; on life ·blood be­ Sin, desert of, called after moon god, liefs, 47; on agricultural weeping sz. . ceremony, 83. Sin, the moon god, 51, 52; consort and Snakes, doves and, Cretan goddess and, children of, S3l Shamash, Mitra, and 430. Varuna chastise, 54, SS; in demon So, King of Egypt, Shabaka and other war, 76,. 77; as father of Isis, 100; kings and, 454, 454 "· as form of Merodach, 16o; month of, Sokar, a composite monster god, 135· 305; Ashur worshipped with, 353; Sokar (sok'ii.r), Egyptian lord of fear, 63. Nabonidus as worshipper of, 494- Solomon, Kiq, ally of Egypt and Tyre, See Moon and Nanna,.. 388, 389; sea trade of with India, Sinai, mountains of, called after moon 389, 390; Babylonia during period of, god, sz. 391; Judah and Israel separated after Sin-iksha (sin·ik'sha), King of Isin, 133. death of, 401, 402. Sin-magir (sin-mii.'gir), King of Isin, Soma (so'ma), source of inspiration, 45- 133· Song of the Sea Lady, in Gilgamesb epic, Sin-muballit (sin-mU·bii.l'lit), King, 178, 179· father of Hammurabi, 132, 242; "Soul of the land ", river Euphratez struggle of with Elamites, 243· as the, 23. Sin-shar-ish'kun, last King of Assyria, Souls, carried to Hades by eagle, 168. ~7- Spells on water, 44l layers of punished, Sippar (sip'par), sun god chief deity of, 233· 40; a famous priestly teacher of, 42; Spinning, in Late Stone Age, 14- goddess of assists Merodach to create Spirits, "air" and "breath" as, 48, mankind, 148; rise of sun cult of, 240; 49; gods evolved from, 6o; the good first Amoritic king of, 2411 Esarhad. and evil, 58, 63, 77, 78, 236; the don plunders, 472. Gorgons, I S9l periodic liberation of, 532 INDEX 65; the "calling back" belief, 69, significance, I; early name of Kengi, 70; penetrate everywhere, 71, 72; of 2; agriculture in at earliest period, 6; luck and fate, 77, 236; elves, Rib­ culture of indigenous, 6, 7; women's bus, and Burkans as, 105. high social status in, 16, I7; Eridu a Spitting customs, in Asia, Africa, and seaport of, 22; surplus products and Europe, 46, 47· trade of, 25; gods of like Egyptian, Spring sun, the, Tammuz as god of, 53· 26, 36, 37; modes of thought and Sri, the Indian eternal mother, 101. habits oflife in, 5I; the Great Mother Stars, the, great beauty of in Baby- Tiamat of, Io6; early history of, ICJ9 lonia, 24; "Will-o'-the-wisps" as, et seq.; principal cities of, I 10; the 67; Zu bird and, 74; Merodach fixes " plain of Shinar ", II I ; why gods Signs of the Zodiac, 147; the "sta­ of were bearded, I35, IJ6, 137; tions" of Enlil and Ea, 147; animals burial customs of like early Egyptian, and myths of the, 289; in various 211, 214; cities of destroyed in Ham­ local mythologies, 290; the " host murabi Age, 243; the Biblical Shinar of heaven", 294; as totems, 295; as is, 247; stars in primitive religion of, ghosts, 295, 304; in mythologies of 289; Naturalism and the Zi, 29I; Teutons, Aryo-Indians, Greeks, sculpture of compared with Assyrian, Egyptians, &c., 295, 296, 319, 320; 401. star of Osiris, 296; Ishtar myths, 295, Sumerian goddesses, racial origin of, 299; Merodach as Regulus and Ca­ ws. pella, 299; bi-sexual deities and the, Sumerians, characteristics of, 2; Ak­ 299; early association of Isis