DOCSLIB.ORG

Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Faculty Books 1997 New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science Paul R. Josephson Colby College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/facultybooks Part of the Asian History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Josephson, Paul R., "New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science" (1997). Faculty Books. 1. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/facultybooks/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Books by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. New Atlantis Revisited New Atlantis Revisited AKADEMGORODOK, THE SIBERIAN CITY OF SCIENCE PAUL R. JOSEPHSON PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Copyright 1997 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Josephson, Paul R. New Atlantis revisited : Akademgorodok, the Siberian city of science / Paul R. Josephson p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-691-04454-6 (cl : alk. paper) 1. Science—Russia (Federation)—Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk)—History. 2. Russia (Federation)—Politics and government. I. Title. Q127.R9J67 1997 338.947′06—dc21 96-45577 Portions of this book previously appeared in somewhat different form in “ ‘Projects of the Century’ in Soviet History: Large-scale Technologies from Lenin to Gorbachev,” Technology and Culture, vol. 36, no. 3 (July 1995): 519–559, copyright 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press; and ‘‘New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, Siberian City of Science,’’ in Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff, eds., Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), pp. 89–107, reprinted with permission from M. E. Sharpe, Inc. This book has been composed in Berkeley Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America by Princeton Academic Press 12345678910 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER ONE From Moscow, Leningrad, and Ukraine to the Golden Valley 3 Lavrentev Meets Novosibirsk 5 Khrushchev and Akademgorodok 8 A City of Science in Siberia 10 The Era of the Lowly Brick Has Ended! 14 The Soviet Scientific Hardware Store 21 Cadres Decide Everything! 23 Utopia in the Golden Valley 31 CHAPTER TWO Colliding Beams and Open Traps 43 The Atom in Soviet Culture 45 A Home for Wayward Accelerators in Siberia 50 Colliding Beams 54 Electron Cooling and Acceleration of Heavy Particles 59 Big Science and Industrial Accelerators 61 Fusion and the Promise of Virtually Unlimited Energy 67 Akademgorodok Spring (with Apologies to Czechoslovakia) 77 Siberian Physics in the 1990s 79 CHAPTER THREE Siberia—Land of Eternally Green Tomatoes 82 The Nine Lives of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko 83 Genetics Underground 87 Napoleon to the Rescue 100 The Institute of Cytology and Genetics: Personalities and Growing Pains 103 The Institute without Walls Opens Its Doors 108 The Industrialization of Agriculture 111 Will There Be Green Tomatoes in the 1990s? 116 CHAPTER FOUR Machines Can Think, but Can Humans? 120 Soviet Cybernetics and Computers in the 1950s and 1960s 121 Akademgorodok’s Computer Troika 124 The Development of the Computer in the USSR 128 vi CONTENTS Informatization versus Computerization 130 Ershov Arrives at Akademgorodok 133 The Computer Center’s Research Program, 1960–1990 138 Automated Management Systems 150 Artificial Intelligence in Akademgorodok 153 Computer Science Enters the 1990s 159 CHAPTER FIVE Siberian Scientists and the Engineers of Nature 163 Siberia Faces the Shovel and Ax 167 Paper Mills and Pure Water 172 Baikal Meets the Bulldozer 183 The Siberian Rivers Diversion Project 185 ‘‘Projects of the Century’’ Fall on Hard Times 191 Baikal, Diversion, and Siberian Development under Gorbachev and Yeltsin 197 CHAPTER SIX The Siberian Algorithm 204 Economic Science from Stalin’s Moscow to Akademgorodok 205 Aganbegian Arrives at Akademgorodok 210 Economics East of the Urals 212 Siberian Economics Research under Aganbegian 217 Taylorism Revisited 218 Kantorovich and Linear Programming in Siberia 220 Applied Economic Research for Siberian Development 224 BAM—Magistral of the Century 229 Sociology Reborn: Tatiana Zaslavskaia in Akademgorodok 232 Discontent in the Soviet Countryside 239 The Novosibirsk Report 243 Market Relations and Political Turmoil 249 CHAPTER SEVEN Crackdown: The Communist Party and Academic Freedom in Akademgorodok 263 What If They Gave a Party and the Scientists Came? 265 The Partkom of Akademgorodok 273 Science and Politics in Soviet Russia 277 The Innovation Beltway 281 Science and Ideology in Akademgorodok 289 Ideological Showdown 296 An End to Academic Freedom 302 EPILOGUE 305 NOTES 311 INDEX 343 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE FALL of 1989 I first visited Akademgorodok. At that point I was gathering research materials for a political and cultural history of postwar Soviet atomic energy programs. From the first minutes of my arrival I could feel differences in lifestyle and work ethic that were to distinguish Akademgorodok from other Soviet cities. People were more helpful and open in all personal contacts. In contrast to hectic Moscow, the pace of life was slow and no crowd crushed you in the streets, although buses were often packed. But then, you could walk everywhere on beautifully wooded paths. The variety of food, clothing, and other goods in stores was smaller than in