The Internal Environment of Animals: 32 Organization and Regulation
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CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Physiology is the science that seeks to understand the function of living organisms and their parts. In human physiology, we are concerned with the characteristics of the human body that allow us to sense our environment, move about, think and communicate, reproduce, and perform all of the functions that enable us to survive and thrive as living beings. Human physiology links the basic sciences with clin- ical medicine and integrates multiple functions of mol- ecules and subcellular components, the cells, tissues, and organs into the functions of the living human being. This integration requires communication and coordina- tion by a vast array of control systems that operate at every level, from the genes that program synthesis of molecules to the complex nervous and hormonal sys- tems that coordinate functions of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body. Life in the human being relies on this total function, which is considerably more complex than the sum of the functions of the individual cells, tissues, and organs. Cells Are the Living Units of the Body. Each organ is an aggregate of many cells held together by intercellu- lar supporting structures. The entire body contains 35 to 40 trillion cells, each of which is adapted to perform special functions. These individual cell functions are coordinated by multiple regulatory systems operating in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Although the many cells of the body differ from each other in their special functions, all of them have certain basic characteristics. -
(07) 1. Salts and Minerals Are Conducted in Plants by Phloem Vascular Tissue 2
Answer Key Paper Code: 55857 Dated: 1.4.2019 Q. 1. A) Fill in the blanks: (07) 1. Salts and minerals are conducted in plants by phloem vascular tissue 2. Tendon connects _muscle__ to bones in humans 3. Requirement of Ca for the growth of plant is _macro type of nutrient 4. The part of the neuron cell containing nucleus is called as__cyton__. 5. Lymphatic circulatory system in animals helps in __immune response 6. The process of loss of salts happens through the __guttation of the plant 7. Heart is an involuntary muscle of the animal tissues. B) Match the columns: (07) Column A Column B a) Xylem i) Invertebrates (c) b) Phloem ii) Na+ ions (e) c) Hydrostatic Skeleton iii) Water Transport (a) d) Pectoral Girdle iv) Earthworm (f) e) Proton Pump v) Axial Skeleton (d) f) Circular Muscles vi) Stomata (g) g) Transpiration vii) Organic Solutes (b) C) Define / Explain the following terms: (06) 1. Excretion: Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste from the body. In animal kingdom of metabolism there are several strategies used by organism to eliminate the waste product of metabolism. 2. Alcoholic fermentation: is the anaerobic pathway carried out by yeasts in which simple sugars are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. 3. Partial Pressure:In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. -
Effects of Fish Size and Feeding Frequency on Metabolism of Juvenile Walleye
Effects of fish size and feeding frequency on metabolism of juvenile walleye by Timothy Keith Yager A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department:· Animal Ecology Interdepartmental Major: Water Resources Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1991 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Oxygen Consumption and Fish Respiration 2 Ammonia Excretion 4 Aeration and Ammonia Treatment Options 5 Factors Affecting Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion 7 Objectives 7 Explanation of Thesis Format 9 SECTION I. EFFECTS OF SIZE AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON METABOLISM OF JUVENILE WALLEYE 10 ABSTRACT 11 INTRODUCTION 12 METHODS 15 culture Conditions 15 Feeding 17 Daily Monitoring of Ammonia-N (TAN) 19 24-hour Feeding Trials 20 Fish Lengths and Weights 22 Biomass Estimates 24 Mass-specific Metabolic Rates 24 statistical Analysis 28 iii RESULTS 31 Effects of Size 31 Oxygen consumption 31 Ammonia excretion 37 Daily ammonia excretion 46 Effects of Feeding Schedule 46 Oxygen consumption 46 Ammonia excretion 51 DISCUSSION 52 Effects of Size 52 Effects of Feeding Frequency 53 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 55 REFERENCES 56 SECTION II. PATTERNS OF SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION IN JUVENILE WALLEYE UNDER FOUR DIFFERENT FEEDING FREQUENCIES 59 ABSTRACT 60 INTRODUCTION 61 METHODS 64 Culture Conditions 64 Feeding 66 24-hour Feeding Trials 68 Biomass Estimates 70 Mass-specific Metabolic Rates 70 statistical Analysis 72 iv RESULTS 75 Patterns of SDA 75 One feeding 75 Two feedings 75 Three feedings 82 Multiple feedings 82 ANOVA on 3-h Mean Metabolic Rates 89 One feeding 89 Two feedings 89 Three feedings 94 Multiple feedings 94 DISCUSSION 98 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 100 REFERENCES 101 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 104 LITERATURE CITED 106 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 113 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Because the walleye (stizostedion vi~reum) is a highly prized sport and food fish, interest in the commercial production of walleye as a food fish has grown. -