with, kadians adopted culture of, 2, 3; 300; three for each month, 307, 308, unlike the Chinese, 3 ; Mongolian 309; the "divinities of council", 309; affinities of doubtful, 3; language of the doctrine of mythical Ages and, 310 agglutinative like those of Chinese, et seq.; popular worship of, 317; as Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques, "birth-ruling divinities", 318; spirits 3; Ural-Altaic racial theory, 4; of associated with gods, 318; in shaving customs of, 5; of Mediter­ Indian Vedas and "Forest Books", ranean or Brown Race, 7; congeners 318; Biblical references to, 324; of prehistoric Europeans, 9; Arabs literary references to, 325; Anshar and Egyptians and, 9, ro; conquered as the Pole star, 330; Isaiah and by Akkadians, 12; survival of culture Polar star myth, 331; Polar star as and language of, I3; in early Copper " the kid", 333; in Ashur ring Age, 12, IJ; pious records of kings symbol, 344· of, 112; how history of is being re­ Steer, moon god as the, 52, 135· stored, IIJ; the earliest dates, I14; Stone Age, the Late, pottery of in end of political power of, 217; as Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and early astronomers, 300. Europe, 5; origin of agriculture in, 6; Sumu-abum (su'mu-a'bum), early in Palestine, 10; racial blending in Amoritic king, 241. ·· Egypt in, II ; civilization in, 13 Sumu-la-ilu (su-mu'la-i'lu), early King et Stfj.; refined faces of men of, IS. of Hammurabi Age, 241; capture of Stone worship, moon worship and, 52; Kish by, 241, 242; Assyrian king Ninip the bull god and, 53· claims descent from, 419. Storm demons, the Babylonian Shutu Sun, origin of in sea fire, so, 51; sea­ and Adapa legend, 72, 73; the Euro­ sonal worship of, 53, 240; Mitra and pean, 72, 73· See Wind !zags. Varuna as regulators of, 54; as "boat Strabo, on Babylonian works of Alex­ of the sky", 56 j as a planet, 301; as ander, 498; on Semiramis legend, bridegroom, 3o6, 306 n.; in astrology, 425- 318; the "man in" the, 335, 336. Straw girdle, a birth charm, 165. Sun, god of, Ninip, Nirig, and Nergal Subbi-lnliuma (sUb'bi-lu-li-U'ma), Hit­ as, 53, 54, 303; Babbar as, 54; as tite king, conquests of, 283, 363. Judge of living and dead, 54; as seer Sumer, or Sumeria (shoo' mer and sum­ of secret sin, 54, 55 ; links between i'ri-a), its racial and geographical Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna, 54, 55: INDEX 533 Ninip and Nin-Girsu, and Babbar arrow, 351, 352; the "dot within and Shamasb, I32l Tammuz as, ISS; the circle" and egg thoro, 352. forms of, 297, 29S; Horus as the, Syria, broad beads in, S; early races in, 300; as offspring and spouse of moon, 11; supposed invasion of by Lugal­ 30I; Orion as a manifestation of, 305; zaggisi; 125; Sargon of Akkad's animals identified with, 329, 330; empire in, 127; hill god of, I 36; symbols of, 335, 336. sheepskin burials in, 2I3; culture of Sundial, a Babylonian invention, 323; higher than Egypt at end of Hyksos of Ahaz, 323. Age, 275· Sun god, Shamash as, 40; c:entres of, 40. See Skamasli. Tabal (ta-biil'), Hittite Cilician king­ Sun goddess, the Babylonian and Hit­ dom of, 395; Shalmaneser III sub­ tite, 57· dueskingof,414; Sargon II conquers, Surpanakha (sUr-pi'nak-bii), the Indian 46o, 461; Biblical reference to, 464; demon, like Lilith, 67. tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483. Susa, prehistoric pottery of, 5 ; capital Tablets of Destiny, the, Zu bird steals, of Elam, I II; Hammurabi Code dis­ 74; Tiamat gives to Kingu in Crea­ covered at, 222; burning of Persian tion legend, 141, 145; Merodach palace at, 497· takes from Kingu, 146; Ninip re­ Sutarna II (sil-tiir'nii), King of Mitanni, ceives, I 58. 