Athens (Athena, Goddess of Wisdom)
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A DIACHRONIC EXAMINATION OF THE ERECHTHEION AND ITS RECEPTION Alexandra L. Lesk, B.A., M.St. (Oxon.), M.A. Presented to McMicken College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Classics of the University of Cincinnati in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Committee: C. Brian Rose (Chair) Jack L. Davis Kathleen M. Lynch J. James Coulton Abstract iii ABSTRACT “A Diachronic Examination of the Erechtheion and Its Reception” examines the social life of the Ionic temple on the Athenian Akropolis, which was built in the late 5th century B.C. to house Athens’ most sacred cults and relics. Using a contextualized diachronic approach, this study examines both the changes to the Erechtheion between its construction and the middle of the 19th century A.D., as well as the impact the temple had on the architecture and art of these successive periods. This approach allows the evidence to shed light on new areas of interest such as the Post-Antique phases of the building, in addition to affording a better understanding of problems that have plagued the study of the Erechtheion during the past two centuries. This study begins with a re-examination of all the pertinent archaeological, epigraphical, and literary evidence, and proposes a wholly new reconstruction of how the Erechtheion worked physically and ritually in ancient times. After accounting for the immediate influence of the Erechtheion on subsequent buildings of the Ionic order, an argument for a Hellenistic rather than Augustan date for the major repairs to the temple is presented. -
Who Freed Athens? J
Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources Edited by Eric W. Robinson Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd The Beginnings of the Athenian Democracv: Who Freed Athens? J Introduction Though the very earliest democracies lildy took shape elsewhere in Greece, Athens embraced it relatively early and would ultimately become the most famous and powerful democracy the ancient world ever hew. Democracy is usually thought to have taken hold among the Athenians with the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes, ca. 508/7 BC. The tyrant Peisistratus and later his sons had ruled Athens for decades before they were overthrown; Cleisthenes, rallying the people to his cause, made sweeping changes. These included the creation of a representative council (bode)chosen from among the citizens, new public organizations that more closely tied citizens throughout Attica to the Athenian state, and the populist ostracism law that enabled citizens to exile danger- ous or undesirable politicians by vote. Beginning with these measures, and for the next two centuries or so with only the briefest of interruptions, democracy held sway at Athens. Such is the most common interpretation. But there is, in fact, much room for disagree- ment about when and how democracy came to Athens. Ancient authors sometimes refer to Solon, a lawgiver and mediator of the early sixth century, as the founder of the Athenian constitution. It was also a popular belief among the Athenians that two famous “tyrant-slayers,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton, inaugurated Athenian freedom by assas- sinating one of the sons of Peisistratus a few years before Cleisthenes’ reforms - though ancient writers take pains to point out that only the military intervention of Sparta truly ended the tyranny. -
The Acropolis
November 2010 The Acropolis Acropolis is actually a generic Greek term referring to citadel on high ground originally designed for defense, and a number of Ancient Greek cities could boast such, such as Argos, Thebes, and Corinth. It was Athen’s acropolis, though that has become the Acropolis to the modern world. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments in 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock which rises 490 ft above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. By the time of Pericles, during the Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC), a number of temples had already been build and destroyed on the Acropolis, but most of the major temples were rebuilt under Pericles, Phidias (a great Athenian sculptor) and Ictinus and Callicrates (two famous architects) . During the 5th century BC, the Acropolis gained its final shape. After winning at Eurymedon in 468 BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of southern and northern walls, and Pericles entrusted the building of the Parthenon to Ictinus and Phidias. The Parthenon is the dominant building one sees standing atop the Acropolis today. It has been judged by architects as the most perfect building ever built by Man, and it undoubtedly is one of the major reasons why the Acropolis is so famous. The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway called the Propylaea. To the south is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. A bronze statue of Athena, by Phidias, originally stood at its centre. -
September 21-24 Murieta Equestrian Center • Rancho Murieta, CA
CDS Celebrates 50 Years Great American Insurance Group / USDF Region 7 Championships Featuring over $20,000 in Prize Money from USDF 50th Annual California Dressage Society Championship Show Featuring over $30,000 in Prize Money and Awards from CDS Great American Insurance Group / Breeders Championships West Coast Final 2017 September 21-24 Murieta Equestrian Center • Rancho Murieta, CA California Dressage Society enjoy your time in the saddle we have you covered! EQUINE MORTALITY TRAINER LIABILITY CARE, CUSTODY AND CONTROL FARM & RANCH COMMERCIAL PACKAGES EQUINE SURGICAL & MAJOR MEDICAL INSURANCE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION & EMPLOYERS LIABILITY FOLLOW US! CDI 0545437 . A division of Parker General Insurance GLENDORA, CA (800) 321-5723 www.Equine-ins.com Donna & Joe Parker Great American Insurance Group/USDF Region 7 Dressage Championships Licensed by United States Equestrian Federation CDS 50th ANNIVERSARY ANNUAL CHAMPIONSHIP SHOW SEPTEMBER 21-24, 2017 MURIETA Equestrian Center, RANCHO MURIETA, CA • JUDGES • Sandra Hotz (4*) ........................................................................................Colorado Mike Osinski (4*) .................................................................................. Washington Brenda Minor (4*) ........................................................................................Canada Sue Mandas (S) Breed Judge ..........................................................................Ohio Louise Koch (S) ........................................................................................California -
