DOCSLIB.ORG

Oleaginous Yeasts for the Production of Sugar Alcohols Sujit S Jagtap1,2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oleaginous Yeasts for the Production of Sugar Alcohols Sujit S Jagtap1,2 Oleaginous Yeasts for the Production of Sugar Alcohols Sujit S Jagtap1,2* ([email protected]), Ashwini A Bedekar2, Jing-Jing Liu1, Anshu Deewan1,2, and Christopher V Rao1,2 1DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. https://cabbi.bio/ Project Goal: The goal of this project is to investigate sugar alcohol production from plant- based sugars and glycerol in the oleaginous yeasts Rhodosporidium toruloides and Yarrowia lipolytica. We are also interested in understanding the mechanism of sugar alcohol production and the key genes involved in the polyol synthesis process. Sugar alcohols are commonly used as low-calorie, natural sweeteners. They have also been proposed by the Department of Energy as potential building blocks for bio-based chemicals. They can be used to produce polymers with applications in medicine and as precursors to anti-cancer drugs 1. Production of these sugar alcohols by yeast often results, from redox imbalances associated with growth on different sugars, accumulation of toxic intermediates, and as a cell response to the high osmotic pressure of the environment 2-3. The ability of yeast to naturally produce these sugar alcohols from simple sugars provides a potentially safer and more sustainable alternative to traditional chemical hydrogenation. In our study, we found that the oleaginous yeast R. toruloides IFO0880 produces D-arabitol during growth on xylose in nitrogen-rich medium 3. Efficient xylose utilization was a prerequisite for extracellular D-arabitol production. D-arabitol is an overflow metabolite associated with transient redox imbalances during growth on xylose. R. toruloides is also able to produce galactitol from galactose 2. In addition, R. toruloides was able to produce galactitol from galactose at reduced titers during growth in nitrogen-poor medium, which also induces lipid production. These results suggest that R. toruloides can potentially be used for the co-production of lipids and galactitol from galactose. We further characterized the mechanism for galactitol production, including identifying and biochemically characterizing the critical aldose reductase. Intracellular metabolite analysis was also performed to further understand galactose metabolism. We also explored sugar alcohol production in Y. lipolytica. It is known to produce erythritol during growth on glycerol. The heterologous overexpression of a sugar polyol phosphatase increases erythritol production two fold in Y. lipolytica. Intracellular metabolite analysis was also performed to further understand glycerol metabolism in wild type and engineered strains. We also overexpressed the key genes involved in glycerol assimilation pathways and the pentose phosphate pathway. R. toruloides and Y. lipolytica have traditionally been used for the production of lipids and lipid-based chemicals 4-5. Our work demonstrates that these non-model yeasts can also produce arabitol, galactitol, and erythritol. Collectively, our results further establishes that R. toruloides and Y. lipolytica can produce multiple value-added chemicals from a wide range of sugars and glycerol. References 1. Jagtap, S. S.; Rao, C. V., Microbial conversion of xylose into useful bioproducts. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2018, 102 (21), 9015-9036. 2. Jagtap, S. S.; Bedekar, A. A.; Liu, J.-J.; Jin, Y.-S.; Rao, C. V., Production of galactitol from galactose by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2019, 12 (1), 250. 3. Jagtap, S. S.; Rao, C. V., Production of d-arabitol from d-xylose by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2018, 102 (1), 143-151. 4. Zhang, S.; Ito, M.; Skerker, J. M.; Arkin, A. P.; Rao, C. V., Metabolic engineering of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880 for lipid overproduction during high-density fermentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2016, 100 (21), 9393-9405. 5. Zhang, S.; Jagtap, S. S.; Deewan, A.; Rao, C. V., pH selectively regulates citric acid and lipid production in Yarrowia lipolytica W29 during nitrogen-limited growth on glucose. Journal of Biotechnology 2019, 290, 10-15. The Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation is a U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hereditary Galactokinase Deficiency J