Moscow, but the lines rarely as long and the people always more polite. With great joy, in one of those stores I bought my son cross-country skis for less than a dollar that he used for two winters in New Hampshire before outgrowing them. Akademgorodok im- pressed me in all respects as a fine place to live and work. On this first occasion I finished preliminary research after an all too short ten-day trip, concluded a four-month stay in the USSR, and returned home. A few months later Peter Dougherty, my editor at Princeton University Press, called me to find out if I knew anyone who might write a history of Akademgorodok. After a few months’ discussion, I decided I was that person. I am grateful to Peter for suggesting the topic of this book and seeing it come to fruition. In the fall of 1991 I returned to Akademgorodok. I had the good fortune to work in the archives of the Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences; the Communist Party Archive of the Novosibirsk Region; and the archives of several institutes that figure prominently in this story. They are the Institute of Nuclear Physics; the Institute of Cytology and Genetics; the Institute of Economics and the Organization of Industrial Production; and the Computer Center, including the personal papers of computer scientist Andrei Ershov. I would like to express my thanks to the director of the Siberian Division, Valentin Koptiug, and to the directors of those institutes, Vladimir Shumnyi (Cytology and Genetics) and Anatoli Alekseev (Computer Center) for granting open access to their institutes. Andrei Trofimuk, director emeritus of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, kindly granted access to his personal papers concerning Lake Baikal. Boris Elepov, director of the public library in Novosibirsk, put the resources of his staff and the library’s collection at my disposal. I was also able to read the institutional newspaper at Sibakadem- stroi, the organization responsible for building Akademgorodok. Tatiana Khodzher helped me find my way at the Limnological Institute in Irkutsk; Raissa Astafieva made my visit to the Computer Center in Akademgorodok run smoothly. I especially wish to thank my colleagues among the physicists. Aleksandr Skrinskii, director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, endorsed any request I viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS had for access to other facilities with remarkable speed; Stanislav Popov, its academic secretary, made it possible for me to work in the institute’s archive (and to play basketball on Tuesday evenings); and Andrei Prokopenko, of the foreign department, facilitated my living and travel plans. Without their help I could never have accomplished what I did in such a short time. Even more important was the assistance of several close friends in Akademgorodok who made life away from my family pass quickly. Experi- mental physicist Vadim Dudnikov and his wife, Galia, made me feel that I had a home away from home. Margarita Ruitova, a theoretician and expert on solar physics, and her husband, Dmitrii Ruitov, a plasma specialist, made certain that I met with their colleagues and friends who could tell me some- thing about the history of Akademgorodok. Iurii Eidelman, an experimentalist, and his wife Violeta, shared their warm home and knowledge of Siberia with me on many cold nights. Theoretical physicist Viktor Fadin ensured that my early trip to Akademgorodok led to fruitful later visits. Biologist Sasha Kerkis and his family often invited me to share in the good Siberian life. They wel- comed me into their homes, took me to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure- Present State And
    Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present State and Future Potential By Claes Lykke Ragner FNI Report 13/2000 FRIDTJOF NANSENS INSTITUTT THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN INSTITUTE Tittel/Title Sider/Pages Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present 124 State and Future Potential Publikasjonstype/Publication Type Nummer/Number FNI Report 13/2000 Forfatter(e)/Author(s) ISBN Claes Lykke Ragner 82-7613-400-9 Program/Programme ISSN 0801-2431 Prosjekt/Project Sammendrag/Abstract The report assesses the Northern Sea Route’s commercial potential and economic importance, both as a transit route between Europe and Asia, and as an export route for oil, gas and other natural resources in the Russian Arctic. First, it conducts a survey of past and present Northern Sea Route (NSR) cargo flows. Then follow discussions of the route’s commercial potential as a transit route, as well as of its economic importance and relevance for each of the Russian Arctic regions. These discussions are summarized by estimates of what types and volumes of NSR cargoes that can realistically be expected in the period 2000-2015. This is then followed by a survey of the status quo of the NSR infrastructure (above all the ice-breakers, ice-class cargo vessels and ports), with estimates of its future capacity. Based on the estimated future NSR cargo potential, future NSR infrastructure requirements are calculated and compared with the estimated capacity in order to identify the main, future infrastructure bottlenecks for NSR operations. The information presented in the report is mainly compiled from data and research results that were published through the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) 1993-99, but considerable updates have been made using recent information, statistics and analyses from various sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Defense Industry Restructuring in Russia
