La Hibridación En El Origen Y Extinción De Especies En El Género Antirrhinum (Scrophulariaceae): El Caso De Las Rupícolas A

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La Hibridación En El Origen Y Extinción De Especies En El Género Antirrhinum (Scrophulariaceae): El Caso De Las Rupícolas A VNIVERSITM ID V m e n c ix VNIVERSITM © ^V a l e n c ia Jardí Botánic La hibridación en el origen y extinción de especies en el género Antirrhinum (Scrophulariaceae): el caso de las rupícolas amenazadas A. charidemi, A. subbaeticum y A. valentinum Tesis Doctoral de Elena Carrió González Director Dr. Jaime Güemes Heras Valencia 2010 UMI Number: U603067 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishíng UMI U603067 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying underTitle 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 UNIVERSITAT DE VALÍEnCÍÁ BCA. DE CIÉNC1ES EDUARD BOSCÁ DATA: 9 -*7 ''L o l/a SIGNATURA: _ S" ITEM: C — > w VniverIitm m V \lE nci\ Jardl Botánic D. Jaime Güemes Heras, Doctor en Biología y Conservador del Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de Valencia-ICBiBE, AUTORIZA La presentación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada “La hibridación en el origen y extinción de especies en el género Antirrhmum (Scrophulariaceae): el caso de las rupícolas amenazadas A. charidemi, A. subbaeticum y A. valentinum”, elaborada por Dña. Elena Carrió González bajo mi inmediata dirección y supervisión en el Departamento de Botánica, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Valencia. '— 1 En Valencia a diecisiete de marzo de 2010 Esta memoria doctoral está dedicada a P. P. T. T.ib CIV. A AM1HRHIMM OLITINOSUM BOISS K tl < B Amimkhim m Chariuemi Lc.t. ^ ¿ A ^ \ 0 % V \ W f f f t í I mm icm 2mm U tijflM H M É feiM tta Contenido Introducciín 1 Hibridacicn: origen y extinción de especies 3 Origen Je especies 3 Extinciói de especies 7 Frecuercia de la hibridación interespecífica 11 El géneroAntirrhinum y los procesos de hibridación 12 El casode las rupícolas amenazadas A. charídemi, A. subbaeticum y A. valertinum 15 Objetivo 23 Capítulos (3n inglés) 27 Chaptert A geographical pattern of Antirrhinum speciation since the Pliocene kased on plastid and nuclear DNA polymorphism 27 1.1. Introduction 29 1.2. Materials and Methods 31 1.2.1.Sampling strategy and DNA sequencing 31 1.2.2.Plastid haplotype analysis 32 1.2.3.Phylogeneticanalysis 33 1.2.4. Dating lineage divergente 34 1.3. Resjlts 34 1.3.1.3lastid haplotypes analysis 34 1.3.2. ITS sequence variation 35 1.3.3. Phylogenetic analyses 37 1.3.4. Dating lineage divergente 38 1.4. Discussion 41 1.4.1. Evidence for extensive hybridization in Antirrhinum 41 1.4.2. Pleistocene divergente oí Antirrhinum lineages 43 1.4.3. A geographical pattern of differentiation in Eastern Iberia 44 Appendix (1.1) 47 Chapterll: Reproductive biology and conservaron implications in Antirrhinum charídemi, A. subbaeticum and A. valentinum 53 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Materials and Methods 57 2.2.1. Study species and site 57 2.2.2. Flowering phenology 59 2.2.3. Floral biology: flowering duration, pollen viability and stigma receptivity 60 2.2.4. Pollination treatments 61 2.2.5. Pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) 62 2.2.6. Inbreeding depresión 62 2.2.7. Statistical analysis 62 2.3. Results 63 2.3.1. Flowering phenology 63 2.3.2. Floral biology: flowering duration, pollen viability and stigma receptivity 63 2.3.3. Pollinations treatments 64 2.3.4. Pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) 72 2.3.5. Inbreeding depression 72 2.4. Discussion 73 2.4.1. Mating pattems 73 2.4.2. Limits on seed quantity and quality 74 2.4.3. Conservation implications 75 Chapterlll : Assessing the rísk of hybridization and introgression in a rare endemic Antirrhinum species: the case of A. valentinum 79 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Materials and Methods 84 3.2.1. Plant species and study site 84 3.2.2. Experimental crosses 86 3.2.3. Pollen adherence, germination and tube growth 88 3.2.4. Hybrid reproductive capacity 88 3.3. Results 90 3.3.1. Experimental crosses 90 3.3.2. Pollen adherence, germination and tube growth 91 3.3.3. Hybrid reproductive capacity 93 3.4. Discussion 95 3.4.1. Prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriere 95 3.4.2. Hybrid reproductive capacity 97 3.4.3. Potential hybridization and introgression in the environment 98 3.4.4. Conservation implications 100 Chapter IV: Evaluating species non-monophyly as a trait affecting genetic diversity: the case of Antirrhinum charidemi, A. subbaeticum and A. valentinum 101 4.1. Introduction 103 4.2. Materials and Methods 105 4.2.1. Sampling 105 4.2.2. DNA extraction, gene amplificationand sequencing 108 4.2.3. Data analysis 108 4.3. Results 111 4.3.1. Characteristics of nuclear and plastid sequences 111 4.3.2. Phylogenetic analysis 111 4.3.3. Analysis of plastid haplotypes 116 4.4. Discussion 116 4.4.1. Testing