Through the centuries, the enlisted man has been known by the chevrons he wears. A Study in Stripes By Walter J. Boyne he principal insignia of the Air Force’s enlisted ranks— that is, their “stripes”—has USAF photo a complex history that dates Tback for centuries. In light of the Air Force’s growing interest in highlight- ing service history and heritage, some basic facts about the stripes are worth recounting. The stripes that enlisted airmen wear on their uniform sleeves can be traced to the chevrons worn by the rank-and- file soldiers of the British Army during the time of the Napoleonic wars in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Even the term “chevron” has a his- tory. In heraldic terms, the chevron means an architectural arch or rafter. In other words, it denotes a strength- ening mechanism. This is surely apt, as nothing strengthens a unit more than the men and women who wear the chevrons, the “stripes.” Members of the British Army took pride in forming what it called its “thin red line” to halt Napoleon’s advances. The thin red line usually comprised large units of soldiers formed up and armed with a variety of weapons. The units needed leaders to supervise operations, A wreath encircling the star distinguished the insignia of USAF’s first Chief Master ensure fire discipline, and see to it that Sergeant of the Air Force, Paul Airey (left), from that of a chief master sergeant. maneuver orders were carried out. In each squad, a corporal was placed in charge. He was the unifying cornerstone stripes. They were worn as a means their gold chevrons after a decade, the of the squad, and the chevron he wore of indicating years of service—“hash enlisted men wouldn’t give them up. symbolized that corner position. marks” in later parlance. This idea A larger unit, the equivalent of was invoked again in 1863 and once Up and Down a modern platoon, had a sergeant more in 1904. Since then, stripes have At first, enlisted chevrons pointed in charge, wearing another angled become an essential if extremely vari- downward. That lasted until the Span- chevron. Over the ensuing years, the able aspect of US uniforms. ish American War era, when it changed. style and execution of these chevrons The first extant official US Army Thereafter, the Army chevron’s apex al- varied greatly, gathering complexity document on stripes is dated 1821. ways was at the top of the insignia. as they came to describe rank, branch, Captains and lieutenants wore gold The first USAF-related insignia and duties. chevrons; the more senior enlisted— was created when the Army formed In 1782, Gen. George Washington sergeants and corporals—wore silver the Aeronautical Division of the US authorized the first American use of ones. While the officers ceased wearing Army Signal Corps on Aug. 1, 1907. 66 AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2008 A Study in Stripes USAF photo by Carl Bergquist USAF initially adapted Army enlisted insignia, like this one (above) for a technician fi fth grade. At right, the director of the Enlisted Heritage Hall, CMSgt. Malcolm McVicar (right), dis- cusses changes to uniforms with Gen. T. Michael Moseley, USAF Chief of Staff. McVicker is wearing a sergeant’s uniform. The members of this new “air force” At the senior level of the noncom- have straight wings instead of upward wore the standard Army uniform and missioned ladder was a key rank, that closing wings was considered favor- insignia, including the crossed signal of first sergeant. The first sergeant ably but was later personally rejected flags emblem of the Signal Corps. The had the same six stripes as a master by Twining. Aeronautical Division became an Avia- sergeant, but there were no questions Over time, enlisted demographics tion Section in 1914, and in 1918, it then or now as to who was in charge; changed rapidly, as did retention rates. evolved into the Army Air Service, no the first sergeant runs things. In 1956, the Cordiner Committee found longer a part of the Signal Corps. The His or her position was acknowl- that about 80 percent of first-term air- “crossed signal flag” emblem became edged by an insignia change in Sep- men were not re-enlisting, and it was a winged propeller, but the stripes tember 1954, when the new Chief estimated that fully 40 percent of their remained those of the Army, and did of Staff, Gen. Nathan F. Twining, first-term time had been spent in train- so even after the Air Force gained its approved the addition of a diamond ing. In addition, the Air Force, deeply independence on Sept. 18, 1947. (sometimes called a “lozenge”) in the engaged in both the Cold War and the After USAF’s creation, however, center