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04 Adrián Escamilla Trejo Adrianopovich.Indd estado e internacionalización empresarial: la trayectoria histórica de la firma canadiense bombardier* state and business internationalization: the historical path of the canadian firm bombardier Adrián Escamilla Trejo** Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México (DF), México RESUMEN ABSTRACT El objetivo es contribuir a la discusión sobre This article aims to contribute to the discus- el papel del estado y las trayectorias naciona- sion about the role of the state, and na- les en las estrategias de expansión empresarial tional trajectories in business expansion de los últimos 50 años. Para ello, se analiza la strategies of the last 50 years. For this, the historia de la firma canadiense Bombardier, history of the Canadian firm Bombardier, líder mundial en la fabricación de equipo world leader in the manufacture of railway ferroviario y aeronáutico. Se eligió un país and aeronautical equipment, is analyzed. A desarrollado y una firma de renombre para developed country and a renowned firm mostrar que el discurso globalizador que were chosen to show that the globalizing desde la década de 1970 propone apertura y discourse that since the 1970s proposes “libre mercado” fue adoptado al exterior de openness and “free market” was adopted estas naciones. Al interior de países como abroad from these nations. Because within Canadá las políticas proteccionistas, los sub- countries, such as Canada, protectionist sidios a corporaciones y la promoción de policies, corporate subsidies and export exportaciones con recursos de los contribu- promotion with taxpayer resources were the yentes fueron la base para la expansión de basis for the expansion of companies such empresas como Bombardier. Esta trayectoria as Bombardier. This trajectory was combined se combinó con el proceso de privatización with the privatization of state-owned trans- de empresas de equipos de transporte en port equipment firms in countries such as países como México, en las décadas de 1980 Mexico, in the 1980s and 1990s, giving y 1990, dando a Bombardier la posibilidad Bombardier the possibility of acquiring de adquirir capacidades y tecnología que capabilities and technology external that consolidaron su red global de producción. consolidated its global production network. Palabras clave: Empresas trasnacionales. Keywords: Transnational corporation. Trans- Equipos de transporte. Subsidios. Financia- portation equipment. Subsidies to transna- miento a exportaciones. Privatización. tionals. Export financing. Privatization. * Este artículo se desarrolló en el marco del Programa de Becas Posdoctorales del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). Agradezco al Programa Integrado de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, por el apoyo brindado como entidad académica de adscripción. Fecha de recepción: 12 de febrero de 2019; fecha de aceptación: 1o de agosto de 2019. ** Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México. E-mail: adrianescamillat@ gmail.com história econômica & história de empresas vol. 22 no 2 (2019), 375-418 | 375 Introducción Durante las últimas décadas los enfoques empresariales han cobrado auge en el análisis de las transformaciones productivas internacionales. Desde estas visiones, las actividades de producción y comercialización de las firmas son la principal referencia para explicar la dinámica eco- nómica mundial. Algunas teorías, como el neoinstitucionalismo, consi- deran que la competitividad empresarial es la que modela la actividad económica en general. Otros marcos analíticos, como el de las cadenas globales de valor, hacen de las estrategias empresariales el punto clave para el diseño de políticas de desarrollo productivo. En suma, poco a poco el énfasis de los estudios del desarrollo ha pasado de las condiciones histórico-estructurales al análisis de las nuevas formas de organización empresarial1. El auge de estos debates, sin embargo, ha desenfocado la importancia que tienen las trayectorias nacionales y el estado en el fortalecimiento de la competitividad empresarial. Las primeras se refieren a los procesos sociopolíticos que acompasan las decisiones que afectan al conjunto económico de los estados nación (i.e., qué actividades impulsar, cómo hacerlo y con qué objetivos). Lecturas del momento histórico que se procesan en la arena de los intereses político-económicos con el fin de realizar un interés mayor, el interés general, ya sea induciendo cambios estructurales o proponiendo metas generales que van dando forma a las distintas configuraciones nacionales que adopta el sistema capitalista. El estado constituye una fuerza esencial en la reproducción de estas tra- yectorias; por un lado, encauza ese interés general, procesando los con- flictos sociales y fomentando las capacidades de articulación con los procesos globales; por otro, crea y mantiene las condiciones para el funcionamiento de los mercados (i.e., normas y leyes, líneas estratégicas, deslinde de espacios de valorización). La política económica y las ac- ciones estatales sellan estos procesos2. 