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Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development (ed.) Prospects and Future Tasks of Universities Authors: Hannes Androsch, Bilal Barakat, Gerald Bast, Mats Benner, Günther Burkert, Jörg Dräger, Daniel Fallon, Ulrike Felt, Max Fochler, Julius David Friedrich, Johannes Gadner, Anton Graschopf, Anita Gufler, Markus Hengstschläger, Thomas Henzinger, Bettina Hölker, Helmut Holzinger, Dieter Imboden, Wolfgang Knoll, Wilhelm Krull, Gertraud Leimüller, Dieter Lenzen, Antonio Loprieno, Wolfgang Lutz, Lisa Mordhorst, Ruth Müller, Ulrich Müller, Helga Nowotny, Hans Pechar, Elmar Pichl, Wolfgang Rohe, Sylvia Schwaag Serger, Peter Scott, Klara Sekanina, Sascha Spoun, Michael Stampfer, Hans Sünkel, Antje Tepperwien, Marijk van der Wende, Oliver Vitouch, Claudia von der Linden, Sebastian Weiner, Barbara Weitgruber, Georg Winckler, Martin Wirsing, Karl Wöber. Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development (ed.) Prospects and Future Tasks of Universities Digitalization – Internationalization – Differentiation LIT Project management: Anton Graschopf Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development http://www.rat-fte.at/ offi[email protected] Text credits, figures and tables: Copyright of the individual articles is held by the authors. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-643-90937-4 (hc.) ISBN 978-3-643-95937-9 (PDF) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © LIT VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG Wien, Zweigniederlassung Zürich 2017 Klosbachstr. 107 CH-8032 Zürich Tel. +41(0)44-2517505 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.ch Distribution: In the UK: Global Book Marketing, e-mail: [email protected] In North America: International Specialized Book Services, e-mail: [email protected] In Germany: LIT Verlag Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22, Fax +49 (0) 2 51-922 60 99, e-mail: [email protected] In Austria: Medienlogistik Pichler-ÖBZ, e-mail: [email protected] e-books are available at www.litwebshop.de CONTENTS Preface 1 Hannes ANDROSCH, Markus HENGSTSCHLÄGER, Anton GRASCHOPF I. DEVELOPMENT, IMPORTANCE AND TASKS 1. What do we want from our universities? 7 Dieter M. IMBODEN & Wolfgang ROHE 2. Re-imagining and re-legitimising the university – where past and future imaginaries meet 25 Ulrike FELT, Maximilian FOCHLER, Ruth MÜLLER, Helga NOWOTNY 3. The future of the university calls for a paradigm change 43 Gerald BAST 4. Animating the Value of the Liberal Arts for the University of the Future 53 Daniel FALLON 5. The Development Of Tertiary Attainment – Statistical Scenarios For The Coming Decades 67 Bilal BARAKAT & Wolfgang LUTZ 6. Value-able Universities: An Answer to Globalization and Digitalization 81 Günther R. BURKERT & Barbara WEITGRUBER II. ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE 7. Autonomy in contemporary higher education: Extent – International Comparison – Concept – History – Future 97 Dieter LENZEN 8. Can Autonomous Swarm Intelligence Bring About an Overall Profile of the System? 115 Elmar PICHL 9. Excellence, Relevance and Critique 127 Antonio LOPRIENO ii CONTENTS 10. The happy Sisyphus: Wishes and reality at Austria’s universities 143 Oliver VITOUCH 11. Austria – A Model Country in Education and Research? 149 Hans SÜNKEL 12. Performance Agreements in Austria: A Case of Simultaneous Under- and Over-Steering 159 Michael STAMPFER 13. Career options and working conditions academics 175 Hans PECHAR III. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE AREA AND DIGITALIZATION 14. Universities in the Digital Age: From the medieval universitas to the global knowledge network hub 191 Hannes ANDROSCH, Johannes GADNER, Anton GRASCHOPF 15. A European dilemma? The disintegration of education, research and collaboration 211 Mats BENNER & Sylvia SCHWAAG SERGER 16. Digital teaching and learning at a traditional university 227 Martin WIRSING 17. Higher Education Institutions Need Strategies for the Digital Age 243 Dr. Jörg DRÄGER, Julius-David FRIEDRICH, Lisa MORDHORST, Ulrich MÜLLER, Ronny RÖWERT 18. Reframing universities’ global engagement for an open society 259 Marijk VAN DER WENDE 19. A Third Way for Europe’s Higher Education System: Between American and Asian dreams and realities 273 Peter SCOTT 20. What comes after the americanization of the university? 