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.46.248.465 on 1 August 1971. Downloaded from Alrchives of Disease in Childhood, 1971, 46, 465. Hereditary Galactokinase Deficiency J. G. H. COOK, N. A. DON, and TREVOR P. MANN From the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Sick Children, Brighton, Sussex Cook, J. G. H., Don, N. A., and Mann, T. P. (1971). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46, 465. Hereditary galactokinase deficiency. A baby with galactokinase deficiency, a recessive inborn error of galactose metabolism, is des- cribed. The case is exceptional in that there was no evidence of gypsy blood in the family concerned. The investigation of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia led to the discovery of galactosuria. As noted by others, the paucity of presenting features makes early diagnosis difficult, and detection by biochemical screening seems desirable. Cataract formation, of early onset, appears to be the only severe persisting complication and may be due to the biosynthesis and accumulation of galactitol in the lens. Ophthalmic surgeons need to be aware of this enzyme defect, because with early diagnosis and dietary treatment these lens changes should be reversible. Galactokinase catalyses the conversion of galac- and galactose diabetes had been made in this tose to galactose-l-phosphate, the first of three patient (Fanconi, 1933). In adulthood he was steps in the pathway by which galactose is converted found to have glycosuria as well as galactosuria, and copyright. to glucose (Fig.). an unexpectedly high level of urinary galactitol was detected. He was of average intelligence, and his handicaps, apart from poor vision, appeared to be (1) Galactose Gackinase Galactose-I-phosphate due to neurofibromatosis.
    [Show full text]
  • In Silico Screening of Sugar Alcohol Compounds to Inhibit Viral Matrix Protein VP40 of Ebola Virus
    Molecular Biology Reports (2019) 46:3315–3324 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04792-w ORIGINAL ARTICLE In silico screening of sugar alcohol compounds to inhibit viral matrix protein VP40 of Ebola virus Nagasundaram Nagarajan1 · Edward K. Y. Yapp2 · Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le1 · Hui‑Yuan Yeh1 Received: 28 December 2018 / Accepted: 28 March 2019 / Published online: 13 April 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Ebola virus is a virulent pathogen that causes highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in human and non-human species. The rapid growth of this virus infection has made the scenario increasingly complicated to control the disease. Receptor viral matrix protein (VP40) is highly responsible for the replication and budding of progeny virus. The binding of RNA to VP40 could be the crucial factor for the successful lifecycle of the Ebola virus. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential drug that could inhibit VP40. Sugar alcohols were enrich with antiviral properties used to inhibit VP40. Virtual screening analysis was perform for the 48 sugar alcohol compounds, of which the following three compounds show the best binding afnity: Sorbitol, Mannitol and Galactitol. To understand the perfect binding orientation and the strength of non-bonded interactions, individual molecular docking studies were perform for the best hits. Further molecular dynamics studies were conduct to analyze the efcacy between the protein–ligand complexes and it was identify that Sorbitol obtains the highest efcacy. The best-screened compounds obtained drug-like property and were less toxic, which could be use as a potential lead compound to develop anti-Ebola drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemicellulose Arabinogalactan Hydrolytic Hydrogenation Over Ru-Modified H-USY Zeolites
