DOCSLIB.ORG

INFORMATION to USERS Reproduced with Permission of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INFORMATION to USERS Reproduced with Permission of The Dynamics of the fur trade on the middle Yukon River, Alaska, 1839 to 1868 Item Type Thesis Authors Arndt, Katherine Louise Download date 10/10/2021 05:58:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9413 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, ■while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howdl Information Company 300 North Zceb Road, Aim Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DYNAMICS OF THE FUR TRADE ON THE MIDDLE YUKON RIVER, ALASKA, 1839 TO 1868 A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Katherine Louise Arndt, B.A., M.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1996 ° 1996 Katherine Louise Arndt Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9632216 Copyright 1996 by Arndt, Katherine Louise AH rights reserved. UMI Microform 9632216 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. AD rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zed) Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DYNAMICS OF THE FUR TRADE ON THE MIDDLE YUKON RIVER, ALASKA, 1839 TO 1868 By Katherine Louise Arndt RECOMMENDED: f^AsG/fx Ksid fi \u ur/t Q . j 7 . Adyfeory Committed Chair Department Head APPROVED: f \ - f a I 'h & c s Dean, College of Liberal Arts De£n of the Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study examines the Russian-era fur trade of the middle course of the Yukon River, that section of the river which extends from Fort Yukon down to Nulato, Alaska. For a period of just over twenty years, 1847 to 1868, the Russian- American and Hudson’s Bay companies maintained rival establishments at opposite ends of this stretch of river and vied for die trade of die Native populations living in the region between. After reviewing the events leading up to the establishment of the first European posts in the region, the study focuses on the dynamics of the competition between the rival posts and the changing nature of Native, Russian, and British participation in the middle Yukon trade. Most historical summaries of the early (pre-1867) fur trade of the Middle Yukon rely upon a small number of published sources, resulting in a truncated and rather inaccurate version of the region's fur trade history. This study seeks to overcome that problem through utilization of two major archival collections, the records of the Russian-American and Hudson's Bay companies. Together, these sources make possible an account that is more even in temporal coverage and more balanced in its treatment of Russian, British, and Native trade activities. One of the striking features of the early Yukon drainage fur trade is the pivotal role of the Native traders in determining its spatial patterning. Though regional patterns were characterized by a certain overall stability in the period 1830 through 1868, they also underwent marked change. This study examines those changes with regard to the middle Yukon drainage and discusses the influence of material and social factors upon them. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii List of Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Background Information 1 Study Context S The Study Area 6 Study Objectives and Approach 10 Compiling an Account 11 Russian-British Competition 14 Comparisons IS Dates, Names, and Other Considerations 16 Chapter 2. The Russian-American Company Reaches the Kvikhpak 19 Background Information 19 Establishment of Mikhailovskii Redoubt 26 Initiation of Trade Out of Mikhailovskii 33 The Kvikhpak Odinochkas, Ikogmiut and Nulato 41 Chapter 3. Reorganizing the Northern Trade 49 Etholen Addresses die Northern Trade 49 WA|/«V»UUVUJ VI MVtttWUOUi Zagoskin’s Results and Recommendations 59 Expansion of Trade Out of Nulato 65 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V Chapter 4. The Hudson's Bay Company Readies the Yukon 71 Background Information 72 Establishment of Fort Yukon 81 The Russian "1117631” 86 Chapter 5. The Shifting Balance of die Yukon Fur Trade 94 Attack on Nulato 103 A Decade of Russian Retrenchment 109 The Competition 119 Changing Role of the Kutchin Traders 127 Chapter 6. The Trade of the 1860S 141 The Northern Trade 143 The Middle Yukon Trade, 1860 to 1865 149 The Middle Yukon Trade, 1865 to 1867 160 The End of an Era 175 Chapter 7. Dynamics of the Middle Yukon Trade: Discussion and Conclusion 184 Changing Spatial Patterns of the Middle Yukon Trade 184 Appendix 1. Native Socio-Territorial Groups Mentioned in Text 197 Appendix 2. Management Recommendations for the Nulato Post 208 Appendix 3. Russian-American Company Management Personnel, 1820 to 1868 216 Appendix 4. Hudson's Bay Comapny Management Personnel and Interpreters at Fort Yukon, 1847 to 1869 223 References Cited 224 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Alaska 8 Figure 2. The Study Area 9 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank- the Hudson's Bay Company for granting research access to their records, both those on microfilm at the Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, which I consulted in 1981, and the original documents in the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Provincial Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg, which I examined in 1985. The staffs of those archives provided invaluable assistance in locating the materials relevant to my topic. A major part of this research would not have been possible without the facilities, able staff, and extensive microfilm, manuscript, and bode collections of the Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. The archives division of that department has been my research home for this and many other projects over the past fifteen years. I particularly thank past directors Paul McCarthy and David Hales and archivist Gretchen Lake for their efforts to assure the availability of the microfilm-reading equipment which has been so vital to my work. A number of individuals have shared information and expertise that facilitated research and/or enhanced the final manuscript. I wish especially to mention Dr. Kenneth Coates, Dr. Craig Mishler, and Dr. William Schneider for sharing unpublished papers; Rose Speranza for bringing the journals of Reverend Robert McDonald to my attention; the specialists at the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, for assistance in putting Native group and place names into the practical orthographies developed for those languages; and James R. Marcotte for computer-drafting my maps. I thank my graduate committee—Dr. Lydia T. Black (chair), Dr. Richard A. Pierce, Dr. Wm. Roger Powers, and Dr. Peter P. Schweitzer—for their encouragement and suggestions. I especially thank Dr. Black and Dr. Pierce for sharing their time, ideas, libraries, research files, and much useful translation and vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. research advice in this and other projects. Dr. Black in particular has brought to my attention a number of manuscript collections I might otherwise have overlooked. Finally, I thank my husband, James A. Ketz, for introducing me to the topic of Russian-America, challenging me to try my hand at reading Russian manuscript material, and sharing in the many joys and difficulties of research along the way. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this study I examine die Russian-era fur trade of the middle course of die Yukon River,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View: Local and Traditional Knowledge in the Peel River Watershed
    Literature Review: Local and Traditional Knowledge in the Peel River Watershed Literature Review Local and Traditional Knowledge In the Peel River Watershed _____________________________________ Brenda Parlee and Chelsea Martin I = i Parlee, B. and C. Martin ©2019 Tracking Change Project, University of Alberta All rights reserved. Compiled in October 2016. ii Literature Review: Local and Traditional Knowledge in the Peel River Watershed TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Figues and Tables ............................................................................................................. iv Summary Points ............................................................................................................................ 1 Summary of Knowledge by Indicator Theme .......................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Searching for Secondary Sources of Publically Available Traditional Knowledge ................................. 3 Early Ethnographic Data .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Russian–American Telegraph from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Western Union Telegraph Expedition)
    Russian–American telegraph From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Western Union Telegraph Expedition) The Russian American telegraph , also known as the Western Union Telegraph Expedition and the Collins Overland telegraph , was a $3,000,000 undertaking by the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1865-1867, to lay an electric telegraph line from San Francisco, California to Moscow, Russia. The route was intended to travel from California via Oregon, Washington Territory, the Colony of British Columbia and Russian Alaska, under the Bering Sea and across Siberia to Moscow, where lines would communicate with the rest of Europe. It was proposed as an alternate to long, deep underwater cables in the Atlantic. Abandoned in 1867, the Russian American Telegraph was considered an economic failure, but history now deems it a "successful failure" because of the many benefits the exploration brought to the regions that were traversed. Contents ■ 1 Perry Collins and Cyrus West Field ■ 2 Preparations ■ 3 Route through Russian Alaska ■ 4 Route through British Columbia ■ 5 Legacy ■ 6 Places named for the expedition members ■ 7 Books and memoirs written about the expedition ■ 8 Further reading ■ 9 External links ■ 10 Notes Perry Collins and Cyrus West Field By 1861 the Western Union Telegraph Company had linked the eastern United States by electric telegraph all the way to San Francisco. The challenge then remained to connect North America with the rest of the world. [1] Working to meet that challenge was Cyrus West Field's Atlantic Telegraph Company, who in 1858 had laid the first undersea cable across the Atlantic Ocean. However, the cable had broken three weeks afterwards and additional attempts had thus far been unsuccessful.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St