291 Georg WINCKLER IV. DIFFERENTIATION AND DIVERSIFICATION 21. Disciplines and Doubts 309 Sascha SPOUN & Sebastian WEINER 22. It’s the Innovation, Stupid 317 Wolfgang KNOLL & Claudia von der LINDEN 23. The Role of IST Austria in the National Research Landscape 325 Thomas A. HENZINGER CONTENTS iii 24. Research Funding in a Multipolar, Increasingly Interdependent World 333 Wilhelm KRULL & Antje TEPPERWIEN 25. University education: Quo vadis? The future and responsibilities of the universities from the perspective of business 347 Peter SCHWAB/Anita GUFLER 26. Universities as Hotbeds of Innovation 361 Klara SEKANINA 27. Open Innovation Hub University: The Vision and Challenge of a Strategic Reorientation 369 Gertraud LEIMÜLLER 28. Development Opportunities for Austrian Private Universities 387 Karl WÖBER 29. Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences – Different but Equally Valued Institutions of Higher Education 403 Helmut HOLZINGER PREFACE Hannes ANDROSCH, Markus HENGSTSCHLÄGER, Anton GRASCHOPF Institutions of higher education, especially the universities, are undoubtedly under- going an exceptional transformation. The great global upheavals and changes that are shaping today’s world are driving the fourth industrial revolution onward. The changes of a present that is dramatically accelerating, the growing demands that so- ciety is placing on tertiary educational institutions, an increased (and desired) influx of new students, and, not least, technological change based on revolutionary com- munications and information technology all pose significant challenges for higher education. In light of these global trends, the classic and future tasks for higher ed- ucation are increasingly under discussion. These tasks have to be adapted to fit the processes of development, and they must be redefined and re-assigned to meet the global challenges. Education, science and research are the capital of a functioning, knowledge-based society; and will undoubtedly remain key tasks for universities, even in the future. However, it is not the only task of institutions of higher education to enable and support top-class university education. The necessary renewals, processes of reform and of further development in the higher education sector have to be re-thought and set in motion at all levels of education, politics and society in order to meet existing and new challenges, and to find new solutions. One dimension for meeting these challenges has been opened up by the new communications and information technologies that have enabled rapid exchange of scientific papers and findings. Further, this global exchange of research results is no longer limited to researchers at universities and other research institutes. The entire (interested) public is included in the knowledge process. The universities are increas- ingly active in introducing society at large to questions about the use of results, and thus enable cooperation and “co-research”. The role of students is changing. They are no longer exclusively consumers of knowledge, but are also increasingly active producers of knowledge and actors in, for example, peer learning. The term “third mission” of the universities encompasses this additional reach of universities, and the definition of the term ranges from engaged to entrepreneurial universities, network- ing with non-university and regional actors, as well as exchanges and coordination between institutions and society. The Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development – the Austrian government’s advisory board for topics of education, science, research and innovation policy – has in recent years increasingly engaged with the significant questions of the future of higher education and its tasks for the 21 st century. For this collection 2 Hannes ANDROSCH, Markus HENGSTSCHLÄGER, Anton GRASCHOPF of essays, the Council invited experts from various educational cultures to discuss future tasks of higher education, to describe the future of higher education and its tasks from their experiences, and thus to illuminate the range of topics from a variety of perspectives. The goals of this publication are to take up current national and international trends in the development of higher education, and to discuss possible future scenar- ios for the higher education landscape in Austria. The starting point for the volume was asking questions about the tasks of universities in the technologically advanced societies and economies in the early 21st century, and about the role of universities in solving the global grand challenges. Digitalization, internationalization and differen- tiation are inherent in these processes. This anthology consists of four parts. In the first part – development, importance and tasks – the various positions of the universities are taken into consideration. The individual essays debate the tasks of today and in the future. Proven systems and vital changes in cultural, socioeconomic and sociopolitical aspects are discussed. Changing structures are discussed and possible solutions are proposed. In the second part – management, organization