2S 3 ; deposed by rival, 2S4- Taharka (tii-har'ka), King of Egypt, in Sutekh (silt' ekh), as tribal god, I 56; as anti-Assyrian revolt, 465; intrigues dragon slayer, I 57; Hittite thunder against Esarhaddon, 471; Esarhad­ and fertility god and, 261. don's invasion of Egypt, 475; flight Suti (sil'ti), the, Aramrean robbers, 28 5, of, 475, 476; death of, 482. 359, 36o; settled in Asia Minor, 46I. Tammuz, O.siris and, xxxi, S1; varia­ Svip'dag, Gilgamesh and, 184, ISS. tions of myths of, xxxii; blood of in Swan, Irish love god as, 428 "·; love river, 47, 4S; as the shepherd and messenger in India, 429. spring sun, 53 ; spends winter in Swan maidens, as lovers, 6S. Hades, 53; links with Mithra, 55, Swine, offerings of to sea god, 33; de­ 94; son of Ea, S2; Belit-sheri, sister mons enter, 71; sacrificed toTammuz, of, 98; lshtar, mother and lover of, 8 S ; associated with Osiris, 8 5 ; Gaelic 101; worship of among Hebrews, S2, Hag's herd of, 87; sacrifice of to cure 1o6, 107; as "the man of sorrows", disease, 236; Ninip as boar god, 88; " the true and faithful son ", 93; 302. as the patriarch, 82; Sargon of Akkad Symbolism, forehead symbol of Apis myth and, 91; links with Adonis, bull and Sumerian goat, 334; u high Attis, Diarmid, and pre-Hellenic heads": Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, deities, 83, B4; blood of in river, S5; Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash, kid and sucking pig of, 8 5; as "steer 334; symbols of "high heads", 334; of heaven", Ss; Nin-shach, boar god, the " world spine' and u world as slayer of, 86; Ishtar laments for, tree ", 334 ; the " water sun " of 86; month of wailings for, 87-9; why Shamash, 334; Ashur's winged disks Ishtar deserted, 99, 103; as the love or "wheels", 334 et sq.; "man in god, 87; dies with vegetation, &c., S7, the sun" in Assyria, Egypt, and S8; sacred cedar of, S8; in gloomy India, 335, 336; Blake's "double Hades, 89; return of like Frode vision", 336; the arrow symbol, (Frey), 95; as the slumbering com 337; "shuttle" of Neith a thunder­ child, S9, 90, 91; Teutonic Scyld or bolt, 337 "·; Assyria the cedar, 340, Sceaf a.nd, 92, 93; Frey, Hermod, 341; Isaiah and Ezekiel use Baby­ and Heimdal like, 93; as world lonian and Assyrian, 341; the eagle, ~ian and denton-slayer like Heim­ 343, 344; Ezekiel's wheels and four­ dal and Agni, 94; as the healer like faced cherubs, 344 et sev.; wheels or Khonsu, 94; Ish tar visits Hades for, disks of Hittites, India.ns, &c., 347, 96, 97, 98; refusal to leave Hades,. J48; the double axe, 348; the Ashur 98; like Kingu in Tiam&t myth, 1o6; 534 INDEX Nin-Girsu, or En-Mersi, of Lagash the goat and, 333, 334; Ashur, a form of, 116, 120; Nina and Belit­ Tammuz, and Indra and, 340. sheri