Biology Online Homeostasis Homeostasis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Biology online Answer to all your Biology Questions Homeostasis Definition noun (Science: Biology) (1) The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions (2) The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes Supplement In humans, homeostasis happens when the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, we sweat to cool off during the hot summer days, and we shiver to produce heat during the cold winter season. Word origin: from the Greek: homeo, meaning unchanging + stasis, meaning standing. Related forms: homeostatic (adjective). Homeostasis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Homeostasis — also spelled homoeostasis or homœostasis — (from Greek: ὅμοιος, "hómoios", "similar",[1] and στάσις, stásis, "standing still"[2]) is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH. It can be either an open or closed system. In simple terms, it is a process in which the body's internal environment is kept stable, despite changes in external conditions. The concept was described by Claude Bernard and the term was later coined by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926,[3] 1929[4] and 1932.[5][6] Typically used to refer to a living organism, the concept of homeostasis was preceded by that of milieu intérieur, defined by Claude Bernard and published in 1865. Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustment and regulation mechanisms make homeostasis possible. Homeostasis needs to be distinguished from simple dynamic equilibriums, which are not regulated, and steady states, which may be stable but sensitive to perturbations. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they
[Show full text]
The Internal Environment of Animals: 32 Organization and Regulation
CHAPTER The Internal Environment of Animals: 32 Organization and Regulation KEY CONCEPTS 32.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization 32.2 The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology 32.3 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals 32.4 A shared system mediates osmoregulation and excretion in many animals 32.5 The mammalian kidney’s ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation ▲ Figure 32.1 How do long legs help this scavenger survive in the scorching desert heat? Diverse Forms, Common Challenges Because form and function are correlated, examining anat- omy often provides clues to physiology—biological function. he desert ant (Cataglyphis) in Figure 32.1 scavenges In the case of the desert ant, researchers noted that its stilt-like insects that have succumbed to the daytime heat of the legs are disproportionately long, elevating the rest of the ant Sahara Desert. To gather corpses for feeding, the ant 4 mm above the sand. At this height, the ant’s body is exposed Tmust forage when surface temperatures on the sunbaked sand to a temperature 6°C lower than that at ground level. The ant’s exceed 60°C (140°F), well above the thermal limit for virtually long legs also facilitate rapid locomotion: Researchers have all animals. How does the desert ant survive these conditions? found that desert ants can run as fast as 1 m/sec, close to the To address this question, we need to consider the relationship top speed recorded for a running arthropod.
[Show full text]
CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Physiology is the science that seeks to understand the function of living organisms and their parts. In human physiology, we are concerned with the characteristics of the human body that allow us to sense our environment, move about, think and communicate, reproduce, and perform all of the functions that enable us to survive and thrive as living beings. Human physiology links the basic sciences with clin- ical medicine and integrates multiple functions of mol- ecules and subcellular components, the cells, tissues, and organs into the functions of the living human being. This integration requires communication and coordina- tion by a vast array of control systems that operate at every level, from the genes that program synthesis of molecules to the complex nervous and hormonal sys- tems that coordinate functions of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body. Life in the human being relies on this total function, which is considerably more complex than the sum of the functions of the individual cells, tissues, and organs. Cells Are the Living Units of the Body. Each organ is an aggregate of many cells held together by intercellu- lar supporting structures. The entire body contains 35 to 40 trillion cells, each of which is adapted to perform special functions. These individual cell functions are coordinated by multiple regulatory systems operating in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Although the many cells of the body differ from each other in their special functions, all of them have certain basic characteristics.
[Show full text]
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists.
[Show full text]
Fibrosis of Two: Epithelial Cell-Fibroblast Interactions in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1832 (2013) 911–921 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbadis Review Fibrosis of two: Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions in pulmonary fibrosis☆ Norihiko Sakai, a,b, Andrew M. Tager a,b,c,⁎ a Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA b Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA c Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA article info abstract Article history: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the progressive and ultimately fatal accumulation of Received 12 December 2012 fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in the lung that distorts its architecture and compromises its function. Received in revised form 3 March 2013 IPF is now thought to result from wound-healing processes that, although initiated to protect the host Accepted 4 March 2013 from injurious environmental stimuli, lead to pathological fibrosis due to these processes becoming aberrant Available online 14 March 2013 or over-exuberant. Although the environmental stimuli that trigger IPF remain to be identified, recent evi- dence suggests that they initially injure the alveolar epithelium. Repetitive cycles of epithelial injury and re- Keywords: fi Pulmonary fibrosis sultant alveolar epithelial cell death provoke the migration, proliferation, activation and myo broblast Epithelial cells differentiation of fibroblasts, causing the accumulation of these cells and the extracellular matrix that they Apoptosis synthesize. In turn, these activated fibroblasts induce further alveolar epithelial cell injury and death, thereby Fibroblasts creating a vicious cycle of pro-fibrotic epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions.
