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History of the Islamic Peoples

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History of the Islamic Peoples 6y CARL BROCKELMANN LONDON ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LIMITED BROADWAY HOUSE: 68-74-. CARTER LANE, E.C.4 Translated by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann from the Gemzan Geschichte der lslamischen 'Volker und Staa.~n. first published it~ Germany, 1939 History of the Islamic Peoples, first published in England, 1949 Reprinted 1950 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY LUND HUMPHRIES LONDON BRADFORD l · Contents PREFACE TO THE GERMAN EDITION XVll TRAN$LATOR'S NOTE XlX I. THE ARABS AND THE ARAB EMPIRE 1. Arabia before Islam I Geography, 1. Race, 2. South Arabia, 3· Social condi­ tions in North Arabia, 3· Mecca, Medina, .5· Syria, Nabateans, 6, Palmyra, Ghassanids, 7, Lakhmids, 8. Arab paganism, 8, Judaism,. Christianity, 10. Poetry, II. 2 . The Prophet Muhammad Mecca, r 2. Youth, 13 ..Marriage, I 4· Mission, I'*' first believers, I 5. Persecutions, emigration of believers to Abyssinia; I 7. 'Umar's conversion, 17. Medina, I 8. Hijrah, 20. Attitude toward the Jews, z r. lJattle of Badr, 23, expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa', Battle at Mt. Uhud, 24; expulsion of Banu Nadir, 2 5. Prohibition of wine, 25. Medina besieged, 25. Hudaybiyah, 27. Jews beyond Medina subdued, z8. Pilgrimage to Mecca, zS·. Relations with Byzantines in Egypt and Syria, 28. Conquest of Mecca, 31. Battle of Hunayn, 3 1, siege of Taif, 32· Bedouins subdued, 32· Muhammad and the poets, 33· March on Tabuk and 'Aqabah, 34· Fare­ well pilgrimage, 35· The Prophet's death, 36. 3· Muhammad and His Teachings .His theology and eschatology, 36. Cult and ritual, 39· Pilgrimage, 41. Poor-tax, holy war, food laws, 'mar­ riage, 43; slavery, criminal law, 44· 4· The First Four Caliphs 45 . Abu Bakr; defection of the Bedouins, 4 5. Battle of Buzakha, 46. Musaylimah and Sajah, 46, battle of v VI CONTENTS 'Aqrabah, 47· Conquest of Bahrayn, 'Uman, Hadra­ maut, and Yemen, 48. Persia under the Sassanids, 50. Hirah attacked, 5 r. Invasion of Palestine, battle of Ajnadayn, capture of _Damascus, sz, battle of Yar­ muk, 53· 'Umar's caliphate, 53· Conquest of lower Mesopotamia, 54, of Syria and upper Mesopotamia, 55, of Egypt, 56, of Persia, 58. 'Umar's reign, 6o, and his assassination, 63. 'Uthman and the civil war, 63. 'Ali in 'Iraq, 67, Mu'awiyah in Syria, 68; battle of Siffin, 68. Kharijites; 'Ali assassinated, 70. 5· The· Umayyads Mu'awiyah and his governors in 'Iraq, 71. His rule in Syria, 72, and the struggle with the Byzantines, 73· Conquest of North Africa, 74· Yazid I, 75, and Hu­ sayn's death at Kerbela, 76. The pretender 'Abdallah ibn-az-Zubayr in Mecca, 76. Marwan I, fights be­ tween KaJb and Qays, 77. 