    S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y C I S A C Center for International Security and Arms Control The Center for International Security and Arms Control, part of Stanford University’s Institute for International Studies, is a multidisciplinary community dedicated to research and train- ing in the field of international security. The Center brings together scholars, policymakers, scientists, area specialists, members of the business community, and other experts to examine a wide range of international security issues. CISAC publishes its own series of working papers and reports on its work and also sponsors a series, Studies in International Se- curity and Arms Control, through Stanford University Press. Center for International Security and Arms Control Stanford University 320 Galvez Street Stanford, California 94305-6165 (415) 723-9625 http://www-leland.stanford.edu/group/CISAC/ Contents Acknowledgments iv Executive Summary v I Introduction 1 Section One: Case Studies II The Central Aerohydrodynamic Research Institute (TsAGI) 9 III ELVIS+ and The Moscow Center for SPARC Technology (MCST) 28 IV Impuls 45 V The Mashinostroenie Enterprise 59 VI The Saratov Aviation Plant 79 Section Two: Analysis VII Privatization at Four Enterprises 111 VIII Organizational Restructuring 137 IX Principal Differences in Accounting Systems in Russia 163 and the United States X Reallocation of the Social Services 183 XI Conclusion 207 Glossary 216 1 Acknowledgments Many people have contributed to this report, and still more have contributed to the research leading up to it. In writing this report, we have not attempted to reach consensus among the authors on the interpretations to be drawn from the data.
    [Show full text]
  • E&T Magazine, Volume 11, Issue 9, October 2016
    88 TIME OUT COLUMNIST One of the great joys of inventing something is being able to name it – unless of course no one is meant to know about it. That’s how Léon Theremin ended up the proud inventor of a device called ‘The Thing’. by Justin Pollard SPY EQUIPMENT Competition himself listening in to his American colleagues on an open FEAR AT THE HEART What is The Thing thinking? channel. It was just by luck that The wittiest caption emailed he happened to be listening on OF POWER: THEREMIN to [email protected] the right frequency when the by 5 October 2016 wins a Soviets were ‘painting’ the Thing AND THE THING pair of books from Haynes. with its radio signal. The Americans were informed and in March 1951 the official residence. What he didn’t device was discovered inside the know was that, from that Great Seal. The device was moment, it was transmitting his quickly copied by the British conversations back to the NKVD. and Americans and rapidly Now, the Americans weren’t installed wherever they might idiots. They were aware that get away with it. unprompted gifts from Soviet The idea of a passive institutions might contain more electronic transmitting device than they bargained for and they has since taken on a life of its expected attempts to be made to own – we just don’t call them bug the ambassador’s residence ‘Things’, we call them RFIDs. So in Moscow. Gifts were checked to next time you’re making a make sure they weren’t contactless payment, or using an ‘transmitting’ and the rooms Oystercard, it’s worth were regularly swept for bugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
    Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Ksenia Tatarchenko
    Ksenia Tatarchenko A House with the Window to the West: The Akademgorodok Computer Center (1958-1993). Subject Where does science live? There are many places where science could happen: in laboratories and on couches, at conferences and during conversations, in scientific academies and in private homes. A historical list could be extended to include medieval monasteries, enlightened salons or imperial ships. Then, the legitimate question is: where does science thrive best? Famously, according to Francis Bacon, science gains in productivity when properly housed; such is Bensalem’s legendary Salomon House, producing knowledge for the betterment of society. The quest for the proper place of scientific production has animated the history of twentieth century science from the German Kaiser Wilhelm Society to the American National Laboratories to the Soviet Union’s infamous closed cities. This dissertation is about a scientific house that was built as a part of an open Soviet city of science, Akademgorodok, which opened its doors in 1964 to become home of scientific computing in Siberia. I argue that the history of this institute offers a unique perspective on three major issues of twentieth century science and technology and of Soviet history: 1) What was the Soviet post-Stalinist “Big Science” and how did it function? In the West, Big Science often refers to the symbiosis of scientific research with state resources and state priorities on a massive scale with research budgets reaching to the billions. In the Soviet Union, all science was a state sponsored affair by definition. If Soviet Big Science is understood as a form of interaction between science and politics, then the landscapes of techno-scientific micro-regions could be shown as at first shaped by these interactions and, in turn, becoming powerful elements in the interplay.