Fibrosis of Two: Epithelial Cell-Fibroblast Interactions in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1832 (2013) 911–921 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbadis Review Fibrosis of two: Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions in pulmonary fibrosis☆ Norihiko Sakai, a,b, Andrew M. Tager a,b,c,⁎ a Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA b Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA c Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA article info abstract Article history: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the progressive and ultimately fatal accumulation of Received 12 December 2012 fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in the lung that distorts its architecture and compromises its function. Received in revised form 3 March 2013 IPF is now thought to result from wound-healing processes that, although initiated to protect the host Accepted 4 March 2013 from injurious environmental stimuli, lead to pathological fibrosis due to these processes becoming aberrant Available online 14 March 2013 or over-exuberant. Although the environmental stimuli that trigger IPF remain to be identified, recent evi- dence suggests that they initially injure the alveolar epithelium. Repetitive cycles of epithelial injury and re- Keywords: fi Pulmonary fibrosis sultant alveolar epithelial cell death provoke the migration, proliferation, activation and myo broblast Epithelial cells differentiation of fibroblasts, causing the accumulation of these cells and the extracellular matrix that they Apoptosis synthesize. In turn, these activated fibroblasts induce further alveolar epithelial cell injury and death, thereby Fibroblasts creating a vicious cycle of pro-fibrotic epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions. -
Three Dimensional Collagen Scaffolds Promote Ipsc Induction with Higher Pluripotency
Protein Cell DOI 10.1007/s13238-016-0321-2 Protein & Cell LETTER Three dimensional collagen scaffolds promote iPSC induction with higher pluripotency Dear Editor, metabolism of G1 phase cells and speed up the cell multipli- cation (Tirone, 2001). Moreover, p21 and Btg2 have been also Extracellular environment plays a role in regulating stem cell known as two reprogramming inhibitors, the down-regulation of fates and three dimensional (3D) scaffolds can be utilized to them might boost reprogramming (Bao et al., 2015). mimic the internal environment in vitro. Currently, many types To study the effect of 3D collagen scaffolds on reprogram- of cells have been cultured in 3D conditions but only few ming, therefore, we used two approaches to reprogram MEFs studies have focused on reprogramming in a 3D environment. into iPSCs (Fig. 1D). Firstly, MEFs were grown in 3D collagen 3D culture systems provide circumstances that can bet- scaffolds. Four days later, one part of MEFs was directly Cell ter simulate native conditions which are comprised of dis- reprogrammed in 3D collagen scaffolds (3D), another part of & tinctive cell morphology, oxygen levels, extracellular matrix MEFs was digested and seeded on 2D cell plates then repro- secretion and concentration gradients of signaling factors grammed (3D/2D). Consequently, the group of 3D and 3D/2D (Keung et al., 2010; Gu et al., 2016). showed a higher efficiency and higher colony numbers com- Herein, we used collagen, the major composition of the pared to those in 2D conditions (Fig. 1Eand1F). When the extracellular matrix (Di Lullo et al., 2002), that serves as iPSCs were re-seeded in the 3D scaffolds, the colony formed a Protein scaffolds to offer porous 3D surrounding to mimic in vivo grape-like cluster within the pores of 3D collagen scaffolds environments (Song et al., 2015) and to explore the role of 3D (Fig. -
Keystone Vocab List Used
