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[ H]Inositol Uptake by Glucose and Sorbitol in Cultured Bovine Lens

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[ H]Inositol Uptake by Glucose and Sorbitol in Cultured Bovine Lens Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 33, No. 13, December 1992 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Modulation of Myo-[3H]inositol Uptake by Glucose and Sorbitol in Cultured Bovine Lens Epithelial Cells /. Restoration of Myo-inositol Uptake by A/dose Reductase Inhibition Patrick R. Cammarara,* Hai-Qing Chen,* Jinhua Yang,* and Thomas Yoriot The association between high-ambient glucose, the polyol pathway, and aldose reductase inhibition on in vitro myo-[3H]inositol uptake was examined in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLECs). Myo- [3H]inositol accumulation in the presence of 5.5 mmol/1 D-glucose was rapid and linear for 8 hr. When Na+ was replaced on an equal molar basis with N-methyl-D-glucamine chloride, myo-[3H]inositol uptake was reduced by more than 95%. The myo-inositol transport system appear to be distinct from glucose transport, based upon three criteria: (1) 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose uptake, unlike myo- [3H]inositol uptake, was largely sodium independent; (2) L-glucose was a competitive inhibitor of myo-[3H]inositol uptake but had no effect on 2-deoxy-D-(3H]glucose uptake; and (3) 2-deoxy-D- [3H]glucose uptake appeared independent of myo-inositol concentration. Sodium-dependent myo- [3H]inositol uptake was substantially inhibited after chronic (20 hr) exposure of cultured cells to 40 mmol/1 glucose. Inhibition of aldose reductase activity partially prevented the inhibitory effect of glucose on myo-[3H]inositol accumulation. No significant difference in the rates of passive efflux of myo-|3H]inositol from preloaded high glucose-treated and control cultures was observed. Although the coadministration of sorbinil to the high-glucose medium partially protected against the attendant decrease in transport activity, the failure to normalize myo-[3H]inositol uptake suggested that glucose- sensitive and sorbitol-sensitive processes were involved in the uptake of myo-inositol. Invest Ophthal- mol Vis Sci 33:3561-3571,1992. Increased aldose reductase activity and reduced tis- PKC substrates, including maintenance of Na+- sue myo-inositol are believed to contribute to early- K+-ATPase activity. Such conditions might explain onset diabetic complications in the lens and other tis- the underlying cause of diabetic complications. sues.1"5 Hyperglycemia promotes polyol accumula- Greene et al postulated that disruption of Na+- tion, which, by unknown mechanisms, causes a K+-ATPase activity is associated with myo-inositol reduction in intracellular myo-inositol content.6"8 depletion and the onset of diabetic neuropathy.9 How- Myo-inositol depletion could lead to a deficit in myo- ever, the correlation that diabetes mellitus causes in- inositol-containing phospholipids, which could se- creased polyol pathway activity associated with de- verely affect diacylglycerol mass and inositol trisphos- creased tissue-free myo-inositol has been inconsis- phate release. Alterations in diacylglycerol formation tent.10 or dysfunction in the release of normal second messen- To identify the cellular mechanisms by which exper- gers ultimately could lead to a decrease in protein ki- imental diabetes, coincident with polyol accumula- nase C (PKC) activation and a reduction in activated tion and myo-inositol depletion, might impair nor- mal lens function, a reliable in vitro parameter should be identified. Recently, we reported that galactose in- From the Departments of *Anatomy and Cell Biology and fPhar- hibits the ouabain-sensitive uptake of myo-inositol." macology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine/University of The coadministration of the aldose reductase inhibi- North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas. tor sorbinil to the high-ambient galactose medium ap- Supported by National Public Health Service Award EY05570- 05 (PRC). parently corrected the attenuated myo-inositol up- This work represents partial fulfillment of the requirements for take. The intracellular concentration of galactitol was the degree of Master of Science for Hai-Qing Chen. relatively low under those experimental conditions, Submitted for publication: March 25, 1992; accepted July 16, suggesting that myo-inositol uptake was sensitive to 1992. low levels of polyols. That is, the myo-inositol trans- Reprint requests: Patrick R. Cammarata, Texas College of Osteo- pathic Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fort port system must be extremely sensitive to the con- Worth, TX 76107. centration of intracellular polyol or indirectly sub- 3561 Downloaded from iovs.arvojournals.org on 09/24/2021 3562 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE / December 1992 Vol. 33 jected to modulation by the aldose reductase reaction. Myo-inositol Accumulation Interpretation of the results necessarily were limited because those preliminary experiments were per- Extracellular myo-inositol