monophyly at the species level 116 4.4.2. Life history traits, monophyly and genetic diversity 119 Appendix (4.1) 122 Conclusiones 127 Referencias 131 Agradecimientos 157 j ¡ ¡ Jl Introducción Introducción HIBRIDACIÓN: ORIGEN Y EXTINCIÓN DE ESPECIES El papel de la hibridación en el origen, mantenimiento y pérdida de la biodiversidad ha sido sujeto de especulación y debate durante más de dos siglos. Linné ya escribió en 1760 “es imposible dudar de que hay muchas especies producidas por generación híbrida ...y consecuentemente, que muchas de las especies de plantas de un género, que en principio eran una sola planta, han surgido por generación híbrida”. Autores posteriores han mantenido el debate hasta nuestros días (Mendel, 1866; Grant, 1989; Arnold, 1997; Rieseberg, 1997). Mientras que algunos autores han enfatizado, como Linné, el papel creativo de la hibridación en la formación de especies (Stebbins, 1942; Anderson, 1949; Arnold, 1997), otros, en cambio, han destacado su papel como fuerza evolutiva destructora, capaz de la desintegración genética de especies (Ellstrand, 1992; Levin et al., 1996; Rhymer y Simberloff, 1996). Y sólo una minoría considera que la hibridación tiene un papel evolutivo insignificante, bajo la visión de que es un fenómeno poco natural que principalmente ocurre en lugares alterados por la actividad humana (Schemske, 2000). Origen de especies La idea de que la hibridación puede contribuir a incrementar la biodiversidad a través de la creación de especies o formas nuevas está ampliamente aceptada, sobre todo en el ámbito de las especiación vegetal (Arnold, 1993; Rieseberg, 1997; Rieseberg et al., 1999; Ungerer et al., 1998). Una especie hibridógena puede formarse por el aislamiento del híbrido natural de sus progenitores tras alcanzar la estabilidad genética (Grant, 1989). La especiación por hibridación puede ser de dos tipos en función del número cromosómico de la nueva especie: poliploide (alopoliploide) caracterizada porque en los híbridos se produce una duplicación del genoma, 4 INTRODUCCIÓN homoploide, en la que los híbridos mantienen el mismo número cromosómico que tienen las especies progenitoras (Rieseberg y Willis, 2007). El significado evolutivo de la especiación híbrida poliploide ha sido más estudiado que el de la homoploide (Chapman y Burke, 2007), pero todavía quedan aspectos por revelar (Mallet, 2007). Este tipo de especiación se detecta con más facilidad que la homoploide, porque implica un cambio en el número cromosómico de las especies híbridas con respecto al de las especies progenitoras. Uno de los mecanismos más conocidos por el que se pueden originar especies híbridas poliploides es a través de la duplicación de los cromosomas somáticos de un híbrido diploide (Rieseberg y Willis, 2007). Por ejemplo, en el híbrido diploide estéril entre Prímula verticillata y P. floribunda, se produjo una duplicación del genoma de las células vegetativas que dio lugar a tallos fértiles tetraploides. Posteriormente, este híbrido, se reprodujo por autogamia, y generó un nuevo híbrido tetraploide, Prímula kewensis, uno de los primeros híbridos poliploides descritos (Ramsey y Schemske, 1998; Mallet, 2007). El aislamiento reproductivo de los híbridos poliploides ocurre, prácticamente, de manera directa debido a que los cruces entre estos híbridos y los progenitores diploides fallan o producen progenie generalmente estéril, en parte, porque presentan números cromosómicos diferentes (Grant, 1989). Con frecuencia, los nuevos híbridos poliploides fracasan durante la etapa de establecimiento debido a que sufren anormalidades meióticas y/o a la escasez de cruzamientos apropiados en la población (Ramsey y Schemske, 1998; Soltis y Soltis, 2009). Sin embargo, otros factores ayudan a minimizar este fracaso. Por ejemplo, el hecho de que los híbridos poliploides sean capaces de colonizar nuevos hábitats disponibles y que tengan capacidad para la reproducción asexual, contribuye al éxito durante las primeras etapas del estableciendo (Baack, 2005; Rausch y Morgan, 2005). En otras ocasiones, los híbridos poliploides presentan una alta fecundidad y un modo de vida perenne, que les permite reproducirse en numerosas ocasiones a lo largo de su ciclo de vida y les confiere una ventaja durante el establecimiento (Rodríguez, 1996). La especiación por hibridación poliploide se considera un evento relativamente común, mucho más frecuente que la especiación por hibridación homoploide (Rieseberg, 1997). Actualmente se conocen muchas especies poliploides de origen INTRODUCCIÓN 5 híbrido (ej. Cardamine silana, en Perny et al., 2005; Achillea virescens, en Guo et al., 2005; Saxífraga osloensis, en Nilsson y Jorde, 1998), incluso algunas de ellas se han formado en los últimos 150 años, como Tragopogón mirus, T. miscellus (Ownbey, 1950) o Spartina anglica (Ainouche et al., 2004); o se han originado, en más de una ocasión, como Senecio cambrensis (Abbott y Lowe, 2004).
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