Characteristics of Life & The Scientific Method Vocabulary 1) Biology = study of life 2) Cell = basic unit of structure and function of all living things 3) Science = A body of evidence-based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology. 4) Homeostasis = the regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions that allow it to live 5) Hypothesis = testable explanation; written in “ IF… THEN ” format 6) Theory = is an explanation based on many observations (hypothesis is repeatedly verified over time and through may separate experiments) 7) Principle (scientific) = A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present, true, and valid) where general agreement is present. 8) Law = describes relationships under certain conditions in nature; Describes but does not explain a natural event 9) Agriculture = The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of various organisms. 10) Embryology = The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things. 11) System = A set of interacting or interdependent components, real or abstract, that form an integrated whole. An open system is able to interact with its environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment. 12) Mechanism (scientific) = The combination of components and processes that serve a common function. Classification Vocabulary: 1) Eukaryotic cells = have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; usually more complex than prokaryotic cell 2) Prokaryotic cells = does NOT have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles 1 Chemistry of Life Vocabulary: 1) Atom = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element 2) Nucleus = Center of atom; contains protons & neutrons 3) Molecule = a group of covalently bonded atoms with no charge 4) pH = how acidic or basic a substance is 5) Freezing Point = The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid. -
Guide to Theecological Systemsof Puerto Rico
United States Department of Agriculture Guide to the Forest Service Ecological Systems International Institute of Tropical Forestry of Puerto Rico General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35 June 2009 Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Gary L. Miller is a professor, University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies, One University Heights, Asheville, NC 28804-3299. -
Thermal Biology of the Emu, Dromaius Novaehollandiae
UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet SumameorFamilyname: ........... Jfl,.i;l].oueY, .............................................................................................................................................................. First name: ........9.~~ ................................................................. Othername/s: ...... J);~Y.ID................................................................................ Abbre vtation.or· · & d egreeasgtvenm· · theU ruvemtyca· · I e nd ar: ...................................Ph.D. ............................................................................................................ Schoo); .......f\i.gJgg;hg,~J.. ...?.s;;h~n9.~ .................................... Faculty: .. J?.Jg,lgg:i,g.~.l .. liiDR. .. ~.. .a:v.iour.al .. Sr::iences..... TI&: .•.. ....•.• ~~.~~ .•.~~.<?..~~ ...9-:f. ..."!:h~ ... ~ ....(Dranaiu s novaehollandi ae)......................................................... .. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) The emu, Ort?mBillS MI·'*Mllendiae, is a large ( 40 kg) flightless bird that inhabits areas as diverse in temperature regimes as the sno'w' country of the Great Dividing Range and the arid interior of the Australian continent. Several aspects of the emu's physiology suggest it is geared -
WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories
WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories Acknowledgements The World Naturopathic Federation (WNF) greatly appreciates the participation of naturopathic educational institutions in providing the details required for the WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories: Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM), Canada; Collège Européen de Naturopathie Traditionnelle Holistique (CENATHO), France; Centro Andaluz de Naturopatía (CEAN), Spain; Naturopatska Sola (SAEKA), Slovenia; Wellpark College of Natural Therapies, New Zealand. This initiative was led by the Naturopathic Roots Committee with the following members including Heilpraktiker / naturopaths / naturopathic doctors (ND): Tina Hausser, Heilpraktiker, Naturopath - Chair (Spain) Dr. Iva Lloyd, ND (Canada) Dr. JoAnn Yánez, ND, MPH, CAE (United States) Phillip Cottingham, ND (New Zealand) Roger Newman Turner, ND (United Kingdom) Alfredo Abascal, Naturopath (Uruguay) © World Naturopathic Federation July 2017 (date provisional) All rights reserved. Publications of the World Naturopathic Federation can be obtained from our website at www.worldnaturopathicfederation.org. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WNF publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to [email protected] All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Naturopathic Federation to verify the information in this report. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Naturopathic Federation be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Canada. Copyright 2017 1 www.worldnaturopathicfederation.org WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories Introduction Table of Contents Process Overview of the Profession I. -