    [Show full text]
  • “…I Want to Have Freedom of Research; Otherwise, I Will Be Limited in My Work”
    A Good Journal for Inquisitive People Th ere is no room 1 (48) scfh.ru/en/ in ancient history 1 2018 so far for the army of stone horsemen pertifi ed SCIENCE on the slopes First Hand of the Pir Panjal THE LIFE mountain range, OF A CHEMIST Himalayas № 1 (48) 2018 RIDERS LOST IN THE HIMALAYAS SELECTION In June 2017, this was the site OF THE BEST of a Russian-Indian FRIEND archaeological expedition launched to find and describe stone horses, enigmatic statues “…I want to have A GARDEN BORN lost in these remote areas BY INSPIRATION of the western Lesser Himalayas freedom of research; otherwise, I will be limited in my work” 9 772310 3000024 78 2018 1. popular science journal IN THIS ISSUE: Vladimir Ipatieff, the inventor of technology for the production of polyethylene and high-octane gasoline, was called in 1937 the Man of the Year in the USA and deprived of academic title and citizenship in the USSR There is no room in ancient history so far for the army of stone horsemen pertified on the slopes of the Pir Panjal mountain range, Himalayas The publisher of Science will donate several thousand copies of the book about the Siberian experiment on fox domestication as a gift to the American schools Meditation prevents the shortening of the telomeres which protect the chromosomes from damage during cell division Even a trivial dandelion from the Bonsai Park has an extraordinary story to tell: the creator of this living collection found it at the other end of the world – up in the Andes! A Journal for Inquisitive People “The natural desire Editorial
    [Show full text]
  • Communist) Academy
    4 I SCIENCE, ORTH ODOXY, AND THE QUEST FOR HEGEMONY AT THE SOCIALIST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY Bolshevik intellectuals presented their cause as a class strug­ gle with bourgeois academia. Their primary field of battle in higher learning, however, was first and foremost institutional. When Evgenii B. Preobrazhenskii insisted in the Socialist Academy's newly founded jour­ nal in 1922 that the academy "represents the highest scientific research institute of Marxist thought," the academy leader was linking the Bol­ shevik declaration of war in organized intellectual life to his own insti­ tutional base. It has rarely been considered, but such assertions of pri­ macy implied as many internal ramifications for the Bolsheviks as outward effects for the nonparty intellectual world. The Socialist Academy - Preobrazhenskii elaborated on his claim to authority - "does not recognize social science not operating on the basis of Marxism. The Academy must turn itself into its own kind of Gosplan in the realm of ideology."l In this formulation, the assertion of orthodoxy, and the vision of a new kind of planned science, or nauka, is intertwined with the claim to hegemony - not simply of a doctrine, a party, or a class, but of an institution.2 1. E. Preobrazhenskü, "Blizhaishie zadachi Sotsialisticheskoi Akademii," Vestnik Sotsia­ listicheskoi Akademii (henceforth cited as VSA), no. 1 (November 1922): 7, 9. 2. "Hegemony" is employed not in tbe Gramscian sense, but in the blunter meaning most frequently implicit in tbe Bolshevik use of tbe word gegemoniia, denoting wide-ranging dornina­ tion, political subordination, and eon�ol over activities and resources. THE SOCIALlST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY 1 193 No matter that Gosplan, the central state planning agency, was of negligible importance at the time Preobrazhenskii wrote; no matter, indeed, that the Socialist (after 1924, Cornmunist) Academy never achieved the hegemony in the Soviet scholarly world that its leaders coveted.