and, 117; Sargon myth like Thorkill (thOr'kill), the Germanic, Gil­ lndianKarnastory, 126,437; Zamama, gamesh and, I85. Merodach, Ninip and, 53, 126, 158, Thoth (thOth or ta-hoo'tee ), the Egyptian 241, 302, 305; as elder god, 159; god, as chief of Ennead, 36; curative Etana and Gilgamesh and, 164; as saliva of, 46; Sumerian moon god patriarch and sleeper, 164; eagle of, like, 30I. 120, 168; Nimrod myth, 170; John Thothmes III (thoth'mes), of Egypt, Barleycorn and, 170; Gilgamesh and, wars against Mitanni, 27 S ; corre­ 171, 172, 210; in Gilgamesh epic, spondence of with Assyrian king, 276, 176; Nebo and, 303, 435; Adonis 279- slain by boar god of war, 304; planet­ Thunder god, Ramman, Hadad or ary deities and, 301, 304; forms of Dadu, and Enlil as, 35, 57; Indra like Horus, 30,5.; astral links with as, 35; Dietrich as Thor, 74; in Baby­ Merodach and Attis, 305; Ashur and, lonian Zu and Indian Garuda myths, 337, 340, 348; identified with Nusku, 74, 75, I69; in demon war, 76; Mero­ &c., 354; as Anshar, En Mersi, and dach as, 144; Hercules as, I7I; hom Nin-Girsu, 333; doves and, 428 n. and hammer of, 238; the Hittite, 26o; Tanutamon (ta-nut'amon), Ethiopian the Amorite, Mitannian, Kassite, and king, Assyrians expelled from Mem­ Aryan, 26I; Ptah of Egypt a, 263, phis by, 482, 483; defeat of, 483. 264. Tarku (tar'kti), Asia Minor thunder god, Thunder goddess, the Egyptian Neith 35. 57. 261, 395· a, 337n. Tarsus, Hittite city of, 395· Thunderstone, weapon of Merodach Tashmit (tash'mit), spouse ofNebo, 436; and Ramman, 144, 159, I6o. creatrix and, 437· Tiamat (ti'a-mat), like Egyptian Nut, Taylor, J. E., xx. 37; in group of early deities, 64; the Tears, agricultural weeping ceremonies, "brood" of, 64, 65; as Great Mother, 82 et seq. Io6; in Creation legend, 138; plots Tears of deities, the fertilizing, 29; the with Apsu and Mummu, I39; as creative, 45, 46. Avenger of Apsu, I40; exalts Kingu, Tefnut (tef'nut), the Egyptian goddess, 14I; Anu and Ea fears, I42; Mero­ created from saliva, 46. dach goes against, I44; slaying of, Tell-el-Amarna letters, historical evi­ 146; Merodach divides "Ku-pu" of, dence from, 28o et seq.; Assyrian 147; the dragon's heart, I47 n.; king's letter, 284, 285. body of forms sky and earth, 147; Tello (tello'), Lagash site, I20; archaic followers of "fallen gods", i so; as fom\5 of gods, I 35; mound of, Lagash origin of good and evil, I so; bene­ site, 243· ficent forms of, I so ; as the dragon Temples, the houses of gods, 6o. of the deep, lSI; Gaelic sea· monster Teshub or Teshup (tesh'ub), thunder and, 151; Alexander the Great sees, god of Armenia, 26I; as a Mitannian ISI; the Scottish "eel" and, 151; god, 269; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, "brood of" in Beowulf, 151; vulner­ 282, 395· able part of, I 53; Ishtar and, I 57; Teutonic sea-fire belief, SI. the Gorgons and, IS9; in Germanic Thebes, sack of by Assyrians, 483. legend, 202; grave demons and, 215; Theodoric (toyd'rik or the-od'o-rik), reference to by Damascius, 328. (Also the Goth, myths of, I64. rendered "Tiawath ".) Thomas the Rhymer, as a "sleeper", Tiana (ti-an'i), Hittite city of, 395· I64- Tibni, revolt of in Israel, 405. Thompson, R. Campbell, 34, 39, 72, Tidal (ti'dal), Saga on Hittite connec­ 76, 234• 235. 