Parthenon 1 Parthenon
Parthenon 1 Parthenon Parthenon Παρθενών (Greek) The Parthenon Location within Greece Athens central General information Type Greek Temple Architectural style Classical Location Athens, Greece Coordinates 37°58′12.9″N 23°43′20.89″E Current tenants Museum [1] [2] Construction started 447 BC [1] [2] Completed 432 BC Height 13.72 m (45.0 ft) Technical details Size 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft) Other dimensions Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Design and construction Owner Greek government Architect Iktinos, Kallikrates Other designers Phidias (sculptor) The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an Parthenon 2 enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[3] The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury. -
In Search of Fundamentals to Resist Ethnic Calamities and Maintain National Integrity
Scholarship Report – L. Picha Meiji Jingu & Shiseikan In Search of fundamentals to resist ethnic calamities and maintain national integrity Lefkothea Picha June-July 2013 1 Scholarship Report Meiji Jingu (明治神宮) & Shiseikan (至誠館) Contents Acknowledgements and impressions …………………………………… Page 3 a. Cultural trip at Izumo Taishia and Matsue city Introduction: Japan’s latest Tsunami versus Greek financial crisis reflecting national ethos…………………............................................................................ 6 Part 1 The Historic Horizon in Greece................................................... 7 a. Classical Period b. Persian wars c. Alexander’s the Great Empire d. Roman and Medieval Greece e. The Byzantine Period f. The Ottoman domination g. Commentary on the Byzantine epoch and Ottoman occupation h. World War II i. Greece after World War II j. Restoration of Democracy and Greek Politics in the era of Financial crisis Part 2 The liturgical and spiritual Greek ethos …………………………. 10 a. Greek mythology, the ancient Greek philosophy and Shinto b. Orthodox theology, Christian ethics and Shinto c. Purification process – Katharmos in ancient Greece, Christian Baptism and Misogi Part 3 Greek warriors’ ethos and Reflections on Bushido ..................... 14 a. Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) b. Ancient Greek warriors armor c. Comparison of Spartan soldiers and Samurai d. The motto “freedom or death and the Greek anthem e. Monument of the unknown soldier and Yasukunii shrine f. Women warriors and their supportive role against invaders g. Reflections on Bushido and its importance in the modern era h. Personal training in Budo and relation with Shiseikan Part 4 Personal view on Greek nation’s metamorphosis………………… 20 a. From the illustrious ancestors to the cultural decay. Is catastrophy a chance to revive Greek nation? Lefkothea Picha 2 Scholarship Report Meiji Jingu (明治神宮) & Shiseikan (至誠館) Acknowledgments and impressions I would like to thank Araya Kancho for the scholarship received. -
Register of Lords' Interests
REGISTER OF LORDS’ INTERESTS _________________ The following Members of the House of Lords have registered relevant interests under the code of conduct: ABERDARE, LORD Category 10: Non-financial interests (a) Director, F.C.M. Limited (recording rights) Category 10: Non-financial interests (c) Trustee, National Library of Wales (interest ceased 31 March 2021) Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Trustee, Stephen Dodgson Trust (promotes continued awareness/performance of works of composer Stephen Dodgson) Chairman and Trustee, Berlioz Sesquicentenary Committee (music) Director, UK Focused Ultrasound Foundation (charitable company limited by guarantee) Chairman and Trustee, Berlioz Society Trustee, West Wycombe Charitable Trust ADAMS OF CRAIGIELEA, BARONESS Nil No registrable interests ADDINGTON, LORD Category 1: Directorships Chairman, Microlink PC (UK) Ltd (computing and software) Category 10: Non-financial interests (a) Director and Trustee, The Atlas Foundation (registered charity; seeks to improve lives of disadvantaged people across the world) Category 10: Non-financial interests (d) President (formerly Vice President), British Dyslexia Association Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Vice President, UK Sports Association Vice President, Lakenham Hewitt Rugby Club (interest ceased 30 November 2020) ADEBOWALE, LORD Category 1: Directorships Director, Leadership in Mind Ltd (business activities; certain income from services provided personally by the member is or will be paid to this company; see category 4(a)) Director, Visionable -
Lecture 05 Greek Architecture Part 2
Readings Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy Pages 60– 65 Great Architecture of the World ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY Photo: Alexander Aptekar © 2009 Gardner Art Through the Ages Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature Architecture began in the service of religion 7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and design Beauty = Gods Secret of beauty lay in ratios and proportions Invented democracy and philosophy Created works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE Temples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tiles Purely formal objects Greeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materials The home of the Gods Became the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hills or other prominent locations www.greatbuildings.com www.greatbuildings.com Temple of Hephaestus megron Athenian Treasury Classical Orders In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns. What is an order? An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column. Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts. The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements. -