[Show full text]
Introduction to Marine Biology
Short Communication Volume 10:S1, 2021 Molecular Biology ISSN: 2168-9547 Open Access Introduction to Marine Biology Subhashree Sahoo* Trident College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India Abstract Introduction to marine biology is a 3-praise lesson credited finished the Florida Solutions Communal University. It includes a smallest of 45 interaction times that comprise together addresses and applied actions. This lesson canister usually is alienated in four units. Marine biology is a newer science than earthly ecology as initial experts were incomplete in their education of water creatures through absence of skill toward detect and example them. The Greek theorist Aristotle was unique of the 1st to project an organization system for alive organisms, which he named “the ladder of life” and in which he designated 500 classes, numerous of which were maritime. He also deliberates fish gills and cuttlefish. The Roman biologist Pliny the Leader available a 37-volume effort named Natural History, which limited numerous maritime classes. Slight effort on usual past remained showed throughout the central days, and it wasn’t pending the nighttime 18th period and initial 19th period that attention in the maritime setting was rehabilitated, powered through examinations now complete conceivable through healthier vessels and better steering methods. Keywords: Molecular, Biology, Marine. Introduction has an optimum variety of apiece ecological issue that touches it. Outdoor of this best, regions of pressure exist, anywhere the creature may nosedive toward replicate. Most maritime creatures are ectotherms, powerless toward Fish source the highest measurement of the universe protein expended switch their interior text infection, so fast or loosing warmth after their outside through persons.
[Show full text]
Lerner's Concept of Developmental Homeostasis and the Problem of Heterozygosity Level in Natural Populations
Heredity 55 (1985) 341—353 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 20 March 1985 Lerner's concept of developmental homeostasis and the problem of heterozygosity level in natural populations G. Livshits and E. Kobyliansky Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. In recent years adherents of the neutral mutation hypothesis have conducted a variety of statistical tests concerning the applicability of their theory to data of biochemical genetic polymorphism in natural populations. From the other side, the involvement of natural selection as a main evolutionary force responsible for the observed levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity have also been proposed in numerous field studies and theoretical considerations. However, none of these hypotheses completely and satisfactorily explains the collected data. We believe that one of the main causes of the discrepancy in theories is that the variability at each locus is considered independently in both of the above- mentioned approaches. Yet, it was suggested long ago, and now there is an increasing amount of evidence indicating cooperation between different loci which can influence the variability at each of them. Thus we think that the use of models considering the genome as a suit of independent genes is a priori expected to decrease the efficacy of the approximation. In the present review we attempt to draw attention to findings of interdependence of the variability of different characters and its possible limiting action on the growth of genetic diversity in natural populations. We do not try to give a universal explanation for the processes acting in populations and determining levels of heterozygosity.
[Show full text]
Three Dimensional Collagen Scaffolds Promote Ipsc Induction with Higher Pluripotency
Protein Cell DOI 10.1007/s13238-016-0321-2 Protein & Cell LETTER Three dimensional collagen scaffolds promote iPSC induction with higher pluripotency Dear Editor, metabolism of G1 phase cells and speed up the cell multipli- cation (Tirone, 2001). Moreover, p21 and Btg2 have been also Extracellular environment plays a role in regulating stem cell known as two reprogramming inhibitors, the down-regulation of fates and three dimensional (3D) scaffolds can be utilized to them might boost reprogramming (Bao et al., 2015). mimic the internal environment in vitro. Currently, many types To study the effect of 3D collagen scaffolds on reprogram- of cells have been cultured in 3D conditions but only few ming, therefore, we used two approaches to reprogram MEFs studies have focused on reprogramming in a 3D environment. into iPSCs (Fig. 1D). Firstly, MEFs were grown in 3D collagen 3D culture systems provide circumstances that can bet- scaffolds. Four days later, one part of MEFs was directly Cell ter simulate native conditions which are comprised of dis- reprogrammed in 3D collagen scaffolds (3D), another part of & tinctive cell morphology, oxygen levels, extracellular matrix MEFs was digested and seeded on 2D cell plates then repro- secretion and concentration gradients of signaling factors grammed (3D/2D). Consequently, the group of 3D and 3D/2D (Keung et al., 2010; Gu et al., 2016). showed a higher efﬁciency and higher colony numbers com- Herein, we used collagen, the major composition of the pared to those in 2D conditions (Fig. 1Eand1F). When the extracellular matrix (Di Lullo et al., 2002), that serves as iPSCs were re-seeded in the 3D scaffolds, the colony formed a Protein scaffolds to offer porous 3D surrounding to mimic in vivo grape-like cluster within the pores of 3D collagen scaffolds environments (Song et al., 2015) and to explore the role of 3D (Fig.