    Technical Paper No. 325 Upper Tanana Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve by Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone July 2007 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co. correlation coefficient nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Beaufort Sea 2000: the Environmental and Social Setting G
    ARCTIC VOL. 55, SUPP. 1 (2002) P. 4–17 Canadian Beaufort Sea 2000: The Environmental and Social Setting G. BURTON AYLES1 and NORMAN B. SNOW2 (Received 1 March 2001; accepted in revised form 2 January 2002) ABSTRACT. The Beaufort Sea Conference 2000 brought together a diverse group of scientists and residents of the Canadian Beaufort Sea region to review the current state of the region’s renewable resources and to discuss the future management of those resources. In this paper, we briefly describe the physical environment, the social context, and the resource management processes of the Canadian Beaufort Sea region. The Canadian Beaufort Sea land area extends from the Alaska-Canada border east to Amundsen Gulf and includes the northwest of Victoria Island and Banks Island. The area is defined by its geology, landforms, sources of freshwater, ice and snow cover, and climate. The social context of the Canadian Beaufort Sea region has been set by prehistoric Inuit and Gwich’in, European influence, more recent land-claim agreements, and current management regimes for the renewable resources of the Beaufort Sea. Key words: Beaufort Sea, Inuvialuit, geography, environment, ethnography, communities RÉSUMÉ. La Conférence de l’an 2000 sur la mer de Beaufort a attiré un groupe hétérogène de scientifiques et de résidents de la région de la mer de Beaufort en vue d’examiner le statut actuel des ressources renouvelables de cette zone et de discuter de leur gestion future. Dans cet article, on décrit brièvement l’environnement physique, le contexte social et les processus de gestion des ressources de la zone canadienne de la mer de Beaufort.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Biological Sampling of Nonsalmon Fish Species in the Yukon Flats Region, Alaska
    Technical Paper No. 362 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Biological Sampling of Nonsalmon Fish Species in the Yukon Flats Region, Alaska by Michael Koskey, University of Alaska Fairbanks and Kristin Mull, Bureau of Land Management May 2011 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, 2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to mile mi Company Co. harvest per unit effort HPUE nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark H. Dall Collection, 1574-1963
    Mark H. Dall Collection, 1574-1963 by Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. Contact us at [email protected] http://siarchives.si.edu Table of Contents Collection Overview......................................................................................................... 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Descriptive Entry.............................................................................................................. 1 Names and Subject Terms ............................................................................................. 1 Container Listing.............................................................................................................. 3 Mark H. Dall Collection Accession 87-057 Collection Overview Repository: Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C., [email protected] Creator: Dall, Mark H Title: Mark H. Dall Collection Dates: 1574-1963 Quantity: 7.69 cu. ft. (7 record storage boxes) (1 16x20 box) Administrative Information Preferred Citation Smithsonian Institution Archives, Accession 87-057, Dall, Mark H, Mark H. Dall Collection Descriptive Entry This accession consists of information about the Healey family; the personal and business correspondence of Mark Healey, maternal grandfather to William Healey Dall; poetry, correspondence, publications, photographs, and sermons by and pertaining to Charles Henry Appleton Dall, first Unitarian minister in India,
    [Show full text]
  • Siberian Goats and North American Deer: a Contextual Approach to the Translation of Russian Common Names for Alaskan Mammals CATHERINE HOLDER BLEE’