1 Como corolario, se asume que los países atrasados pueden alcanzar el desarrollo insertándose en las redes y dinámicas de las empresas trasnacionales. Para una revisión crítica de tales enfoques, véase Basave y Hernández (2007). 2 Una discusión actual sobre la importancia analítica de estas dimensiones en contraste con las limitaciones de los enfoques empresariales recientes se encuentra en Ornelas (2017) y en Fernández y Trevignani (2015). 376 | Adrián Escamilla Trejo El relativo abandono de estas perspectivas por parte de la mayoría de los enfoques empresariales actuales ha reforzado el supuesto de que la apertura económica y la inserción a las dinámicas globales promoverán per se el desarrollo3. Soslayando, en este caso, las dinámicas externas de los estados nación, los cuales buscan desplegar su propia agenda internacio- nal en consecuencia con su trayectoria histórica de expansión. De esta manera, la internacionalización empresarial deja de verse como parte de un proceso geopolítico de restructuración de costos y conquista de mercados, y se estudia más como el resultado de un nuevo paradigma de organización tecno-productiva, como el basado en redes, que se nutre de los avances tecnológicos de la informática y las comunicaciones en el marco de una mayor flexibilización de las políticas de inversión extranjera4. Enmarcado en este debate, el presente trabajo busca contribuir a la discusión sobre el papel del estado y las trayectorias nacionales en las estrategias de expansión empresarial de los últimos 40 años. Pese a los actos de proteccionismo recientes nos mantenemos en una época in- fluenciada por el discurso económico globalizador – promovido por organismos multilaterales – que soslaya la importancia del estado y ensalza las ventajas del libre mercado. Discurso que oculta, empero, la expansión de empresas e industrias fuertemente subvencionadas por países ricos que al amparo de una retórica aperturista promueven estra- tegias competitivas agresivas en contra de otras naciones, despojándolas de mercados, derechos, recursos… evidenciando así que lejos de retirase, el estado, en ciertos países, se ha mantenido más activo que nunca en el marco de las estrategias de expansión empresarial. El objetivo concreto es analizar la trayectoria de un caso muy rele- vante por su resonancia internacional. Se trata de la firma Bombardier Inc., líder mundial en la fabricación de equipo ferroviario y aeronáuti- 3 De forma paulatina, estos enfoques han comenzado a reconocer la importancia que tienen las políticas estatales y los marcos regulatorios para aumentar tanto el “poder de negociación” como la “efectividad de las estrategias” de los actores locales para alcanzar mejores beneficios de su articulación a las redes de producción interna- cionales, reconociendo, implícitamente, los sesgos y limitaciones de las dinámicas empresariales para promover el desarrollo. No obstante, la integración de dichos elementos en un corpus teórico-metodológico coherente aún es tarea pendiente. Para una discusión crítica, véase Dussel (2018). 4 Un autor que refleja de forma nítida este cambio de paradigma intelectual es Dicken (2011). Estado e internacionalización empresarial: la trayectoria histórica de la firma... | 377 co, originaria de Canadá. Hasta la década de 1970 esta empresa sólo participaba en el mercado interno; hoy en día, es referente mundial de la industria de equipos de transporte. Cuenta con sitios de producción y desarrollo de ingeniería en 28 países de todos los continentes e insta- laciones de servicios en 14 países más. En América Latina posee varios activos; los más importantes están ubicados en México, los cuales son, a su vez, plataforma de exportación a varias regiones del mundo. La llegada de Bombardier a México ha sido definida de forma oficial como un resultado exitoso del modelo económico neoliberal imperante desde la década de 1980, así como un ejemplo de que el país se convirtió en una sólida economía emergente del siglo XXI5. Lejos de este idealismo empresarial, el presente estudio muestra la im- portancia decisiva del estado canadiense en la internacionalización de Bombardier, así como el impacto que tuvo el proceso de privatización de empresas competidoras – ocurrido durante las décadas de 1980-1990 – en la consolidación regional de esta trasnacional. Entre ellas, destaca la compañía mexicana Constructora Nacional de Carros de Ferrocarril, relevante para el caso de Latinoamérica, y la firma Adtranz, para el caso
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