238, 239- tions of, 264, 265; Tudhula of the Thor, Ramman and Dadu or Hadad as, Hittites as, 247, 248. 57; Dietrich as, 74, I64; the hammer Tiglath-pileser I (tig'lath pi-le'ser), of of, 238; deities that link with, 26I; Assyria, 382; conquests of, 38 3, 384- INDEX S3S Tiglath-pileser IV, the Biblical "Pul", 186 ; in Indian legends, 187, 188; in ' 444l Babylonian campaign of, 445, Scottish folk tales, 189. 446; Shard uris of Urartu defeated by, Turkestan, early civilization of and the 446, 447; Israel, Damascus, and Sumerian, 5; did agriculture originate Tyre pay tribute to, 449; destruction in 1 6; prehistoric painted pottery in, of U rarti capital, 450; appeal of Ahaz 263. to, 451, 452; Israel punished by, 453l Turkey, great Powers and, 357; lan­ Babylon welcomes, 453; triumphs of, guage of and Sumerian, 3· 454- Turks, of Ural-Altaic stock, 4- Tigris, the river, 22; as " the bestower Tushratta (ttish'rat-ta), King of Mi- · of blessings", 23; rise and fall and tanni, 28o; correspondence of with length of, 24- Egyptian kings, 282 et seiJ.; murder Tiy, Queen, in Tell-el-Amarna letters, of, 283. 283; Semiramis like, 418; Aton and Twin goddesses, Ishtar and Belitsheri, Mut worship, 419; mother worship 98, 99; Isis and Nepthys, 99· and, 423· Tyr, the Germanic god, mother of a Toothache, Babylonian cure of, 234. demon, 64- 235· Tyre, relations with Sidon and Hebrews, Totems, the bear, 164; mountains, 388, 389, 392; tribute of to Adad­ trees, and animals as, 292, 293; sur­ nirari IV, 439; gifts from to Tiglath­ names and, 293; the fish of Ea and, pileser IV, 449; King Luli and As­ 294; eating the in Egypt, 295; syria, 465; Esarhaddonand, 474o 475; doves, snakes, crocodiles, &c., as, tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 4S3; 432, 433; Persian eagle, 493- conspiracyagainst Nebuchadrezzar II, Trade routes, Babylonia and Assyria 491, 492. struggle for, 286; the ancient, 356; Tyrol, the demon lover of, 6S; wind Baghdad and other railways following, bags of, 74- 357; ancient Powers struggled to control, 358; Babylon's route to Uazit (oo'az-it), Egyptian serpent god­ Egypt, 359; Arabian desert route dess, 150- opened, 36o; route abandoned, 361 ; Umma (oom'ma), city of, Lagash and, Elam's caravan roads, 361 ; struggle uS; captured by Ean11atum, uS; for Mesopotamia, 361 et sq.; Baby­ crushing defeat of by Entemena, lon's trade with China, Egypt, &c., 119, 120; king of destroys Lagash, 371, 372- 12J, 124- Transmigration of souls, 31 5· Ur, Nannar, moon god of, 40; the "Tree of Life", Professor Sayee on the moon god Baal of, 51; antiquity of, Babylonian, 39· 52; Laga5h king sways, 119; empire Tree worship, Tammuz, Adonis and of, 130; moon god of supreme, 130; Osiris and, 88; Ashur and, 339; Abraham migrates from, 131, 245; Ezekiel on Assyria's tree, 340, 341. revolt of with Larsa against Isin, 132 ; Trees, in Babylonia, 24o 25; sap as the moon god of in Kish, 241; under " blood" of, 47; as totems, 291, Elamite kings of Larsa in Ham­ 293- murabi Age, 242; Abraham's migra­ Trident, the lightning, weapon of tion from, 245; Chaldreans and, 391; Merodach, 144. revolt against Ashur-bani-pal, 4S4; Tritons, the, 33- Nabonidus and, 492. Tudhula (tild'hil-la), a Hittite king, Ura (oo'ra), god of disease, 77· identified with Biblical Tidal, 2471 Ural-Altaic stock, Turks and Finns of, 248; forms of name of, 264o 265. Sumerians and, 4- Tukulti-Ninip I (tu-kul'ti-nin'ip), of Urartu (ilr-ar'til), combines with Phry­ Assyria, 368, 369. gians and Hittites against Sargon II, Tukulti-Ninip Ill, 396. 