'Abd-al-Malik, Mukhtar's rebellion in 'Iraq 78. Defeat of ibn-az-Zubayr, Hajjaj in 'Iraq, 8o. War against Byzantium, So. Conquests under al-Walid in central Asia and in Spain, 82. The Umayyad mosque in Damascus, 84. Hajjaj against the Kharijites and ibn-al-Ash'ath, 88. Sulayman, 90· 'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz and · his reform of taxation, 92. Yazid II, 93, the desert castles of the Umayyads, 94· Hisham, 96. Revolt of Zayd ibn-'Ali, 97; Arab raids in France, battle between Tours· and Poitiers, 97; Berber revolt, 98. Walid II, 98, poets, 99· Marwan II, dissolution of the empire, roo. Rise of the 'Abba­ sids in Khorasan, 102. They conquer 'Iraq, 104. Umayyads destroyed, ros. II. THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE AND ITS DIS SOL UTI ON r. The First 'Abbasids 107 Satfah and Mansur, 107. 'Alids put down~ ro8. CONTENT-S vu Founding Baghdad, I09. Administration, I09. Re. volts in Persia, al-Muqanna', I 1I. Mahdi fighting heretics, I 12. Harun ar-Rashid and the Barmakids, 114. Aghlabids in North Africa, 115. Poetry, philol­ ogy, and historiography in 'Iraq, I I6. The struggle between Amin and Ma'mun, I2I. The Tahirids, Il3· Progress of science under ¥a'mun, I 24. Theological controversies, u6. Mu'tasim and the rise of slave guards, I 29. Foundation of Samarra, 130. 2. The Decay of the Caliphate and the Rise of Minor Dynasties I 3 1 Wathiq and Mutawakkil pawns in hands of Turks; dogmatic reaction, I3 1. Mu'tamid and Muwaffaq; servile war in 'Iraq, 1 34· Tahirids and Saffarids in Persia, 135· Tulunids in Egypt, I37· Rise of Zaydites in South Arabia, I41. Qarmatians, I43· Struggle for the caliphate, 144. Finances under Muqtadir, •45· Mysticism, 148, Hallaj, 149. Rivalries among wazirs, I 50. Office of ttmir_al-tmUlrtr created, 1 51. Hamdanids under Sayf-ad-Dawlah in the war ~gainst the Byzan­ tines, I p. The Buyids in Persia and 'Iraq, •54· Aghla- bids in Africa and Sicily, I 56. ldrisids of Morocco, I 57· The Fatimids in North Africa and Egypt, I 58. Hakim, 16o, the Druzes, I 61. 3· Persians and Turks 163 Origin of the Turks; the old Turkish kingdoms in central and eastern Asia, ·I 63. The Samanids in Khora- san, 165. Persian poetry; beginnings of geography, 1 66. The Turks in Khorasan, 168. Mahmud of Ghaz- nah, I68; conquests in India, 1&}. Biruni, I69, Fir­ dawsi, 170. The Seljuqs; I 7 1. Malikshah and the wazir Nizam-al-Mulk, 173. Ghazzali, 174, 'Umar al-Khay- yam, 175, Hariri, •·h. The Assassins, 178. Vlll CONTENTS 4· Islam in Spain and in North Africa 181 Umayyad emirate founded by 'Abd-ar-Rahman in Spain, I 81. Struggle with the Christians in northern Spain, t 82. Disturbances caused by Christian manyrs and converts, 183. The flourishing realm of 'Abd-ar­ Rahman III, first Spanish caliph, I 85. Culture, espe­ cially literature, in Islamic Spain, 187. 'Arnirids of Cordova, 193· Petty states, 195. Literary develop­ ment, 196. Jews in Spain, 2oo. The Berbers, 202; rise. of the Almoravids, 203. They conquer Spain, 204. Almohads, 207. Last Muslim principalities in Spain, 209; Nasrids, 211. lbn-'Arabi, the my'stic, 214. The historians Ibn-al-Khatib, 2 I41 and Ibn-Khaldun, 215. The travelers lbn-Jubayr, 217, andlbn-Battutah, 218. Alhamb.~a, 219. Fall .of the Nasrids and the expulsion of the Muslims from Spain, 2~0. 