    [Show full text]
  • I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE of CONTENTS I PREFACE Iii
    A R C H. I V E S 0 F T H E 'I SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY AND SOVIET STATE I I I I I Catalogue of Finding Aids and Docun1ents I fro1n three kev•. : archives i on n1icrofihn I I Fourth edition: June 2004 I I Published jointly by Slate Archival Service Hoover Institution on vVar. I Revolution and Peace of Russi a CRo' sarkhi \ .·) I I Distributed b\· l CfJ.., CHA D\VYCK-llFALEY 1:~ I f 1· I I I I Fourth Edition: June 2004 I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREFACE iii I INTRODUCTION v I HOW TO USE THE CATALOGUE xiii HOW TO ORDER MICROFILM XIV I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENTATION (TsKhSD) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Contemporary History - RGANI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 1 I DELA/DOCUMENTS SERIES 2 ~ I RUSSIAN CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION AND STUDY OF DOCUMENTS OF MOST RECENT HISTORY (RTsKhIDNI) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Social and Political History - RGASPI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 3 I DELA/ DOCUMENTS SERIES 10 STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) I r-series [Collection held at Pirogovskaia Street] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 15 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 57 I STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) a-series [Collection held at Berezhkovskaia Naberezhnaia] I OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 69 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 89 I, I­ I I 111 I PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION I The State Archival Service of the Russian Federation (Rosarkhiv), the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and Chadwyck-Healey concluded an agreement in April 1992 to I microfilm the records and opisi (finding aids) of the Communist Party of the fonner Soviet Union, as well as other selected holdings of the State Archives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Reducing the Man-Made Impact Of
    UDC 629.764.7 DOI: 10.25206/2588-0373-2019-3-2-115-126 THE CONCEPT OF REDUCING THE MAN-MADE IMPACT OMSK SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN. SERIES AVIATION ВЕСТНИК. СЕРИЯ АВИАЦИОННО ОМСКИЙ НАУЧНЫЙ OF LAUNCHES OF THE PROMISING IRTYSH LAUNCH VEHICLE IN THE IMPACT AREAS OF THE BAIKONUR COSMODROME B. T. Suimenbayev1, V. I. Trushlyakov2, G. T. Yermoldina1, Zh. B. Suimenbayeva1, A. M. Bapyshev1 1 - Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, 3 NO. 2 2019 ENGINEERING VOL. ROCKET AND POWER Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Pushkin St., 125, 050010 2 - Omsk State Technical University, 3 № 2 2019 МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ ТОМ И ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЕ РАКЕТНОЕ Russia, Omsk, Mira Ave., 11, 644050 Scientific and methodological approaches to minimizing the man-made impact of launches of promising carrier rockets of the «Irtysh» type by oxygen-kerosene main liquid-propellant rocket engines of the Baiterek rocket complex in areas of falling of the Baikonur cosmodrome are considered. The basic directions for reducing the anthropogenic impact of the spent booster of the first stage of the «Irtysh» type LV in the areas of falling are: determination of optimal areas for the spent booster to fall in selected areas of the FA with the highest stability and minimum cost of works on restoring the soil state — (A); controlled descent of the spent booster after separation from the LV to the designated section of the fall with an accuracy not exceeding the size of the selected optimal section — (B). To solve problems of direction A, it is proposed to create an additional information and analytical system of the area of falling.