46o; as vassal state of Assyria, 461; Tunnel, the dark, in Gilgamesh epic, rise of kingdom of, 395; god and 178; Germanic land of darkness, 185; culture of, 440; Adad-nirari and, in Alexander the Great myth, 185, 440; ethnics of, 440 11.; capital. of, 536 INDEX 44I; Sharduris of routed by Tiglath­ goddess of Egypt, 168; as protectors pileser IV, 446, 447, 450; alliance of Shakuntala, 423, 424- · with Hittites against Sargon II, 46o; as vassal state of Assyria, 46I; Cim­ Wales, pig as the devil in, 293· merians and Scythians raid, 46I, 464; Warad Sin, struggle of with Babylon, Sennacherib's murderers escape to, 217; the Biblical Arioch, 247, 248. 470; in Esarhaddon's reign, 472; Warka. See Ereck. Assyrian alliance with, 473, 486; Water, control and distribution of in Cyaxares king of, 493- Babylonia, 23, 24; com deities and, Uri (Ur'i), early name of Akkad, 2. 33; essence of life in, 44, 45, 51. Ur-Nina (iir-ni'na), King of Lagash, Water gods and demons, 27 et seq. II6; gods worshipped by, II6, II7; Water of Life, Gilgamesh's quest of, famous plague of, 117, 118. 177 et seq.; in Alexander the Great Ur-Ninip (iir-nin'ip), King oflsin, I32; myth, I86; in Koran legend, I86; in mysterious death of, I33· Gaelic legends, I86, 187; in Indian Uruk (iir'uk). See Ereck. legends, 187, 210. Urukagina (iir-u-kag'in-a), King of Waxen figures, in folk cures, 234- Lagash, first reformer in history, Weapons in graves, 212. I2I; taxes· and temple fees reduced Weaving, in Late Stone Age, I4. by, I22, 210, 211j fall of, 123, I24- Weeping ceremonies, the agricultural, Urumush (iir'ii-miish), Akkadian em­ 82 et seq.; the Egyptian god Rem, 29. peror, I27- Wells, worship of,# Utu (ii'tii), Sumerian name of sun god, Westminster Abbey, Long Meg and, 55· . I 56- Wheel of Life, the, Ashur, 334 et seq.; Valentine, St., mating day of, 430. Ezekiel's references to, 344 et seq.; in V'aruna, the Indian god, links with Ea­ Babylonian, Indian, Persian, and Oannes, 3 I, 34 ; sea fire of, 50, 5I ; Hittite mythologies, 346-8; in Indian Shamash the sun god and, 54; as­ mythology, 346, 347; the sun and sociation of with rain, 55; Sumerian the, 348; "dot within the circle" and links with, 55, 56; worshippers of egg thorn, 352; Ahura Mazda's, 355· buried dead, 56; no human beings in ·· Wife of Merodach, 22Ij Amon's wife, Paradise of, 209; attire of deities in 22I. Paradise of, 2I2; the goat and, 333· Wild Huntsmen, the, Asiatic gods as, Vas'olt, Tyrolese storm demon, 74- 35. 64- Vayu (va'yu), Indian wind god, 35· .. Will-a' -the-wisp", the Babylonian Vedas (vay'dlis), astronomy of the, 318. and European, 66, 67. Venus, the goddess, I7, 296; lovers of, Winckler, Dr. Hngo, Semitic migra­ IO~ tions, Io; on Mitannian origins, 268, Ventas, the planet, Ish tar as, 296; 269; Boghaz-Koi tablets found by, female at sunset and male at sunrise, 28o, 367. 299; in sun and moon group, 301; _Wind, the south-west, demon of in rays of as beard, 30I; as the "Pro­ Babylonia and Europe, 72, 73· claimer", 314; connection of with Wind gods, Vayu, Enlil, Ramman, &c., moon, 314; in astrology, 3I8, 324- as, 35· Vestal virgins, 228, 229. Wind hags, Babylonia Shutu, Scottish Vishnu (vish'noo), the Indian god, like Annie, English Annis, Irish Anu, 73; Ea, 27; Ea like, 38; eagle giant as Icelandic Angerboda, 73; Tyrolese vehicle of, 75; Sri or Lakshmi wife "wind brewers", 74; Artemis as one of, IOI; sleep of on world serpent, of the, 104- ISO; eagle and, I69, 347- Winds, the seven, as servants of 1\:lero- " Vital spark ", the, fire as, 49· dach, I45· · Voice, the pure, in Sumerian spell, Wine seller who became queen, I14, 46. 115; the female, 229. Vulture, as deity of fertility, 429, 430; Wolf, Nergai-Mars as the, 303. ~~ r~rsian eagle legend and, 493; Women, as rulers in Egypt and Baby. INDEX 531 Ionia, 16, 17; treatment of in ea:rly Zabium (za'bi-um). king in Hammurabi times, IS; Nomads oppressors of, 16; Age, 24z. · eulted by Mediterranean peoples, 16; Zachariah, King of Israel, 449· Sumerian laws regarding, 16, ~7; the Zamama (za-mii'mii), god of Kish, Tam­ Sumerian language of, 17; in goddess muz traits of, 126; identified with worship, 1o6-89 social status of, 1o8; Merodach, 241. • position of in Hammurabi Code, 224 Zambia (zam'bi-a), King of Isin, 133. 11 seq.; the marriage- market, 224. Zedekiah, King of Judah, conspiracy 22Sl drink traffic monopolized by,· &gainst Babylonia. 490; punishment • 229- of, 491; the captivity, 491. Worid hill, in Babylonian, Indian, and Zerpanitum (zir-pii'nit-um), mother god­ Egyptian mythologies, 3JZ. dess,· roo; as "Lady of the Abyss", World serpent, in Eur-Asian mytho­ 16o; as Aruru, 16o; Persian godde&S logies, lSI- and, 496. World Soul, the Brahm&nic, 394, Jz8, Zeus (to rhyme with mouse), the god, 329- as sea-god's brother, 33; in Adonis " World spike", star called, 332. myth, 90; an imported god, 105; in "World spine", the, 33Zl the " world father and son myth, ISS; eagle of, · tree" and, 334; Ashur standard as, 168; deities that link with, 261; the 335· " Great Bear" myth and, z96. World tree, symbol of" world spine••, Zi (zee'), the Sumerian manifestation of 334- life, 291; "Sige the mother" as Ziku, Worm, the, dragon as, lSI; the legencl 328 "· ' of the,·Z34o Z35- Zimri, revolt of in Israel, 405. Wryneck, goddess and the, 437 "· Zodiac, Signs of the, 147, 301, 30S; Babylonian origin of, 3o6 ; Hittites, Xerxes, Merodach's temple pillaged by, Phrenicians, and Greeks and, 3o6; 497- stars of as " Divinities of Council", 309; division of, 307 ; the fields of Ya, the Hebrew, Ea as, 31. Ea. Anu, and Bel, 307; three stars Varna (yi'mi), Osiris and Gilg&mesh for each month, 307--9; the lunar in and, xxxii; Mitra and, s6; eagle as, various countries, 309; when signs of 169; Gilgamesh and, zoo; the Para, · were fixed, J2Z. elise of, 209. Zii bird, Garuda eagle and, xxvi; myth Vng've, the Germanic patriarch, 93· of, 74- Vilgis, the Indian doctrine of, Baby­ ZU%11 (zil'z:il), King of Opis, captured by lonian origin of, 310 d seq. Eannatum of Lagash, 1 19.