The Retail Planning Knowledge Base Anne Findlay and Leigh Sparks Institute for Retail Studies Stirling Management School University of Stirling STIRLING FK9 4LA, SCOTLAND Tel: (01786) 467384 Fax: (01786) 465290 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website www.irs.stir.ac.uk Revised April 2012 SECTIONS 1. General Texts 2. Theoretical Work 3. Retail Formats 4. Retail Locations 5. Retail Planning Practice 6. Consumer Culture 7. Urban Environment 8. Retail Planning 1980 – 1990 9. A selection of literature relating to retail planning in USA and Europe GENERAL TEXTS 1/1 Barker, K. Barker review of land use planning: final report - recommendations, Norwich: HMSO, 2006, 226p The Barker report represents the way that government policy considers the role of planning policy. There is a much stronger emphasis on the economic aspects of planning than formerly. The document considers a wide range of administrative aspects of planning but also the thrust of planning policy with chapters on the responsiveness of the system, delivering major projects, streamlining the system and improving the performance of local authorities. The policy makes a number of specific references to retail policy. Specifically the report states that the need test is not required (p36) and it discusses this within a context of competitiveness of the sector and the vitality and viability of town centres. Barker Review, Need, PPS6 1/2 Batty, M. The retail revolution, Environment and Planning B; Planning and Design, 29, 1997, 1-2. Although only a short editorial piece this article is listed as it attempts to encapsulate recent progress in retail research and make a statement of the current position. Inevitably it notes the gulf between research and practice but seeks to position this gap more precisely. It is argued that too much of retail research is carried out in a ‘locational straightjacket’, often imposed by the context of the project. Retail research 1/3 Birkin, M., Clarke, G. B. and Clarke, M. Retail geography and intelligent network planning. Chichester: John Wiley, 2002, 284p. 047198033 A key textbook on the subject of GIS for retailing. This textbook is designed for all users of GIS related data for retail decision making. It is focused on showing how GIS can be used to achieve a wide range of retail solutions. These include location decisions, impact of relocation, changing fascia, best fit solutions for merging organisations, distribution warehouse networks, and growth strategies. Although much research has focused on non-quantitative factors this book seeks to demonstrate that never have good data and in-depth GIS analysis been more important. GIS 1/4 British Council of Shopping Centres Future shock or e-hype: the impact of on-line shopping on UK retail property, London:BCSC, 2001. The British Council of Shopping Centres commissioned a piece of independent research on the impact of e-retailing on shopping environments. The research was carried out by the College of Estate Management at Reading University. It attempts to forecast the likely impact of e-commerce on the space, ownership and leasing requirements of UK retailers up to 2005. The research involved a questionnaire survey, focus groups, a shopper survey and a case study. E-commerce 1/5 British Council of Shopping Centres The UK shopping centre industry: its importance to the UK economy, London: BCSC, 2001. This is the third edition of the British Council of Shopping Centres report. Previous editions were published in 1993 and 1998. The new edition provides an update recognising the influence of new trends. Findings on retail employment, floorspace, rental growth and travel are included. The report suggests that the strongest retail centres are getting still stronger. 11 of the top 20 centres are in town centres with 9 in out of town or regional shopping centre locations. Retail performance 1/6 British Council of Shopping Centres The shopping centre industry and its importance to the UK economy: 2004 Report, London: British Council of Shopping Centres, 2004, 25p. 1 89795823 4. A review of retail developments including figures on pipeline developments of different types, shopping centres and the economy, consumer changes and shopping centre rankings. 1/7 British Retail Consortium 21st Century high streets: A new vision for our town centres. London: British Retail Consortium, 2009, 29p. Available online at: www.brc.org.uk/showDoc04.asp?id=3953&moid=6733 An introductory section outlines briefly the problems facing UK high streets. Priorities for action are then discussed in some detail. These are: A Unique Sense of Place, An Attractive Public Realm, Planning for Success, Accessibility, Safety and Security, Supportive Regulatory and Fiscal Regimes. Case studies are used to show good practice examples. High streets 1/8 British Retail Consortium Retail in society: serving our communities. London: BRC, 2011 Available online at: www.brc.org.uk Retailer engagement with society is reported. A variety of projects are described for major retailers. Of particular note is the section on the Business Connector Scheme to promote local enterprises. Business Connector Scheme 1/9 Bromley R. and Thomas, C. Retail change: contemporary issues, London: UCL, 1993, 283p. 1-85728060-1 This volume is a collection of essays on current developments in retailing, focused mainly on the UK but with some comparative data for Europe and the US. Themes covered in the book relevant to planning include regional shopping centres, town centre development, shopper security, out of town retailing, disadvantaged consumers and green consumers. The concluding section tries to draw together the results from the different chapters within a planning context. 