    Research Collection Journal Article Hemicellulose arabinogalactan hydrolytic hydrogenation over Ru-modified H-USY zeolites Author(s): Murzin, Dmitry; Kusema, Bright; Murzina, Elena V.; Aho, Atte; Tokarev, Anton; Boymirzaev, Azamat S.; Wärnå, Johan; Dapsens, Pierre Y.; Mondelli, Cecilia; Pérez-Ramírez, Javier; Salmi, Tapio Publication Date: 2015-10 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010792434 Originally published in: Journal of Catalysis 330, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.022 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Hemicellulose arabinogalactan hydrolytic hydrogenation over Ru-modified H-USY zeolites Dmitry Yu. Murzin1*, Bright Kusema2, Elena V. Murzina1, Atte Aho1, Anton Tokarev1, Azamat S. Boymirzaev3, Johan Wärnå1,4, Pierre Y. Dapsens2, Cecilia Mondelli2, Javier Pérez-Ramírez2, Tapio Salmi1 1Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland 3Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Namangan, 160115, Uzbekistan 4University of Umeå, Umeä, Sweden ABSTRACT The hydrolytic hydrogenation of hemicellulose arabinogalactan was investigated in the presence of protonic and Ru (1-5 wt.%)-modified USY zeolites (Si/Al ratio = 15 and 30). The use of the purely acidic materials was effective in depolymerizing the macromolecule into free sugars. While the latter partly dehydrated into 5- hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural, the generation of high molecular-weight compounds (aggregates of sugars and humins) was not favored, in contrast to previous evidences over beta zeolites.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Alcohols a Sugar Alcohol Is a Kind of Alcohol Prepared from Sugars
    Sweeteners, Good, Bad, or Something even Worse. (Part 8) These are Low calorie sweeteners - not non-calorie sweeteners Sugar Alcohols A sugar alcohol is a kind of alcohol prepared from sugars. These organic compounds are a class of polyols, also called polyhydric alcohol, polyalcohol, or glycitol. They are white, water-soluble solids that occur naturally and are used widely in the food industry as thickeners and sweeteners. In commercial foodstuffs, sugar alcohols are commonly used in place of table sugar (sucrose), often in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners to counter the low sweetness of the sugar alcohols. Unlike sugars, sugar alcohols do not contribute to the formation of tooth cavities. Common Sugar Alcohols Arabitol, Erythritol, Ethylene glycol, Fucitol, Galactitol, Glycerol, Hydrogenated Starch – Hydrolysate (HSH), Iditol, Inositol, Isomalt, Lactitol, Maltitol, Maltotetraitol, Maltotriitol, Mannitol, Methanol, Polyglycitol, Polydextrose, Ribitol, Sorbitol, Threitol, Volemitol, Xylitol, Of these, xylitol is perhaps the most popular due to its similarity to sucrose in visual appearance and sweetness. Sugar alcohols do not contribute to tooth decay. However, consumption of sugar alcohols does affect blood sugar levels, although less than that of "regular" sugar (sucrose). Sugar alcohols may also cause bloating and diarrhea when consumed in excessive amounts. Erythritol Also labeled as: Sugar alcohol Zerose ZSweet Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (or polyol) that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States and throughout much of the world. It was discovered in 1848 by British chemist John Stenhouse. It occurs naturally in some fruits and fermented foods. At the industrial level, it is produced from glucose by fermentation with a yeast, Moniliella pollinis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Samarium(II) Iodide Michal Szostak,* Neal J
    Review pubs.acs.org/CR Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Samarium(II) Iodide Michal Szostak,* Neal J. Fazakerley, Dixit Parmar, and David J. Procter* School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom 4.3. Aldol Reactions BM 5. Cross-Coupling As Part of Sequential and Cascade Reactions BM 5.1. Cascades Initiated by Radical Intermediates BN 5.2. Cascades Initiated by Anionic Intermediates BR 6. Conclusions BT Author Information BT Corresponding Authors BT Notes BT Biographies BT CONTENTS Acknowledgments BU 1. Introduction A References BU 2. Reactivity of Functional Groups toward Samarium Note Added in Proof CB Diiodide B 3. Cross-Coupling via Radical Intermediates C 3.1. Ketyl Radical-Alkene/Alkyne/Arene Cross- 1. INTRODUCTION Coupling C Since its introduction to organic synthesis in 1977 by Kagan,1,2 ’ 3.1.1. Intramolecular Cross-Coupling of Ketyl samarium(II) iodide (SmI2, Kagan s reagent) has gained the Radicals with Alkenes C status of one of the most versatile single-electron transfer − 3.1.2. Intermolecular Cross-Coupling of Ketyl reagents available in the laboratory.3 46 SmI occupies a unique − 2 Radicals with Alkenes S place among other reductants47 57 in that it is an extremely − 3.1.3. Cross-Coupling of Ketyl Radicals with powerful58 64 yet chemoselective reagent, whose selectivity Alkynes Y toward functional groups is fine-tuned by the use of appropriate 26−30 3.1.4. Cross-Coupling of Ketyl Radicals with ligands and additives. Transformations mediated by SmI2 Allenes Z are performed under user-friendly and operationally simple 3.1.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Retinal Polyol and Myo-Lnosifol in Galactosemic Dogs Given an Aldose-Reducto.Se Inhibitor
