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American Indians and Alaska Natives in Postsecondary Education NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS October 1998 American Indians and Alaska Natives in Postsecondary Education D. Michael Pavel Washington State University Rebecca Rak Skinner Elizabeth Farris Westat Margaret Cahalan Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. John Tippeconnic Pennsylvania State University Wayne Stein Montana State University Bernard Greene, Project Officer Martha Hollins, Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-291 U.S. Department of Education Richard W. Riley Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement C. Kent McGuire Assistant Secretary National Center for Education Statistics Pascal D. Forgione, Jr. Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to: National Center for Education Statistics Office of Educational Research and Improvement U.S. Department of Education 555 New Jersey Avenue NW Washington, DC 20208-5574 October 1998 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is http://nces.ed.gov Suggested Citation U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. American Indians and Alaska Natives in Postsecondary Education. NCES 98-291, by D. Michael Pavel, Rebecca Skinner, Elizabeth Farris, Margaret Cahalan, John Tippeconnic, and Wayne Stein. Project Officers, Bernard Greene and Martha Hollins. Washington, DC: 1998. Contact: Martha Hollins (202) 219-1462 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS he authors appreciate the indepth review of this report by the Tfollowing adjudication panel members: David Cleary Division of Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Analysis Budget Service Office of the Under Secretary Michael Cohen Statistical Standards and Surveys Group National Center for Education Statistics Thomas Corwin Division of Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Analysis Office of the Under Secretary Irene Harwarth National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning Office of the Assistant Secretary for Educational Research and Improvement Charlene Hoffman Data Development and Longitudinal Studies Group National Center for Education Statistics Summer Whitener King Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group National Center for Education Statistics This report would not have been possible without the technical support provided by Bernard Greene, the original Project Officer, Martha Hollins, the current Project Officer, and Roslyn Korb, National Center for Education Statistics. The authors also wish to acknowledge the contribution of John Cheek, National Indian Education Association, to the financial aid chapter, and Susan Rhode to the access chapter. At Westat, the production of this report was made possible by the contributions of Ana Horton, cover design; Carol Litman, editor; Sylvie Warren, word processing, layout, and graphics; Violet Agufa, Philip Cardillo, and Grace Lo, table preparation. i PREFACE his report was begun to illustrate the type and amount of data that were available to describe the status of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Tpostsecondary education. As part of this effort, a working group of individuals with extensive involvement in Native American education was convened. This group helped provide direction and scope for the project. Several members of the group remained actively involved in the project, either by providing feedback as the report evolved or by actually writing some sections of the report. Their involvement led to what we believe is a seminal work. The report provides meaningful information and a new awareness of the many ways American Indians and Alaska Natives participate in postsecondary education. It highlights the difficulties involved in obtaining data on Native Americans, particularly through the use of sample surveys. And, it forms the foundation for additional studies of Native Americans in postsecondary education as new and better data become available. We hope you will find this report as enlightening as we did. iii Table of ContentS Page acknowledgments ....................................................................... i preface.............................................................................................. iii Introduction to American Indians and Alaska Natives in Postsecondary Education Introduction ................................................................................................................... xxix Terminology.................................................................................................................. xxix Limitations of the Data............................................................................................. xxx Small Sample Sizes .............................................................................................. xxxi Racial/Ethnic Data................................................................................................ xxxiii Other Data Concerns................................................................................................. xxxv Quantitative Versus Qualitative Data................................................................. xxxvi Structure of the Sourcebook................................................................................... xxxvii Chapter 1 American Indian and Alaska Native Demographics [ and Historical Overview of Education Highlights from the 1990 Decennial Census .................................................. 1-1 Sources of Data............................................................................................................ 1-2 Demographics............................................................................................................... 1-4 Historical Overview of Higher Education.......................................................... 1-16 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 1-20 Chapter 2 American indian and alaska native access to postsecondary education Highlights........................................................................................................................ 2-2 Sources of Data............................................................................................................ 2-2 Access to Postsecondary Education .................................................................... 2-4 High School Graduation Rates........................................................................ 2-5 College Admission Criteria ............................................................................... 2-9 Undergraduate Student Risk Factors................................................................... 2-14 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 2-15 v Table of ContentS Page Chapter 3 american indian and alaska native enrollment and retention in higher education Highlights........................................................................................................................ 3-1 Sources of Data............................................................................................................ 3-2 Enrollment in Higher Education............................................................................ 3-4 Enrollment by Location ............................................................................................ 3-14 Retention in Postsecondary Education .............................................................. 3-19 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 3-24 Chapter 4 l degrees conferred on american indians and alaska natives by institutions of higher education Highlights........................................................................................................................ 4-1 Sources of Data............................................................................................................ 4-3 Total Number of Degrees Conferred .................................................................. 4-5 Major
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