Constructions of Childhood on the Funerary Monuments of Roman Athens Grizelda Mcclelland Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) Summer 8-26-2013 Constructions of Childhood on the Funerary Monuments of Roman Athens Grizelda McClelland Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation McClelland, Grizelda, "Constructions of Childhood on the Funerary Monuments of Roman Athens" (2013). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 1150. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1150 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Classics Department of Art History and Archaeology Dissertation Examination Committee: Susan I. Rotroff, Chair Wendy Love Anderson William Bubelis Robert D. Lamberton George Pepe Sarantis Symeonoglou Constructions of Childhood on the Funerary Monuments of Roman Athens by Grizelda D. McClelland A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2013 St. Louis, Missouri © 2013, Grizelda Dunn McClelland Table of Contents Figures ............................................................................................................................... -
Athens' Domain
Athens’ Domain: The Loss of Naval Supremacy and an Empire Keegan Laycock Acknowledgements This paper has a lot to owe to the support of Dr. John Walsh. Without his encouragement, guid- ance, and urging to come on a theoretically educational trip to Greece, this paper would be vastly diminished in quality, and perhaps even in existence. I am grateful for the opportunity I have had to present it and the insight I have gained from the process. Special thanks to the editors and or- ganizers of Canta/ἄειδε for their own patience and persistence. %1 For the Athenians, the sea has been a key component of culture, economics, and especial- ly warfare. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) displayed how control of the waves was vital for victory. This was not wholly apparent at the start of the conflict. The Peloponnesian League was militarily led by Sparta who was the greatest land power in Greece; to them naval warfare was excessive. Athens, as the head of the Delian League, was the greatest sea power in Greece whose strengths lay in their navy. However, through a combination of factors, Athens lost control of the sea and lost the war despite being the superior naval power at the war’s outset. Ultimately, Athens lost because they were unable to maintain strong naval authority. The geographic position of Athens and many of its key resources ensured land-based threats made them vulnerable de- spite their naval advantage. Athens also failed to exploit their naval supremacy as they focused on land-based wars in Sicily while the Peloponnesian League built up a rivaling navy of its own. -
Ta Matia Nov01.P65
www.goyanz.org.nz Issue No. 10 November 2001 GOYA 50th Reunion Greek Church Is By John Serepisos Destroyed In Wake of Towers’ Collapse abour weekend 2001 will long be remembered for the get- together of the original immigrants to New Zealand who arrived St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, L here on the MV GOYA in three separate sailings in 1951. On a tiny church that for decades stood the Saturday afternoon a special commemorative function was held at alone in the middle of a parking lot the Greek Community Centre where a slide-show presentation was held across the street from the World Trade depicting immigrants and scenes from the GOYA voyage to New Centre, was swept away in the wave of Zealand. It was a good chance for many of the original voyagers to destruction as the complex collapsed. reflect and catch up with old friends and family. It was also a timely “I was down there on Wednesday,” says reminder to the younger generation and descendents of the hardships Father Romas, known as Father John among his congregants. “My and sacrifices that the GOYA immigrants had to endure. heart was broke in two. My church is gone — and to have so many people in the World Trade Centre that are dead.” Before the end came, the four-story building was known as a survivor, its plain white-washed walls cloaked in the shadows of the steel- and-glass skyscrapers that rose as the neighborhood evolved from a bustling immigrant enclave into a center of global finance. Property values soared, but despite developers’ continual efforts to get the church to sell out, St. -
Register of Lords' Interests
REGISTER OF LORDS’ INTERESTS _________________ The following Members of the House of Lords have registered relevant interests under the code of conduct: ABERDARE, LORD Category 10: Non-financial interests (a) Director, F.C.M. Limited (recording rights) Category 10: Non-financial interests (c) Trustee, Berlioz Society Trustee, St John Cymru-Wales Trustee, National Library of Wales Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Trustee, West Wycombe Charitable Trust Trustee, Stephen Dodgson Trust (promotes continued awareness/performance of works of composer Stephen Dodgson) Chairman and Trustee, Berlioz Sesquicentenary Committee (music) ADAMS OF CRAIGIELEA, BARONESS Nil No registrable interests ADDINGTON, LORD Category 1: Directorships Chairman, Microlink PC (UK) Ltd (computing and software) Member of and Adviser to the Board of X-Forces (XF) Ltd (supporting ex-forces and their families to start up businesses) Category 10: Non-financial interests (d) President (formerly Vice President), British Dyslexia Association Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Vice President, UK Sports Association Vice President, Lakenham Hewitt Rugby Club Trustee, Atlas Foundation (registered charity; seeks to improve lives of disadvantaged people across the world) ADEBOWALE, LORD Category 1: Directorships Director, Leadership in Mind Ltd (business activities; certain income from services provided personally by the Member is or will be paid to this company or to TomahawkPro Ltd; see category 4(a)) Non-executive Director, Three Sixty Action Ltd (holding company;