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Technical Report Templates Technical annex Kerbside Collections Options: Wales This technical annex provides further detail to support the ‘Kerbside Collections Options: Wales’ main report. The central focus of the work is around the long-running debate on the relative performance of co-mingled, two-stream and kerbside sort dry recycling collection systems in relation to the Welsh Assembly Government’s sustainability objectives. Project code: WAL005-000 ISBN: 1-84405-442-X Research date: August to December 2010 Date: January 2011 1 WRAP’s vision is a world without waste, where resources are used sustainably. We work with businesses and individuals to help them reap the benefits of reducing waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way. Find out more at www.wrap.org.uk Written by: Eunomia Research & Consulting, Resource Futures and HCW Consultants Front cover photography: Recyclable materials WRAP and Eunomia Research & Consulting believe the content of this report to be correct as at the date of writing. However, factors such as prices, levels of recycled content and regulatory requirements are subject to change and users of the report should check with their suppliers to confirm the current situation. In addition, care should be taken in using any of the cost information provided as it is based upon numerous project-specific assumptions (such as scale, location, tender context, etc.). The report does not claim to be exhaustive, nor does it claim to cover all relevant products and specifications available on the market. While steps have been taken to ensure accuracy, WRAP cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. It is the responsibility of the potential user of a material or product to consult with the supplier or manufacturer and ascertain whether a particular product will satisfy their specific requirements. The listing or featuring of a particular product or company does not constitute an endorsement by WRAP and WRAP cannot guarantee the performance of individual products or materials. This material is copyrighted. It may be reproduced free of charge subject to the material being accurate and not used in a misleading context. The source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. This material must not be used to endorse or used to suggest WRAP’s endorsement of a commercial product or service. For more detail, please refer to WRAP’s Terms & Conditions on its web site: www.wrap.org.uk Kerbside Collections Options: Wales 2 Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.0 Project aims ................................................................................................................................ 8 3.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 8 4.0 Phase 1: Literature review ....................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Collection systems ............................................................................................................. 10 4.2.1 Energy Audit of the Kerbside Recycling Services: The London Borough of Camden ..... 10 4.2.2 Carbon Assessment – Co-mingled and Source Segregated Collection Systems ............ 13 4.2.3 Assessment of Quality Arising from Existing Paper Collection Methods against European Recovered Paper Grades listed in BS EN 643........................................................................ 14 4.2.4 Analysis of Kerbside Dry Recycling Performance in the UK 2008/09 ........................... 15 4.2.5 Review of Kerbside Collection Schemes Operated by Local Authorities ....................... 18 4.2.6 Kerbside Recycling: Indicative Costs and Performance (plus Technical Annex) ............ 20 4.2.7 Kerbside Recycling in Wales: Summary Report ........................................................ 23 4.2.8 Kerbside Recycling in Wales: Indicative Financial Costs ............................................ 26 4.2.9 Kerbside Recycling in Wales: Environmental Costs ................................................... 28 4.3 Health and safety .............................................................................................................. 30 4.3.1 Mapping Health and Safety Standards in the UK Waste Industry ............................... 30 4.3.2 Update to Mapping Health and Safety Standards in the UK Waste Industry ................ 33 4.3.3 CRN UK H&S Survey .............................................................................................. 34 4.3.4 A Health and Safety Study of Kerbside Recycling Schemes using Boxes and Bags 2006 35 4.3.5 WRAP research (unpublished) Box weight data ........................................................ 36 4.3.6 WRAP Time Study Data on Average Kerbside Recycling Weights ............................... 38 4.3.7 Noise Exposure in Glass Collections for Recycling ..................................................... 39 4.3.8 Manual Handling in Kerbside Collection and Sorting of Recyclables HSL/2006/25 ........ 41 4.3.9 Collecting, Transfer, Treatment and Processing Household Waste and Recyclables (Research Report 609) ....................................................................................................... 43 4.3.10 An Assessment of the Health and Safety Costs and Benefits of Manual vs. Automated Waste Collections with Reference to Solid Waste and Recoverable Resources Industry Injury Causation (#3726) ............................................................................................................ 45 4.3.11 Manual Handling in Refuse Collection HSL 2002/21 .................................................. 46 4.3.12 Health and Safety Appendix 1: Manual Handling Operations Regulations .................... 51 4.3.13 Health and Safety Appendix 2: HCW Consultants Time Study Data ............................ 54 4.3.14 Health and Safety Appendix 3: Suitable and Sufficient .............................................. 55 4.3.15 Health and Safety Appendix 4: HSE guidance on As Low As Reasonably Practicable .... 56 5.0 Phase 2: Case study authorities ............................................................................................... 57 5.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 57 5.1.1 Initial site visit ...................................................................................................... 58 5.1.2 Finance and resources questionnaire ...................................................................... 58 5.1.3 Financial modelling ............................................................................................... 58 5.1.4 Health and safety questionnaire ............................................................................. 58 5.1.4.1 Health and safety data .......................................................................................... 58 5.1.5 Social metrics ....................................................................................................... 61 5.1.6 Mass flow modelling .............................................................................................. 61 5.1.6.1 Primary waste analysis .......................................................................................... 61 5.1.6.2 Process models ..................................................................................................... 62 5.1.6.3 Waste flow models ................................................................................................ 75 5.1.6.4 Reprocessor Research ......................................................................................... 102 5.1.7 Environmental modelling and overall cost-benefit analysis ...................................... 107 6.0 Phase 3: All-Wales models ..................................................................................................... 109 6.1 Waste flow models .......................................................................................................... 109 6.1.1 Key assumptions in the current performance model ............................................... 113 6.1.1.1 Baseline arisings of product streams ..................................................................... 113 6.1.1.2 Yield adjustments due to switch in collection method ............................................. 114 6.1.1.3 Composition profiles for product streams .............................................................. 117 6.1.1.4 Determination of available material....................................................................... 117 Kerbside Collections Options: Wales 3 6.1.1.5 Determination of fates ......................................................................................... 117 6.1.2 Key assumptions in the enhanced performance model ............................................ 119 6.1.2.1 Baseline arisings of product streams ..................................................................... 119 6.1.2.2 Yield adjustments due to switch in collection method ............................................
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