    ARCTIC VOL. 42, NO. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1989) F! 227-231 Siberian Goats and North American Deer: A Contextual Approach to the Translation of Russian Common Names for Alaskan Mammals CATHERINE HOLDER BLEE’ (Received 1 September 1988; accepted in revised form 19 January 1989) ABSTRACT. The word iaman was used by 19th-century Russian speakers in Sitka, Alaska, to refer to locally procured artiodactyls. The term originally meant “domesticated goat” in eastern Siberia and has usually been translated as“wild sheep” or “wild goat” in the American context. Physical evidence in the formof deer bones recovered during archeological excavations dating to the Russian period in Sitka suggested a reexamination of the context in which the word iaman was used bythe Russians. Russian, English, Latin and German historical and scientific literature describing the animalwere examined for the context in which the word was used. These contexts and 19th-century Russian dictionary definitions equating wild goats with small deer substantiate the hypothesis that the word iuman referred to the Sitka black-tailed deer by Russian speakers living in Sitka. Key words: Alaskan mammals, Alaskan archeology, historical archeology, ethnohistory, Russian translation, southeast Alaska, faunal analysis, Russian America RI~SUMÉ.Le mot iaman était utilisé au XIXe siècle, par les locuteurs russes de Sitka en Alaska, pour se référer aux artiodactyles qui cons- tituaient une source d’approvisionnement locale. Ce terme signifiait à l’origine (( chèvre domestique )> dans la Sibérie de l’est et a généralement été traduit comme (( mouton sauvage >) ou (( chèvre sauvage )) dans le contexte américain. Des preuves physiques sous la forme d’os de cerfs trouvés au cours de fouilles archéologiques datant de la période russe à Sitka, indiquaient que le contexte dans lequel le mot iaman était utilisé par les Russes devaitêtre réexaminé.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Trappers and the Hudson's Bay Company: Early Means of Negotiation in the Canadian Fur Trade
    31 Indian Trappers and the Hudson's Bay Company: Early Means of Negotiation in the Canadian Fur Trade DerekHoneyman, University of Arizona Abstract:The fur trade and arrival of the Hudson's Bay Company had numerous effects on northern North American indigenous populations. One such groupisthe Gwich'in Indiansinthe northwestern portion of the Northwest Territories. Aside from disease and continued reliance on goods imported from the south, the furtradedisruptedprevious economicrelationships between indigenous groups. In some examples, the presence of the Hudson's Bay Company furthered tension between indigenous groups as each vied for the control of fur-rich regions and sole access to specific Company posts. However, due to the frontier nature of the Canadian north, the relations between fur trade companies and indigenous peoples was one of mutual accommodation. This was in stark contrast to other European-Indian relations. This paper examines how credit relations between the Hudson's Bay Company and the Gwich'in reveals a model of resistance. Keywords: Indian-white relations, credit, fur trade, Gwich'in, sub- Arctic history INTRODUCTION:AN ECONOMIC FRONTIER Thenorthern fur trade and the resulting waves of white settlers brought devastating changes to indigenous cultures: disease, reliance on goods such as metal pots and rifles, and forms of exploitation. Many indigenous hunters and trappers became enmeshed in a capitalist model, and subsequently, were coerced into exploiting the world around them. Natural resources that were exploited were fur bearing animals and timber cut to supportthegrowingpopulation.However,aswillbe demonstrated, resistance to the presence of the settlers, and the modelsofexploitationtheyenforced,didexist.More importantly, both sides had to accommodate one another.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, {Protect
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 by Frederick Whymper This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 Author: Frederick Whymper Release Date: April 1, 2012 [Ebook 39343] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, & HEROISM. VOLUME 3*** MORGAN’S ATTACK ON GIBRALTAR. THE SEA Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. BY F. WHYMPER, AUTHOR OF “TRAVELS IN ALASKA,” ETC. ivThe Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 ILLUSTRATED. *** CASSELL,PETTER,GALPIN &CO.: LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED] [iii] CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE PIRATES AND BUCANIERS. PAGE Who was the First Pirate?—The Society of Bu- 1 caniers—Home of the Freebooters—Rise of the Band—Impecunious Spanish Governors and their Roguery—Great Capture of Spanish Treasure—An Un- just Seizure, but no Redress—Esquemeling’s Narra- tive—Voyage from Havre—“Baptism” of the French Mariners—Other Ceremonies—At Tortuga—Occupied and Reoccupied by French and Spanish—The French West India Company—Esquemeling twice Sold as a Slave—He Joins the Society of Pi- rates—Wild Boars and Savage Mastiffs—How the Wild Dogs came to the Islands—Cruelty of the Planters—A Terrible Case of Retribution—The Mur- derer of a Hundred Slaves—The First Tortugan Pi- rate—Pierre le Grand—A Desperate Attack—Rich Prize Taken—Rapid Spread of Piracy—How the Rovers Armed their Ships—Regulations of their Voy- ages—“No Prey, no Pay”—The richly-laden Vessels of New Spain—The Pearl Fisheries—An Enterprising Pirate—Success and Failure—His Final Surrender CHAPTER II.