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 32, No. 13, December 1991 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Retinal Polyol and Myo-lnosifol in Galactosemic Dogs Given an Aldose-Reducto.se Inhibitor Timothy 5. Kern and Ronald L. Engerman Galactitol and myo-\nosito\ concentrations were measured in retinas, erythrocytes, and skeletal muscle of experimentally galactosemic dogs receiving a placebo or the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, for 5 yr. The concentration of galactitol was increased more than 30-fold in the retina and other tissues by galactosemia, and the increase was inhibited 90-96% in all tissues by sorbinil. The concentration of free myo-inos\to\ was greater than normal in retinas of galactosemic dogs, and its concentration was not altered by the aldose-reductase inhibitor. The mjw-inositol concentration likewise was greater than normal in the retinas of dogs that were diabetic for 2-4 months. The marked inhibition of polyol production and accumulation in the retina of sorbinil-treated galactosemic dogs was not associated with a comparable inhibition of retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:3175-3177,1991 Experimental elevation of blood galactose concen- to receive either the aldose reductase inhibitor, sor- tration in normal dogs leads to a retinopathy that is binil, or to remain untreated. The dogs were fed twice morphologically similar to that in diabetic dogs and daily (8 AM and 6 PM) to maintain blood galactose humans.12 One mechanism by which hyperglycemia levels elevated as high as possible throughout the day. in diabetes or experimental galactosemia might cause Sorbinil was given orally twice a day, usually at a dose retinopathy is through excessive polyol production of 60-80 mg/kg/day, 30 min before each feeding.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonyl Condensation Reactions
    24 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions 24.1 The aldol reaction 24.2 Crossed aldol reactions 24.3 Directed aldol reactions 24.4 Intramolecular aldol reactions 24.5 The Claisen reaction 24.6 The crossed Claisen and related reactions 24.7 The Dieckmann reaction 24.8 The Michael reaction 24.9 The Robinson annulation Ibuprofen is the generic name for the pain reliever known by the trade names of Motrin and Advil. Like aspirin, ibuprofen acts as an anti-infl ammatory agent by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. One step in a commercial synthesis of ibuprofen involves the reaction of a nucleophilic enolate with an electrophilic carbonyl group. In Chap- ter 24, we learn about the carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions of enolates with carbonyl electrophiles. 916 smi75625_ch24_916-948.indd 916 11/12/09 12:12:52 PM 24.1 The Aldol Reaction 917 In Chapter 24, we examine carbonyl condensations—that is, reactions between two car- bonyl compounds—a second type of reaction that occurs at the α carbon of a carbonyl group. Much of what is presented in Chapter 24 applies principles you have already learned. Many of the reactions may look more complicated than those in previous chapters, but they are fundamen- tally the same. Nucleophiles attack electrophilic carbonyl groups to form the products of nucleo- philic addition or substitution, depending on the structure of the carbonyl starting material. Every reaction in Chapter 24 forms a new carbon–carbon bond at the ` carbon to a carbonyl group, so these reactions are extremely useful in the synthesis of complex natural products.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information for a Non-Targeted High-Coverage