uptake was determined formed in a growth medium that contained a consis- as follows. The cultured cells were divided into groups tent myo-inositol concentration of approximately 15 and the medium was replaced with one of the follow- /umol/1. Additional experiments, employing a concen- ing: physiological medium (5.5 mmol/1 glucose, tration range of myo-inositol, was needed to uncover MEM); physiologic medium containing 5.5 mmol/1 obscure relationships between elevated intracellular glucose further supplemented with 34.5 mmol/1 fruc- polyol content and myo-inositol transport, which is tose; 40 mmol/1 glucose; or 40 mmol/1 galactose not readily observed using a single dose of extracellu- (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). All culture media contained lar myo-inositol. approximately 15 jimol/1 myo-inositol. The cultures were maintained under these conditions for 20 hr The studies reported here examined the effect of 3 high-ambient glucose on myo-[3H]inositol uptake us- before myo-[ H]inositol was added to the serum- supplemented media. The accumulation of myo- ing a myo-inositol concentration range of 1.5-400 3 jumol/1. The effect of sorbinil, an aldose reductase in- [ H]inositol was achieved by incubating the cultured cells in the presence of 0.25 /iCi/ml medium myo- hibitor, on myo-inositol uptake in cultured bovine 3 lens epithelial cells (BLECs) exposed to high-ambient [ H]inositol (94 Ci/mmol; Amersham, Arlington glucose was investigated under these conditions. We Heights, IL) for up to 8 hr. After isotope incubation, the medium was removed and the culture flasks were show that myo-inositol uptake was inhibited by glu- 2+ cose, but also was associated with intracellular sorbi- rinsed three times with ice-cold Ca -added phos- tol accumulation, suggesting that at least two mecha- phate-buffered saline (137 mmol/1 NaCl, 8 mmol/1 nisms were involved in the glucose-induced inhibi- dibasic sodium phosphate, 0.7 mmol/1 calcium chlo- tion of myo-inositol transport in cultured BLECs. ride, pH 7.2) and drained overnight at 4°C. Five milli- liters of 2% sodium carbonate in 0.1 N sodium hy- droxide was added to each flask and left overnight at Materials and Methods room temperature to ensure cell lysis. Replicate 1.0 ml aliquots were taken for liquid-scintillation count- Cell Culture ing (Packard TriCarb 4640, Laguna Hills, CA). Tripli- cate 25 ix\ aliquots were taken for protein determina- BLECs were isolated and cultured, as previously 13 described by Cammarata et al.12 Cells were main- tion by the method of Bradford et al. with bovine serum albumin (Sigma) as standard. Accumulation of tained in a water-humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/ 3 95% air at 37°C in Eagle's minimal essential medium myo-[ H]inositol was expressed as counts per minute (MEM), which contained 5.5 mmol/1 glucose supple- per milligram of protein in individual culture flasks. mented with 10% bovine calf serum, 20 mg/L genta- To measure passive efflux, BLECs were preloaded mycin sulfate, 5 mg/L ascorbic acid, nonessential for 4 hr with the appropriate serum-supplemented me- amino acids, and basal medium Eagle vitamin solu- dium in the presence of 0.25 /iCi/ml of myo- tion. This growth medium contained approximately [3H]inositol. After the load-up period, the culture 10-15 Aimol/1 myo-inositol, the primary contribution flasks were rinsed 2x with the appropriate medium, deriving from the vitamin solution. Cell outgrowth and 5 ml of fresh medium was added. The efflux ex- from the capsule to the Petri dish after 7-10 days was periments were performed over 5 hr. The efflux was dispersed in Ca2+-Mg2+-free MEM containing 0.125% 2 expressed as the percentage of radioactivity initially trypsin/0.05% EDTA and transferred to a 75 cm cul- present in the cultured lens epithelium. ture flask. The cells originating from two to three cap- Sodium dependency on myo-inositol accumula- sules were placed in each culture flask with 40 ml of tion was determined in a manner similar to that just growth medium. Upon reaching confluence, the cells described, except that for these studies, a more simple, again were dispersed and subcultured in a split ratio of 2 serum-free medium (medium A) was employed. Me- 1:10 in 25 cm culture flasks that contained 5 ml of dium A consisted of the following: 5.5 mmol/1 glu- growth medium. The majority of studies were per- 2 cose, 135 mmol/1 NaCl, 5.4 mmol/1 KC1, 1.8 mmol/1 formed with confluent monolayers in 25 cm culture CaCl , 34.5 mmol/1 fructose, and 10 mmol/1 N-2-hy- flasks (representing 2nd-passage cells). To determine 2 2 droxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid, pH intracellular sorbitol, confluent 150 cm culture flasks 7.4. All cells previously cultured in MEM were were employed, again using cells of the 2nd pass. switched to medium A for a 90 min equilibration pe- Where indicated for experimental purposes, further riod. Thereafter, cells were switched to fresh medium supplementations to the medium are described in the A with the addition of myo-[3H]inositol (1.0 jiCi/ml), text of this report.
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