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Geographical Magazine Early Exploration in North
    This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 09 January 2015, At: 20:43 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Scottish Geographical Magazine Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsgj19 Early exploration in North‐West Canada Alexander Begg C.C. Published online: 27 Feb 2008. To cite this article: Alexander Begg C.C. (1899) Early exploration in North‐West Canada, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 15:7, 351-356, DOI: 10.1080/00369229908733067 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369229908733067 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • “Wearing the Mantle on Both Shoulders”: an Examination of The
    “Wearing the Mantle on Both Shoulders”: An Examination of the Development of Cultural Change, Mutual Accommodation, and Hybrid Forms at Fort Simpson/Laxłgu‟alaams, 1834-1862 by Marki Sellers B.G.S., Simon Fraser University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History © Marki Sellers, 2010 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee “Wearing the Mantle on Both Shoulders”: An Examination of the Development of Cultural Change, Mutual Accommodation, and Hybrid Forms at Fort Simpson/Laxłgu‟alaams, 1834-1862 by Marki Sellers B.G.S., Simon Fraser University, 2005 Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, (Department of History) Co-Supervisor Dr. Lynne Marks, (Department of History) Co-Supervisor Dr. Wendy Wickwire, (Department of History) Departmental Member iii Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Co-Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. Lynne Marks, Co-Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. Wendy Wickwire, Departmental Member (Department of History) ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of the relationships between newcomers of Fort Simpson, a HBC post that operated on the northern Northwest Coast of what is now British Columbia, and Ts‟msyen people from 1834 until 1862. Through a close analysis of fort journals and related documents, I track the relationships between the Hudson‟s Bay Company newcomers and the Ts‟msyen peoples who lived in or around the fort. Based on the journal and some other accounts, I argue that a mutually intelligible – if not equally understood – world evolved at this site.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaskan Discovery: Denali National Park & the Kenai Fjords 2021 Learn How to Personalize Your Experience on This Vacation
    GRAND CIRCLE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE Alaskan Discovery: Denali National Park & the Kenai Fjords 2021 Learn how to personalize your experience on this vacation Grand Circle Travel ® Worldwide Discovery at an Extraordinary Value 1 Grand Circle Travel ® 347 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. Soon, you’ll once again be discovering the places you’ve dreamed of. In the meantime, the enclosed Grand Circle Travel Planning Guide should help you keep those dreams vividly alive. Before you start dreaming, please let me reassure you that your health and safety is our number one priority. As such, we’re requiring that all Grand Circle travelers, Program Directors, and coach drivers must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 at least 14 days prior to departure. Our new, updated health and safety protocols are described inside. The journey you’ve expressed interest in, Alaskan Discovery: Denali National Park & the Kenai Fjords vacation, will be an excellent way to resume your discoveries. It takes you into the true heart of Alaska, thanks to our groups of 42 travelers (with an average of 30). Plus, our Alaskan Program Director will reveal their country’s secret treasures as only an insider can. You can also rely on the seasoned team at our regional office in Boston, who are ready to help 24/7 in case any unexpected circumstances arise. Throughout your explorations, you’ll meet local people and gain an intimate understanding of the regional culture. Visit the daughters of a gold miner in Fairbanks to learn about this Alaskan tradition; then try panning for gold yourself.
    [Show full text]