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Analytical Methods. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 Supporting Information for A non-targeted high-coverage microbial metabolomics pretreatment method development and application in drug resistant Salmonella 1 1* 2 1 1* YiYun Zhang , Jian Ji , MengZhe Lan , Tingwei Wang , Xiulan Sun 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic of China 2 Guangzhou GRG Metrology & Test Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510630, China Corresponding author*: Xiulan Sun, Jian Ji Address: Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel:+86-510-85912330 Fax: 85329015 Table S1 Metabolites with significant differences in abundance under two quenching methods (fold change value >2 or <0.5 and p value <0.05) Metabolite name classify Fold Change P-value 2,6-diaminopimelic acid Amino acid 3.77 0.030132 4-aminobutyric acid Amino acid 13.2 0.004525 5-Aminovaleric acid Amino acid 18.22 0.001444 5-Oxoproline Amino acid 6.75 0.000788 alanine Amino acid 4.7 0.001054 alpha-aminoadipic acid Amino acid 13.42 0.001543 aspartic acid Amino acid 5.87 0.014889 beta alanine Amino acid 6.79 0.012241 citrulline Amino acid 12.45 0.00047 cysteine Amino acid 14.71 0.004548 cysteine-glycine Amino acid 11.08 0.001049 glutamic acid
    [Show full text]
  • Ep 0476785 B1
    Europa,schesP_ MM M II II II M MM III Ml Ml Ml J European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 476 785 B1 Office_„. europeen- desj brevets^ » EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION © Date of publication of patent specification: 06.12.95 © Int. CI.6: C07C 217/08 © Application number: 91202430.4 @ Date of filing: 19.09.91 © Processes for the preparation of aminoethers. © Priority: 20.09.90 US 585563 © Proprietor: OSI Specialties, Inc. 39, Old Rldgebury Road @ Date of publication of application: Danbury, 25.03.92 Bulletin 92/13 Connecticut 06810-5124 (US) © Publication of the grant of the patent: @ Inventor: King, Stephen Wayne 06.12.95 Bulletin 95/49 120 Teays Meadows Scott Depot, © Designated Contracting States: West Virginia 25560 (US) AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IT LI NL SE References cited: Representative: Smulders, Theodorus A.H.J., EP-A- 0 115 071 EP-A- 0 297 296 Ir. et al EP-A- 0 300 323 DE-A- 2 824 908 Vereenlgde Octroolbureaux DE-A- 3 422 610 DE-B- 1 290 148 Nleuwe Parklaan 97 US-A- 3 082 598 US-A- 3 957 875 NL-2587 BN 's-Gravenhage (NL) US-A- 4 177 212 US-A- 4 374 259 CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 109, no. 1, July 4, 1988, Columbus, Ohio, USA, P. BRAUN- STEIN et al, "Synthesis of anlsole by Lewis acid catalysed decarboxylation of methyl phenyl carbonate", page 581, column 1, ab- stract-no. 6 156w 00 m oo CO Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaction Chemistry & Engineering
    Reaction Chemistry & Engineering View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Hydrogenolysis of alginic acid over mono and Cite this: React. Chem. Eng.,2020, bimetallic ruthenium/nickel supported on 5,1783 activated carbon catalysts with basic promoters Seungdo Yang, Hyungjoo Kim and Do Heui Kim * Hydrogenolysis of alginic acid, derived from macroalgae, over Ru, Ni and Ru–Ni supported on activated carbon catalysts was performed in a batch reactor using NaOH, CaCO3,Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2 as basic promoters. Among the promoters used, NaOH provides the highest carbon efficiency and yield of glycols, such as ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol. In addition, various organic acids such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, and formic acid were produced in the form of salts. The hydrogenolysis of potential intermediates Received 31st May 2020, such as sorbitol, mannitol, lactic acid, and glycolic acid demonstrated direct conversion of alginic acid to Accepted 20th July 2020 glycols without sugar alcohols or organic acids as reaction intermediates. Furthermore, Ru–Ni bimetallic catalysts as a function of the Ni/Ru molar ratio were used to increase the yield of and selectivity to glycols. DOI: 10.1039/d0re00224k The highest yield of glycols, 24.1%, was obtained when the Ni/Ru molar ratio was 1 : 1, due to the enhanced rsc.li/reaction-engineering interaction between Ru and Ni based on H2-TPR. 1. Introduction fibers, and as chemicals in the pharmaceutical industry.9,10 Therefore, it is expected that the efficient conversion of Biorefinery, in which renewable resources are utilized on a alginic acid into glycols provides a platform to further large scale, is a potential alternative based on biomass improve the utilization of alginic acid as a biomass feedstock.