    [Show full text]
  • USSR: First Computers and Evaluation of Cybernetics Points of This Papers
    Dr.Vladimir Kitov Russian Plekhanov university of economics USSR: First Computers and Evaluation of Cybernetics Points of this papers Part 1. • USSR: First Computers and Evaluation of Cybernetics. Part 2. • Several key moments of the Soviet informatics. Part 1. USSR: First Computers and Evaluation of Cybernetics. • 1.1. The first soviet computers "MESM", "M-1" and "Strela". • 1.2. The most important seven organizations of the USSR, where the first serial computers "Strela" were established. • 1.3. Difficult fate of cybernetics in the USSR. • 1.4. The first courses of lectures on computers and programming in three Soviet universities. • 1.5. The first Soviet books on programming, computers and applications and their significant role in several foreign countries. Part 2. Several key moments of the Soviet informatics. • 2.1. About the following computers after "MESM", "M-1" and "Strela. • 2.2 The first in the world project of The Nationwide computer network for the control of Economy and Military Forces of the USSR. • 2.3 The application of computers for the economy and the creation of automated management systems (AMS) for different levels and purposes. • 2.4 Soviet computers “ES EVM” are the clones of IBM/360 computers . The beginning of the end of Soviet computers. 1.1. The first soviet computers "MESM", "M-1" and "Strela". • The first official step in computer industry in the USSR was patent number 10475 for the invention of "Automatic digital computer" registered on December 4, 1948 by prominent Soviet scientists Isaak Bruk and Bashir Rameev. It was the USSR first officially registered invention in the field of electronic digital computers.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter 2017/18
    Newsletter - Calibrated for Creative Communications Vol. 15, no. 4, Winter 2017/18 Schneeberg seen from the Wienerwald, Nov. 2017 Vantage Point IT STAR representatives nd-of-year provides an excellent vantage point to assess Eachievements and shortcomings during the exiting year and Austria/OCG-R. Bieber, Bulgaria/BAS- I. Dimov, to look forward into the future. Croatia/CITA-M. Frkovic, Cyprus/CCS-P. Masouras, Czech Rep./CSKI-J. Stuller, Greece/GCS-S. Katsikas, Based on feedback from our readers, we can tick the 2017 per- Hungary/NJSZT-B. Domolki, Italy/AICA-G. Occhini, formance of the Newsletter as successful. Our Honorary Advi- Lithuania/LIKS-E. Telešius, Macedonia/MASIT- sory Board is growing and we are happy to have a stronger fe- P. Indovski, Poland/PIPS-M. Holynski, Romania/ male representation of the informatics profession. ATIC-V. Baltac, Serbia/JISA-D. Dukic, Slovakia/SSCS- I. Privara, Slovenia/SSI-N. Schlamberger In this last 2017 Issue we are pleased to introduce our new mem- bers of the NL Advisory Board, to brief you on the Russian Vir- Contents tual Computer Museum and to provide an update on develop- New members of the Advisory Board ........................... 2 ments related to Big Data and Competences. IT STAR WS and BM in Sofia ...................................... 3 Big Data: The Data Scientist ........................................ 6 Regarding IT STAR, 2017 was rather challenging and efforts were made to build upon successful activities so as to recalibrate Russian Virtual Computer Museum ............................. 9 the Association to the benefit of its members and the larger ICT ITU Information Society Report 2017 ......................... 13 community. MS News ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Architecture
    А.М. Sergiyenko Computer Architecture Part 1. Central Processing Unit and Peripherals Kyiv-2016 0 УДК 004.383 ББК 32.973-018 Рецензенти: А. М. Романкевіч, доктор технічних наук, професор (кафедра спеціализованих обчислювальних систем Національного технічного університету України "КПИ"); В. П. Сімоненко, доктор технічних наук, професор (кафедра обчислювальної техніки Національного технічного університету України "КПИ") Сергієнко А. М. Архітектура компʼютерів. Частина 1. Центральний процесорний елемент та периферійні пристрої: Конспект лекцій. Англійською мовою – К.: НТУУ«КПІ», 2016. – 182 с. Розглянуті теоретичні відомості про архітектури сучасних компʼютерів. Для студентів, аспірантів, викладачів вузів в галузі електроніки, вимірю- вальної і обчислювальної техніки, звʼязку та захисту інформації. УДК 004.383 ББК 32.973-018 А. М. Сергієнко, 2016 1 CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 1. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ARCHITECTURE 5 1.1 Introduction. Basic definitions and principles of computers 5 1.2 Element basis of computers 33 1.3. Von Neumann Computer Architecture 44 1.4. Instruction set of the computer 51 1.5. Data formats and operations 56 1.6. Addressing modes 69 1.7 Intel 8051 architecture 79 1.8 RISC and CISC processors 94 1.9. Interrupt system 103 2. PROCESSOR ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE 120 2.1. Interface basics 120 2.2 Memory in computers 142 2.3. External storage devices 156 2.4 Computer console 169 2.5. Structure of a single processor computer 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY 180 ANNEX 1 182 2 FOREWORD The computer architecture is the basic information about a computer, which is necessary both for its design and programming. The development of a new program is the creative process of implementation of a given algorithm on a computer with the specific architecture.
    [Show full text]