1/10 Brown, S. Variations on a marketing enigma: the wheel of retailing theory, Journal of Marketing Management, 7, 1991, 131-155. The literature on the wheel of retailing is summarised. The concept has had a wide influence. The state of knowledge on retail change is then synthesised. A model of institutional evolution is presented. Future avenues for research are pinpointed. Retail theory 1/11 Brown, S. Retail location; a micro-scale perspective. Aldershot: Avebury, 1992, 315p. 1-85628-049-7 A classic study of retailing and location. It reviews approaches to retail location decisions and attempts to grapple with progress in thinking on retail location. It includes a substantial literature review and bibliography and outlines a research agenda on retail location. It includes discussion of the impact of government policy on retail location and how this fits into the development of thought on location. Location theory 1/12 Co-operative Commission The co-operative advantage. Creating a successful family of co-operative businesses, 2001, 104p. The Co-operative Commission report evaluates the principles of the co-operative movement seeking to situate them within the contemporary trading context. The merger of CWS and CRS represents an important landmark and one which demands that the best aspects of co-operative retailing applicable at the present time are exploited to the full. The Commission's report provides the context for such future development. The Late shop is taken as a case study. Co-operative retailing 1/13 Cuthbertson, C. and Reynolds, J. Retail strategy: the view from the bridge, London; Butterworth Heineman, 2003 (0750656964). This volume has a combination of chapters by researchers and practitioners. There are research based chapters on supply chains, internationalisation, e-commerce, retail futures etc. Ross Davies has contributed a chapter on planning policy. There are also chapters by key figures from a range of companies including B&Q, Sainsbury’s, Carrefour, Kingfisher, Tesco and others. 1/14 Dawson, J. Future patterns of retailing in Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Unit, 2000, 52p. This report reviews trends in retailing in Scotland and suggests ways in which the sector is likely to develop over the next ten to fifteen years. Of relevance to planning are the sections which consider the likely spatial distribution of shopping in the future and the role of different sizes of centre. It makes forecasts of the spatial impact of e-retailing. Overall it is noted that market towns are likely to be pressed to maintain trading levels. Scotland, E-commerce, Market towns 1/15 Dawson, J. Retailing in Scotland, European Retail Digest, 35(Sept), 2002, 24-26. A succinct review of Scottish retail trends. Differences in Scottish retailing are highlighted. These include differences in consumption, urban structure, retail structure and infrastructure. From a planning perspective the degree of market concentration and its impact on urban retail structures is noted. The role of smaller towns which have rich hinterland areas is also identified as important aspect of the Scottish retail scene. Scotland 1/16 Department of Communities and Local Government Draft statistics plan for 2011-2012: consultation. London: DCLG, 2011, 53p. Available online at: www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1885667.pdf This publication sets out proposals for the planning data collected on in and out of town retail development. Data 1/17 Department of Trade and Industry The Retail Strategy Group report: driving change, London: DTI, 2004, 108p. The role of the Retail Strategy Group is to assist the UK government and the retail industry to identify key issues that impact on the competitiveness and productivity of the industry. A key part of the report includes chapters on the value of retail, retail productivity, regulatory burdens on retail, retail crime, planning and retail development and commercial property and leasing. The planning report is the result of an independently commissioned piece of work carried out by DTZ Pieda Consulting. Key outcomes were the need for retailers and planners to work together in the preparation of regional plans, the need to explore methods of achieving land assembly for development purposes, to influence PPS6 and to raise small retailer awareness of planning processes to ensure that small retailers are engaged in the process.