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Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival (2.3)

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Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival (2.3) Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival (2.3) Metabolic Rate (2.4) Metabolism in Conformers and Regulators Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Sub-Topic (2.3) Metabolic rate (2.4) Metabolism in Conformers and Regulators On completion of this subtopic I will be able to State that metabolic rate is the quantity of energy consumed by an organism per unit of time. Metabolic rate can be measured as oxygen consumption per of unit time, carbon dioxide production per unit of time or energy production as heat per unit of time. State that different types of organisms have different metabolic rates. Compare the metabolic rate of different organisms. Animals have various physiological adaptations to deliver oxygen to cells. High metabolic rates require efficient delivery of oxygen to cells. Describe the structure and circulation of the fish heart and lung structure. Describe the structure and circulation of the amphibian and reptile heart and structure of lungs Describe the structure and circulation in the mammalian and bird heart and structure of the lungs Describe physiological adaptations that animals have to survive in low oxygen niches. The maximum uptake of oxygen (VO2 max) can be used as a measure of human fitness. Conformers’ internal environment is dependent on external factors such as temperature, salinity and pH. Conformers may have low metabolic costs and narrow ecological niches. Describe behavioural responses in conformers to maintain optimum metabolic rate. Regulators can control their internal environment, increasing their range of ecological niches. Regulation requires energy to achieve homeostasis. Describe the process of negative feedback control and thermoregulation in mammals including the role of the hypothalamus, nerves, effectors and skin. State the importance of regulating temperature for optimal enzyme controlled reaction rates and diffusion rates to maintain metabolism. Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 1 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes Multicellular Organisms Sub-Topic 2.6(b) Animal Transport & Exchange Systems Prior Learning In mammals a transport system is required to deliver essential substances to cells and take waste materials away from cells In mammals, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood The heart is made up of four chambers, the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles Valves which prevent the backflow of blood are located between the atria and ventricles and also found in the pulmonary artery and aorta Blood vessels associated with the heart include the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and coronary arteries Deoxygenated blood comes back to the heart from circulating around the body and flows into the vena cava, then flows through the right atrium and right ventricle before leaving the heart through the pulmonary artery to go to the lungs In the lungs the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, then flows through the left atrium and left ventricle leaving the heart through the aorta to circulate around the body Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 2 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes (2.3) Metabolic rate Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to sustain life. The quantity of energy consumed by an organism per unit of time is called its metabolic rate. Energy is generated by cells during aerobic respiration: glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY Metabolic rate can be measured as The rate of energy production as heat The rate at which an organism consumes oxygen The rate at which an organism produces carbon dioxide Metabolic rate can be measured using calorimeters A calorimeter is a well insulated container containing a pipe through which water flows. Heat generated by the organism causes a rise in temperature of the water in the pipe. Measuring the temperature of the water entering and leaving the calorimeter for a given period of time, allows the calculation of the organism’s metabolic rate from the data collected. Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 3 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes Indirect calorimetry measures the respiration rate in an organism by measuring O2 uptake or CO2 production. Label the diagram. Use the space below to explain how a respirometer works. Different types of organisms have different metabolic rates. Use Torrance text book, chapter 10, to find out the metabolic rates of various animals at rest. Volume of oxygen consumed Animal animal group (mm3g-1 body mass h-1) The oxygen consumption is then used to calculate the basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is a measure of the energy consumed by an organism when at rest. Any increase in activity by the organism will use more energy in addition to the BMR. Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 4 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes The energy needed by an organism can be broken down into 3 main parts 1. BMR 2. Physical activity- the more activity, the higher the energy cost 3. The cost of digesting and processing food Oxygen delivery An organism’s metabolic rate will increase to meet an increasing demand for energy. Its rate of aerobic respiration will increase and consumption of oxygen will increase as it is important that oxygen rapidly reaches all body cells. Aerobic organisms with high metabolic rates have efficient transport systems capable of delivering large supplies of oxygen to respiring cells. Each vertebrate group has specific adaptations of the circulatory system to cope with their own aerobic demands and metabolic rates. Vertebrates use closed circulation systems – a muscular heart pumps blood through a closed system of blood vessels. Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 5 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes (1) Circulatory systems Fish Circulation Blood travels though a two chamber pump in a and blood single circuit from the heart to the gills and then on pressure around the body. Since blood pressure decreases as the blood passes through the gills, body tissues receive blood under low pressure. Blood flow is aided by body movements during swimming. Heart Atrium A single atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. Ventricle A single ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills. Using information from the power point presentation: Limitations of this system are: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Amphibians and Reptiles Circulation Three chamber, double cycle pump with one circulation and blood loop pumping to the lungs and skin and another loop pumping pressure to the body. Although blood loses pressure as it passes through the capillary beds, in the lungs and skin, the pressure increases again as it passes through the heart for a second time. Heart Atria A right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. A left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin. Ventricle A single ventricle receives blood from both atria. Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can take place but is reduced by internal ridges that divert deoxygenated blood from the right atrium towards the lungs and skin and oxygenated blood from the left atrium towards the rest of the body. Using information from the power point presentation: Limitations of this system are: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 6 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes Mammals and Birds Circulation and Four chambered double cycle pump. There is a blood pressure double circuit with the right side of the heart pumping blood to the lungs and the left side pumping blood to the body. Pumping blood through the heart after it has been through the lungs ensures that the body tissues receive blood under high pressure. Heart Atrium A right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. A left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. Ventricles A right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs. A left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. By having two ventricles, mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is prevented. This is important to maintain the high metabolic rate required in these animals. Why is this kind of system essential in warm blooded animals? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Duncanrig Secondary School LS 2015 page 7 of 22 Higher Biology Unit 2 Pupil Course Notes Oxygen Delivery (2) Lung Systems Amphibians The lungs in amphibians are small balloon-like thin walled sacs. The surface area available for diffusion is low as it is limited only to the outer surface area. This means that the amount of oxygen obtained through the amphibian lung is small. To ensure they have enough oxygen to support their metabolic rate amphibians exchange gases through their skin and mouth cavity and only use their lungs during vigorous activity. Reptiles Reptiles are more active than amphibians and have a greater metabolic oxygen demand. They have a basic bronchiole system with alveoli clustered at the ends, increasing surface area over which diffusion can take place.
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