of the insignia. space race, was becoming much more change was in the wind. Airmen were to Hasty post-World War II demobi- technologically advanced. get a new and distinctive blue uniform, lization caused all sorts of personnel The committee recommended add- and it was in need of new insignia. In “humps” in the Air Force, and neither ing two additional grades, E-8 and E-9, March 1948, a comparatively small the officer nor the enlisted force rank in numbers representing two percent sample of 150 airmen was polled as structures were well-balanced. Stud- and one percent of the total enlisted to preference, and a majority selected ies in 1950 and 1951 concluded that force, respectively. a chevron with a center circle encom- the enlisted force imbalance might be passing a star, with wing-like stripes redressed if the total number of non- Making the Supergrade swept upward. The size of the chevron commissioned officers was reduced The Military Pay Act of 1958 autho- for men was fixed at four inches, for by changing some rank titles. rized the suggested grades of E-8 and women, at three inches. In 1952, Air Force Regulation 39-36 E-9, bringing about the then-revolu- The new blue uniform, which was effected change. The master, technical, tionary concept of the “supergrade.” adopted in 1949, had new inverted and staff sergeant rank and insignia This act was a visionary step, empha- chevrons but retained old Army rank remained the same. However, the sizing the need for trained technical designations. stripe-less private became the stripe- supervisory personnel, and resulted in The new Air Force’s rank titles re- less basic airman (later, airman basic). the creation of the truly elite noncom- mained in the Army’s traditional order, The private first class became airman missioned force that serves our Air with stripes descending in order from the third class, with one stripe; the corporal Force today. E-7 master sergeant, with three upper became airman second class, retain- There were delays, of course, before and three rocker stripes, down to the ing two stripes; while the sergeant actual promotions were made, giving E-1 private, with no stripes. (See box: became the airman first class, with time to make an initial selection of “When the Ranks and Stripes Crossed three stripes. 2,000 of the best qualified personnel Over,” p. 68.) Moving from private to Many sergeants perceived their to be promoted to E-8 from the pool private fi rst class, and thereby getting loss of noncommissioned status as a of some 45,000 master sergeants. that fi rst stripe, was of high importance demotion. The numbers within the promotion to young airmen. A proposal to change the insignia to pool were not increased, as the E- AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2008 67 8s (and later the E-9s) had to come from the same quota as the E-7s. As When the Ranks and Stripes Crossed Over of September 2006, there was a total The Army ranks adopted by the Air Force, from lowest to highest, were of 273,990 members in the enlisted as follows: force. Of these, 2,704 (.98 percent) were E-9s, and 5,514 (two percent) Private (no stripes) were E-8s. Private, First Class (one inverted V upward stripe) The creation of the supergrades displaced the duties and the prestige Corporal or Technician Fifth Grade (two upward stripes or two upward of the warrant officers. The last Air stripes with the capital letter T under the stripes) Force warrant officers were appointed in Sergeant or Technician Fourth Grade (three upward stripes or three upward 1959. Some warrant officers reverted to stripes with the capital letter T underneath) noncommissioned status, some became Staff Sergeant or Technician Third Grade (three upward stripes with one commissioned, and others remained in “rocker” stripe or the same with a T in the space between the stripes and that rank until they retired. The last ac- the rocker) tive duty USAF warrant officer, CWO-4 Technical Sergeant (three upward and two rocker stripes) James H. Long, retired in 1980. The Air Force turned to the field Master Sergeant (three upward and three rocker stripes) again to select titles for the new E-8 First Sergeant (same as a master sergeant’s stripes, but with a diamond and E-9 grades. In deference to the between the upward stripes and the rocker stripes enormous respect for the existing body of master sergeants, the terms senior master sergeant and chief master ser- geant were chosen for the new titles. of a joint command is held by an Air field, to become the insignia of the For the senior master sergeant, the Force member, that member is also Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force.