[Show full text]
1 Basic Biological Principles.Pdf
Basic Biological Principles Biology = The study of Life Characteristics of Life Complex Organization Metabolism (Energy Flow) Homeostasis Reproduction and Heredity Growth and Development Response to Stimuli Sample Question A virus consists of a single strand of DNA enclosed in a protein capsule. Is a virus considered a living organism? A. Yes; since the virus contains protein, it is a living organism. B. Yes; since the virus contains DNA, it is a living organism. C. No; living organisms must have two characteristics of life, and the T4 bacteriophage only has one. D. No; viruses are not considered to be living organisms. Answer: D All living organisms must have an organized structure, obtain and use energy and materials, maintain homeostasis, grow, reproduce and pass on genetic information, and respond to stimuli and evolve/adapt to their environment. Although viruses contain DNA and pass their DNA on to their offspring, they cannot do this unassisted, nor do they meet all the other criteria for living organisms. Thus, viruses are not considered to be living organisms. Complex Organization Everything in the world is made up of matter and all matter is made up of atoms Elements = consist of only one kind of atom Compounds = two or more elements combined Living organisms are composed of many different organic (carbon-based) and inorganic compounds Cells = composed of many different compounds, basic building blocks of life Sample Question What is the single most abundant compound in living organisms? A. fat B. carbon C. sugar D. water Answer: D Water is the single most abundant compound in all living organisms.
[Show full text]
Biological Homeostasis - Pietro Omodeo
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. I – Biological Homeostasis - Pietro Omodeo BIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS Omodeo Pietro Department of Evolutionary Biology and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena. Italy Keywords: Homeostasis, homeorrhesis, stabilisers, physiological control, control of stores, control of development, flux of genetic information. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Stabilization 3. Homeostasis 3.1. Logic and Structure of the Homeostat 3.2. The Components of the Homeostat: the Measuring Unit 3.3 The Components of the Homeostat: The Effector 3.4 The Control of Controllers 3.5. The Control of Stores 4. Homeorrhesis, the Automatic Control of Behavior 4.1. Trajectory Control 4.2. Smooth Control 4.3.Coordinate Control in Homeostasis and Homeorrhesis 5. Control of Development and Reproduction 5.1. Exogenous and Endogenous Clock and the Calendar 5.2. Embryonic Regulation 5.3. Control of the Flux of Genetic Information 6. Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary HomeostasisUNESCO is a fundamental concept –in biology EOLSS because it helps to understand the aims of physiological functions and their behavior, and aids in explaining the mechanisms of regulation during ontogeny. Homeostasis is based on the principle of comparing the actualSAMPLE value of the parameters CHAPTERSunder control with an intended optimum. In case of discrepancy, the energetic or material input is regulated through a feedback loop conveying the error signal to the effectors. The effectors governing this input may have the nature of a switch or of a pump; in the latter case, the fatigue, or the défaillance, of the pump is controlled in its turn. This additional control is particularly important for the regulation of stores, because it primes a search program that directs motile organisms towards a food source that enables the restoration of optimum conditions.
[Show full text]
Keystone Vocab List Used
Characteristics of Life & The Scientific Method Vocabulary 1) Biology = study of life 2) Cell = basic unit of structure and function of all living things 3) Science = A body of evidence-based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology. 4) Homeostasis = the regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions that allow it to live 5) Hypothesis = testable explanation; written in “ IF… THEN ” format 6) Theory = is an explanation based on many observations (hypothesis is repeatedly verified over time and through may separate experiments) 7) Principle (scientific) = A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present, true, and valid) where general agreement is present. 8) Law = describes relationships under certain conditions in nature; Describes but does not explain a natural event 9) Agriculture = The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of various organisms. 10) Embryology = The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things. 11) System = A set of interacting or interdependent components, real or abstract, that form an integrated whole. An open system is able to interact with its environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment. 12) Mechanism (scientific) = The combination of components and processes that serve a common function. Classification Vocabulary: 1) Eukaryotic cells = have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; usually more complex than prokaryotic cell 2) Prokaryotic cells = does NOT have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles 1 Chemistry of Life Vocabulary: 1) Atom = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element 2) Nucleus = Center of atom; contains protons & neutrons 3) Molecule = a group of covalently bonded atoms with no charge 4) pH = how acidic or basic a substance is 5) Freezing Point = The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid.
[Show full text]
WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories
WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories Acknowledgements The World Naturopathic Federation (WNF) greatly appreciates the participation of naturopathic educational institutions in providing the details required for the WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories: Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM), Canada; Collège Européen de Naturopathie Traditionnelle Holistique (CENATHO), France; Centro Andaluz de Naturopatía (CEAN), Spain; Naturopatska Sola (SAEKA), Slovenia; Wellpark College of Natural Therapies, New Zealand. This initiative was led by the Naturopathic Roots Committee with the following members including Heilpraktiker / naturopaths / naturopathic doctors (ND): Tina Hausser, Heilpraktiker, Naturopath - Chair (Spain) Dr. Iva Lloyd, ND (Canada) Dr. JoAnn Yánez, ND, MPH, CAE (United States) Phillip Cottingham, ND (New Zealand) Roger Newman Turner, ND (United Kingdom) Alfredo Abascal, Naturopath (Uruguay) © World Naturopathic Federation July 2017 (date provisional) All rights reserved. Publications of the World Naturopathic Federation can be obtained from our website at www.worldnaturopathicfederation.org. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WNF publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to [email protected] All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Naturopathic Federation to verify the information in this report. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Naturopathic Federation be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Canada. Copyright 2017 1 www.worldnaturopathicfederation.org WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories Introduction Table of Contents Process Overview of the Profession I.
[Show full text]