5. T.he Near East in the Age of the Crusades and the Rise of the Mamluks in Egypt 2 2 I The Crusaders in Syria, 221. Zengids in Mosul and Damascus, 222. The Ayyubids, 224. Saladin over­ throws the Fatimids in Egypt, 225, fights the Cru­ saders, conquers Jerusalem, 228. Ayyubids in Syria and Egypt, 2JI. Frederick II in Palestine, 232. Louis IX at Damietta, 233. Bahri Marnluks; Baybars victori- ous over Mongols at 'Ayn Jalut (1259), 234. Burji Mamluks, 236. Intellectual life and architecture under the Mamluks, 237. 6. Turks and Mongols: the End of the Caliphate Khwarizm shahs, 240, Ghorids, 241, Ghu~z , 242. The 'Abbasid an-Nasir, 243. Origin of the Mongols; Te­ muchin-Chinghiz Khan, 244.- His conquest of China and Persia; end of the last Khwarizm shah, 246. Chinghiz's successors, 24e. Hulagu destroys the 'Ab­ basids in Baghdad, 2 so. The ilkhans of Persia; Ghazan . CONTENTS lX and his wazir Rashid-ad-Din, 25 z. Beginnings of Turkish literature, 253. The-Persian classics Sa'di and Hafiz, 25'h and Jalal-ad-Din ar-Rumi, 255. III. THE OTTOMAN TURKS AS THE LEADING .POWER IN ISLAM I . The Origins. of the Ottoman Empire and its Expan- sion down to the time of Suleyman I 156 Ghazis and akritoi; battle of Manzikert, 260. The Sel- juq Suleyman in Anatolia and his successors as sultans of Rum, 257. Ghazi principalities of western Ana- eolia, 259· Rise of the Osmanlis, 260. Their adminis­ tration under Orkhan and his wazir Jandarli, 262. Murad's conquests in the Balkans, 268; battle of Kos- . sovo Polye, 269. Bayezid at war with Timor's Mon- gols, 270. The Timurids, 27 2. Struggle among Baye- zid's sons, 273. The rebellion of Badr-ad-Din of S~awna and Btirkliije Mustafa, 274. Murad II, war with the Hungarians, 275. Muhammad TI, conquest of Constantinople ( 1453), 277. His structures, 278. The Turkoman chief Uzun Hasan and the fall of the Com- neni of Trebizond, 281. War with Venice, 282. Turk- ish literature under Muhammad II, 284. Bayezid II ~nd the pretender Jem, 28 5. Selim Yavuz conquers Egypt, 289. Suleyman the Great, war in Hungary, 290, and Persia, 291. Khay'r-ad-Din Barbarossa creates Turkish sea power, 29·1. Hungary . conquered, 293. Suleyrnan's buildings, 293. His death at Szigeth, 294. 2. The Civilization of the Osmanlis at the Zenith of the Empire 195 The Ottoman system. of fiefs; the army, 296. The Janizaries, 299. The fleet, 303. The sultan and the wazirs, 305. The Diwan and the Erkani Devlet, 3o8•. Law and justice, 309· Clergy, 310. Scholarship, litera- X CONTENTS rure, 312. Raya: Greek, 315; Jews, 316; Armenians, Albanians, and Slavs, 3 I 7. 3· The Rise of the New Persian Empire and the Turkish- Persian Conflict 3 I 7 The monk state of Ardabil and the Sufi Ishaq Safi-ad- Din; his grandson Junayd and the latter's son Hay- dar, leaders of the Kizilbash, p8. Haydar's son Isma'il subjugates Persia, po, and the Uzbegs of Khorasan, 3z 1. Shi'ism as state religion, p 1. Tahmasp, p z. Isma'il II, p 3· Persia's efflorescence under 'Abbas the Great, 324. The decline of the empire under his successors, 326. 4· The Decline of the Ottoman Power down to the End of the Eighteenth Century 327 Selim II, war with Venice, Turks' naval defeat at Lepanto, 327. Wars with Persia and Austria under Murad III, p8. Peace of Sitvatorok under Ahmed; Revolts in Anatolia and Syria, 3 29.
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