Living Environment Vocabulary by Prentice Hall 2001 Review Book Unit
Living Environment Vocabulary By Prentice Hall 2001 Review Book Unit Similarities and Topic 1 Differences Among Living Organisms cell the basic unit of structure and function that makes up all organisms metabolism all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism homeostasis the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes reproduction the process by which organisms produce new organisms of the same type cell respiration the process in which nutrients are broken apart, releasing the chemical energy stored in them synthesis a life process that involves combining simple substances into more complex substances organic term used to describe molecules that contain both hydrogen and carbon inorganic a type of molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements organelle a structure within the cell that carries out a specific function tissues a group of specialized cells that perform a specific function organ a body structure made of different kinds of tissues combined to perform a specific function organ system several organs that work together to perform a major function in the body cytoplasm the jellylike substance that is between the cell membrane and the nucleus and that contains specialized structures nucleus a large structure within a cell that controls the cell’s metabolism and stores genetic information, including chromosomes and DNA vacuoles storage sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that may contain -
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
9/6/2013 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology A Basic Understanding of the Form and Functions of the Human Body …But First, a little language • The language of anatomy ( a little Greek, a little Latin, a whole lot of Medical Terminology) – If you understand the root an prefix/suffix organization of the vocabulary of the human body, a lot less memorization and a lot more understanding will occur – Ex. Cyte means cell, anything that begins with hepat- refers to the liver, therefore without having to memorize I know a hepatocyte is a Liver cell – See handout 1, App 11 Stedman’s Medical Dictionary Basic Concepts • Anatomy = Form – Anatomy, Greek “cutting away”, refers to the study of structure of body parts and their relationships • What does it look like? What pieces does it have • Physiology = Function – Physiology, the study of life or function • What does it do? • Function follows form follows function… – “complementarity of structure and function” • Ex. Directionality of blood flow due to one way valves 1 9/6/2013 A Few More “Studies” • Pathological Anatomy: the study of structural changes caused by disease • Developmental Anatomy: study of structural changes that occur througout life • Emryology: study of developmental changes before birth Now Back to Anatomy… Organization 2 9/6/2013 This organization applies to all animals and roughly to all life… Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical: atoms make up molecules make up organelles • Cellular: semi-permeable membrane containing cytoplasm and organelles made up of molecules made -
Topic 11.3 Lecture.Pptx
12/11/17 Understandings: • 11.3.U1 Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers. • 11.3.U2 The Malpighian tuBule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulaon and removal of nitrogenous Human Physiology wastes. • 11.3.U3 The composi=on of Blood in the renal artery is Topic 11 different from that in the renal vein. • 11.3.U4 The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s 11.3 The Kidney and Osmoregulaon capsule facilitate ultrafiltraon. • Essenal idea: All animals excrete nitrogenous waste 11.3.U5 The proximal convoluted tuBule selec=vely products and some animals also Balance water and solute reabsorBs useful suBstances By ac=ve transport. • concentraons. 11.3.U6 The loop of Henlé maintains hypertonic condi=ons in the medulla. Understandings: Applicaons: • 11.3.U7 ADH controls reabsorp=on of water in the collec=ng • 11.3.A1 Consequences of dehydraon and overhydraon. duct. • 11.3.A2 Treatment of kidney failure By hemodialysis or • 11.3.U8 The length of the loop of Henlé is posi=vely kidney transplant. correlated with the need for water • 11.3.A3 Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs are detected • conservaon in animals. in urinary tests. • 11.3.U9 The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolu=onary history and habitat. Skills: • 11.3.S1 Drawing and labeling a diagram of the human kidney. • 11.3.S2 Annotaon of diagrams of the nephron 1 12/11/17 I. Excre=on of Wastes II. Different Responses to Changes in Osmolarity in the Environment A. Excre=on is the removal of waste products of metabolism A.