    [Show full text]
  • European Patent Office © Publication Number: 0 026 547 A1 Office Europeen Des Brevets
    Europaisch.es Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 026 547 A1 Office europeen des brevets © EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 80200911.8 © Int. CI.3: C 07 F 3/00 C 07 C 31/30, C 07 C 29/68 © Date of filing: 26.09.80 //C08G65/28, C07C41/03, B01J31/02 © Priority: 27.09.79 US 79497 © Applicant: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 270, Park Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017(US) © Date of publication of application: 08.04.81 Bulletin 81/14 @ Inventor: McCain, James Herndon 1987 Parkwood Road © Designated Contracting States: Charleston West Virginia 25314(US) BE DE FR GB IT NL SE © Inventor: Foster, Donald Joseph 603 39th Street, S.E. Charleston West Virginia 25304(US) © Representative: Urbanus, Henricus Maria, Ir. et al, c/o Vereenigde Octrooibureaux Nieuwe Parklaan 107 NL-2587 BP 's-Gravenhage(NL) © Process for the preparation of basic salts of alkaline earth metals and basic salts obtained by this process. (57) A process is provided for the preparation of soluble basic salts of alkaline earth metals that are catalytically active in the oxyalkylation reaction of alcohols, polyols and phenols which comprises reacting an alkaline earth metal material selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, and barium and mixtures of the same with a lower monohydric alcohol having 1 to 7 carbon atoms at a temperature at which the reaction proceeds to form a lower alcohol metal alkoxide, mixing a polyol or a higher monohydric alcohol having at least 4 carbon atoms with the lower alcohol-alkaline earth metal alkoxide reaction product and removing the lower alcohol therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,210,322 King Et Al. (45
    USOO5210322A United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,210,322 King et al. (45) Date of Patent: "May 11, 1993 (54) PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF (56) References Cited ETHERS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 75) Inventors: Stephen W. King, Scott Depot; Kurt 4,308,402 12/1981 Edwards et al. .................... 568/68 D. Olson, Cross Lanes, both of W. Va. OTHER PUBLICATIONS 73) Assignee: Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Technology Corporation, Danbury, Mechanisms, and Structure, 1968, pp. 435-436,477-480, Conn. 878-879 and 36. I'l Notice: The portion of the term of this patent Taylor,Tamura, Roger, Y. et al., Tetrahedron Synthesis, 1975,Letters, pp. No.641-642. 8, 1975, pp. subsequent to Mar. 2, 2010 has been 593-596. disclaimed. Witt, H. et al., Angew Chem, 1970, 82, p. 79. (21) Appl. No.: 585,455 Tundo,1565-1571. Pietro et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1988, 27, pp. 22 Filed: Sep. 20, 1990 Dow Chemical U.S.A., Experimental Ethylene Car 51 Int. C.5 CO7C 41/00; CO7C 69/96 bonate XAS-1666.00L Product Bulletin (1982), p. 12. Yak 88 a Texaco Chemical Company, TEXACAR(R) Ethylene (52) U.S.C.6,616,568/69,566,625,566,1587.65 .................................... 568/579,568/613; and Propylene Carbonates Product Bulletin (1987), p. 568/606; 568/607; 568/608; 568/609;568/610; 24. 568/614; 568/620; 568/621; 568/622; 568/623; Primary Examiner-Paul J. Killos 568/624; 568/659; 568/660,568/661; 568/662; Attorney, Agent, or Firm-R.
    [Show full text]