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DISCLAIMER The views expressed in the published works do not express the views of the Institute of International Politics and Economics, Faculty of Security Studies (University of Belgrade) or Editors. The authors take legal and moral responsibility for the ideas expressed in the articles. The Publisher shall have no liability in the event of the issuance of any claims for damages. The Publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation. EUROPE IN CHANGES: THE OLD CONTINENT AT A NEW CROSSROADS Katarina Zakić and Birgül Demirtaş (eds.) Belgrade, 2021 EURoPE In ChAngES: ThE oLD ConTInEnT AT A nEw CRoSSRoADS https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_euchanges.2021 Publishers Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade For the Publishers Professor Branislav Đorđević, Ph.D. Director of the Institute of International Politics and Economics Professor Vladimir n. Cvetković, Ph.D. Dean of the Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade Editors in Chief Katarina Zakić, Ph.D. and Birgül Demirtaş, Ph.D. Language editor Maja nikolić Cover design and layout Sanja Balović Printed by nS Mala Knjiga+, novi Sad ISBn 978-86-7067-282-6 Reviewing Board Profеssor Beatriz Bissio, Department of Political Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Professor Artur Demchuk, Faculty of Political Sciences, Moscow State University "Lomonosov", Moscow, Russia Professor hans Koechler, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Proffesor Stefano Pilotto, Department of International Relations, MIB School of Management, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy Professor Liu Zuokui, Director of the Department of Central and Eastern European Studies, Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China Professor Srđa Trifković, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and herzegovina Professor Biljana Vankovska, Faculty of Law, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, north Macedonia CONTENTS EUROPEAN RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TRENDS AND TRANSFORMATION Richard Sakwa nEw oR PoST-ATLAnTICISM EURoPEAn SECURITy In ThE 21st CEnTURy 15 Miroslav Glišić, Branislav Đorđević, Dejan Stojković STREngThEnIng SECURITy AnD DEFEnCE – whAT IS ThE RELATIVE PowER oF ThE EURoPEAn UnIon viS-à-viS ThE MEMBER STATES? 37 Uroš Ćemalović SUPREMACy oF EU LAw oVER nATIonAL LEgISLATIon AnD SUPREME JURISDICTIonS oF ThE MEMBER STATES – A qUEST FoR A nEw BALAnCE 63 Nevena Šekarić EnERgy SECURITy ISSUES: REShAPIng EURoPEAn REgIonAL SECURITy PATTERnS? 79 Mihajlo vučić EURoPEAn UnIon’S qUEST FoR DIgITAL SoVEREIgnTy: PoLICy ConTInUATIonS AnD STRATEgy InnoVATIonS 99 Elena Ponomareva, Dušan Proroković nATo vS RUSSIA: IMPACT on BALKAn REgIonAL SECURITy 117 Birgül Demirtaş STATE, RELIgIon AnD REFUgEES: ThE CASE oF TURKEy AnD DIyAnET 139 7 Europe in changes: The old continent at a new crossroads Branko Krga ThE gLoBAL STRATEgy FoR ThE FoREIgn AnD SECURITy PoLICy oF ThE EURoPEAn UnIon AnD ThE SECURITy oF ThE REPUBLIC oF SERBIA 155 GLOBAL EUROPE: THE POSITION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN WORLD POLITICS Duško Lopandić, Jelica Gordanić ThE EURoPEAn UnIon BETwEEn ITS REgIonAL RoLE AnD ITS gLoBAL AMBITIonS In InTERnATIonAL RELATIonS 173 iulia Monica Oehler-Şincai In SEARCh oF A EURoPEAn UnIon gRAnD STRATEgy In InDo-PACIFIC 187 Ana Jović Lazić, ivona Lađevac REDEFInIng RUSSIA-EURoPEAn UnIon RELATIonS – IS IT PoSSIBLE To oVERCoME A DEEP CRISIS? 215 Marek Hrubec FRAgMEnTIng ChInAMERICA AnD ITS IMPACTS In EURoPE: MULTILATERAL TRAnSFoRMATIon oF ThE gLoBAL SySTEM 237 Miloš Petrović PoLITICAL RELATIonS BETwEEn gERMAny AnD ThE UnITED STATES DURIng ThE TRUMP PRESIDEnCy 267 Miro Haček SLoVEnIAn DEMoCRATIC STRUggLES AFTER ThE EU ACCESSIon 289 vladimir Trapara ThE BELARUSIAn ISSUE In EURoPEAn AFFAIRS 307 8 Europe in changes: The old continent at a new crossroads TWO FACES OF EUROPE: UNITY OR DIVISION Andrey Fursov EURoPEAn (In)SECURITy In MULTIDIMEnSIonAL PERSPECTIVE oR ShoRT hAPPy LIFE oF ThE EU 325 Stephen Baskerville EAST-CEnTRAL EURoPE AnD ThE TRAnSFoRMATIon oF gLoBAL IDEoLogy 343 Rastislav Kazansky ThE PRoBLEM oF REgIonAL SEPARATISM AS A FACToR oF DESTABILISATIon In SPAIn 361 Anton Hrubon hoAxES AnD FAKE nEwS oF ThE nEo-FASCISTS In SLoVAKIA: CoMMUnICATIon STRATEgIES, REFLECTIonS, IMPACT on InTERnAL AnD SECURITy PoLITICS 383 NEW TRENDS ON THE ECONOMIC HORIZON IN EUROPE Nataša Stanojević ThE RISE oF EURoPEAn PRoTECTIonISM 407 Sanja Jelisavac Trošić whAT IS ThE RoLE oF ThE EURoPEAn UnIon In REShAPIng ThE FUTURE oF ThE woRLD TRADE oRgAnIZATIon? 425 Katarina Zakić, Meixing Sun ThE RESULTS oF EConoMIC Co-oPERATIon BETwEEn ThE EU AnD ChInA AMID ThE CoVID-19 PAnDEMIC 445 ivan Dujić ThE Co-oPERATIon BETwEEn ThE EURoPEAn UnIon AnD LATIn AMERICAn CoUnTRIES 465 9 PREFACE The global political, economic and security environment changed dramatically in 2020. The CoVID-19 pandemic has put humankind in a difficult position. while fighting daily with this terrible disease, governments are doing their best, so their countries can survive the challenges ahead of them. one year after the pandemic started, it is obvious that the global political and economic situation is worse than it was before and that the divide between the East and the west is even wider. Escalation of problems at the political, economic, security and health level is decreasing the global stability. Protectionism, self-reliance, and even self-centredness are processes that are shaping today’s global environment. we are witnessing discussions about the winners and losers of the pandemic, although, at the start of 2021, more than 2 million people worldwide died because of the pandemic. Because of that, we need to ask ourselves – where are we going and what are we going to change? In these circumstances, the Institute of International Politics and Economics and the Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade, were persistent to keep their tradition and publish their yearly book with a thematic collection of papers. This is the fourth year in a row in which these two institutions are issuing a book. This year with a new current topic – Europe in Changes: The Old Continent at a New Crossroads. Katarina Zakić, from the Institute of International Politics and Economics, Serbia and Birgül Demirtaş, from the Turkish-german University, Turkey, edited the Collection of Papers. The review board consists of the distinguishing scientists from Brazil, Russia, Austria, Italy, China, Bosnia and herzegovina, and north Macedonia. Scientific papers were written by the authors from Serbia, the United Kingdom, Slovakia, Russia, Turkey, the US, China, Slovenia, Romania, and the Czech Republic. while making plans for this book, we kept in mind the current changes in today’s Europe, but at the same time, we also wanted to emphasise old problems that still exist. we also wanted to give the opportunity to the 11 Europe in changes: The old continent at a new crossroads authors from all over the world to share their ideas and views on the perspective and vision of old/new Europe. According to the topics and research questions covered in this book, the papers were divided into four thematic units. The first one is named European Relations and European Security in the 21st Century: Trend and Transformation. The authors covered a variety of topics such as issues regarding national security versus EU security, national legal systems versus the EU laws, energy security, digital sovereignty, the refugee crisis and nATo role in European security. The second part of the book is titled Global Europe: the Position of European Countries in World Politics. In this chapter, the authors shared their opinion on the European Union‘s present struggles and interest in international politics. The authors explained major issues and relations that are influencing the EU’s foreign politics with the Indo-Pacific, Russia, the US and China. on the other hand, some papers were dedicated to the internal struggles within individual countries such as germany, Slovenia and Belarus. In the third part of the book, called Two Faces of Europe: Unity or Division, the papers are highlighting the problem of division within the EU, whether those problems are related to ideology, religion, separatism, or the problems regarding the escalation of right-wing parties in Europe. In the end, the fourth part is named New Trends on the Economic Horizon in Europe. This chapter is dedicated to the economic issues within the EU, connected to protectionism, funding of the world Trade organisation, economic cooperation with China during the pandemic and the EU cooperation with the Latin American countries. In total, 23 papers written by 29 authors are indicating the main crossroads that Europe is facing. Some of them are old, and some are new. In that constant pursuit of the right road, it is difficult to say in advance whether it will be a good one or bad. It is, therefore, necessary to persistently analyse, learn and understand. we hope that this book will be a road to a better understanding of Europe for the readers. Professor Vladimir n. Cvetković, Ph.D. Dean of the Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade Professor Branislav Đorđević, Ph.D. Director of the Institute of International Politics and Economics 12 I EUROPEAN RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TRENDS AND TRANSFORMATION https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_euchanges.2021.ch1 NEW OR POST-ATLANTICISM: