7.5 X 11.5.Doubleline.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73072-3 - In-Vitro Fertilization, Third Edition Kay Elder and Brian Dale Index More information

Index

absent spermatogenesis, effects,153 and Beckwith–Wiedemann beta-globin gene, 239 acid Tyrode’s (AT) drilling of the zona syndrome (BWS), 257, 258 beta-thalassemia, 239 pellucida, 227, 229 and retinoblastoma, 258 bilaminar embryonic disc, 86 acrosome reaction (AR), 51, 52, 53, 54, and risk of infectious agent bilateral tubal pregnancy, 85 73, 218 transmission, 136 biochemical pregnancy, 91 acrosome reaction to ionophore and Russell–Silver syndrome, 258, biogenic law, 1 challenge (ARIC) test, 52 259 biological safety cabinet (BSC), IVF, Active Integrated workstation, 123 and stem cell biology, 94 115 adhesion molecules, 83 COH for, 23, 24, 25 class I, 115 adrenal hypoplasia, 152 derived embryos, 166 class II, 115 adrenocoticotropic hormone (ACTH), epidemiological data in, 257 class III, 117 19 induced epigenetic mistakes, 259, horizontal laminar flow clean bench, adult stem cells. See stem cell biology 260 117 age-related aneuploidy, 238, 242 laboratories in USA, 127 vertical laminar flow clean bench, albumin, 8, 120, 121 light exposure during, 110 113, 114 17-alpha hydroxylase cytochrome microfluidic platforms, 123 blastocoele formation and expansion, P450, 22 ovarian stimulation during 69 alpha-tocopherol, 122 cycles, 41 blastocyst biopsy, 231 amino acid metabolism, 168 problems with effectiveness of, 166 blastocyst expansion and hatching, 70, amino acid profiling, 168 ART protocols, 24 73, 82, 84, 85 amniocentesis, 242, 243 ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 8 cell fate and cell lineages, 70, 71 amplification refractory mutation assisted conception treatment cycle, blastocyst freezing method, 201 system (ARMS), 243 109 blastocyst ICM, 102 amygdala, 19 assisted hatching (AH), 110, 150, 167, blastocyst stage, 4, 60, 64, 66, 68, 69, 72, anaphase, 14 216, 227 120, 123, 165, 166, 169, 170, 197 Anderson Air filter apparatus,137 and cryopreservation, 201 blastocyst transfer, 176 androgen binding proteins (ABP), features, 227 benefits,176 , 177 21 laser, 227 blastocyst transition, 71, 75, 121 androgen secreting tumors, 23 Tyrode’s solution protocol, 227, 229 blastocyst trophectoderm, 82 androgens, 21 assisted reproduction, 16, 23, 46, blastocyst vitrification,201 andrology, 110 109, 219, 258, 260, 261, blastocysts, 73, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, androstenedione, 22 See also in-vitro fertilization 96, 98, 99, 102, 118, 121, 168, aneuploid, defined,14 (IVF) laboratory 169, 177, 201, 206, 227, 230, aneuploidy screening, 167 assisted zona hatching techniques, 219 259 Angelman syndrome (AS), 258, ATP cleavage, 8 blastomeres, 64, 67, 102 260 atresia, 41 blighted ovum, 91 anterior pituitary gland, 19 Auerbach, Leopold, 60 blood gas analyzer, 132 anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), 31 autosomal dominant disorders, 239 blood vessels, development, 88 anti-testis factors, 30 autosomal recessive diseases, 239 bone morphogenetic protein-15 apoptosis, 38, 42, 60, 69, 101, 110, 143, av family, 83 (BMP-15), 182 172 azoospermia, 22, 35, 150, 151, 152, 217 bovine embryo culture, 119, 260 arches, 89 buserelin, 24 aromatase cytochrome P450, 22 bacterial cells, 1 ART, 85, 127, 128, 169, 196, 197, 201, balanced translocations, effects of,154 Ca ionophore A23187, 53 204, 209, 221, 248, 253 Beckmann pH meter, 132 calcium release at fertilization, 57 268 and Angelman syndrome (AS), Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome calcium-induced calcium release 258 (BWS), 10, 257, 258 (CICR), 57

Index

cAMP, 12, 22, 35, 45, 46, 51, 53, 67, coitus, 50 decidua, 83, 86 73, 148 compaction, 67, 68 decidualization reaction, 83 cancer patients, semen complete abortion, 91 2-deoxyadenosine, 148 cryopreservation for, 205 congenital absence of the vas deferens deoxyribose, 8 capacitation, 51, 52 (CAVD), 152 dermatomes, 89 capacitation in vitro, 52 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 152 Desert hedgehog gene, 87 capacitation in vivo, 51 congenital bilateral absence of the vas diakinesis, 16 carbohydrates, 5 deferens (CBAVD), 217 differentially methylated regions carbon cartridge filtration, 117 controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (DMRs), 253, 255, 256, 257 cavitation, 68, 69 (COH), 260 digestive epithelial layer, 90 cell aging, 5 baseline assessment, 25 dihydrotestosterone, 31 cell cycle, 2, 12, 13, 45, 60, 64, 67, 68, GnRH analogues, 24, 25 diploid somatic cells, 100 93, 166, 177, 198, 257 suppression mechanism, 23 diploid, defined,14 checkpoints, 16 corpus luteum, 42 disaccharides, 5 DNA-responsive, 16 cortical granules (CG), 55, 56 disposable supplies, used in IVF, 117, G0 phase of, 16 craniophraryngioma, 152 118 G1 phase of, 13 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), 120 DM kinase gene, 241 meiotic, 16 Crinone gel, 26, 202 Dmrt1, 30 phases, 13 crown–rump length (CRL), 91 DNA duplexes, 15 protein activity, 45 cryobiology, principles of, 191 DNA methylation, 6, 12, 64, 252, 253, cell cytoplasm, 8 cryopreservation, 110 256, 259, 260 cell migration, 87 cryopreservation of gametes and during preimplantation cell theory, 1 embryos, 191 development, 257 principles, 1 cryopreservation of samples, storage, DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), cell–cell recognition, 5 197, 198 256 cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), 101 consent, 198 DNA replication, 9, 10, 14, 16, 64 cellular adhesion molecules, 87 cryopreservation protocols DNA-responsive cell cycle, 16 cellular replication, 13, 14 comparison of slow freezing and Dolly sheep, 99 central nervous system (CNS), 19 vitrification,197 Down’s syndrome, 241, 242 role of reproduction, 19 equilibrium freezing, 196 drosophila gene, 87 centrioles, 58 non-equilibrium freezing, 196, 197 centromere, defined, 14 cryopreserved aliquots of cells, 103 Earle’s (EBSS) solution, 121 centrosomes, 13, 36, 58, 60, 72 cryopreserved embryos, 157 early blastocyst, 177 microtubular organization, 72 Cryotop method, 206 early embryo arrest, 71, 72 Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, 239 cryptorchidism, 152 early embryo cleavage, 64 chemically defined medium (CDM), cultured zona-free rabbit ICM, 96 early prophase, 13 102 cumulus granulosa cells, 41 E-cadherin, 68, 71 cholesterol side-chain cleavage cumulus–oocyte complex (COC), 42 E-cadherin phosphorylation, 68 cytochrome P450, 22 Cushing’s syndrome, 23, 152 ectoderm layer, 87 chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 238, cycle monitoring, 25, 26 ectopic pregnancy, 85 242 cyclic ADP ribose, 57 Edwards, Robert, 96, 181 chromatids, 2, 13, 14, 37 Cyclogest pessaries, 26 elective single embryo transfer (eSET), defined,14 cysteine, 74 169, 176 chromatin, defined, 14 cystic fibrosis (CF), 152, 217, 238, electrodeionization (EDI), 117 chromosomal abnormalities, 238 239 electronic identity checking/ chromosomal anomalies, testing of, cystic fibrosis conductance regulator witnessing, in IVF, 112 153 (CFTR) gene, 217 elongation, 13 chromosome failures, 16 cytochrome C, 8 embryo biopsy technique, 176, 229, chromosome reproduction, 14 cytochrome oxidase, 8 238, 244, 245 chromosomes, defined,14 cytochrome P450 enzyme triad, 22 blastocyst stage technique, 231 Clearplan, 201 cytokinesis, 14 cleavage stage techniques, 229, 231 cleavage stage blastomeres, 229 cytoplasmic maturity, 181 polar body, 231 clomifene citrate (Clomid), 24 cytosine, 9 embryo cryopreservation, 198 c-Myc, 101 method, 198, 199 co-culture systems, 123 daughter cells, 14, 15 selection of embryos, 198 codons, 10, 11, 12, 13 DAX1 gene, 29, 30 slow freezing protocol, 200 269 Cohen, Jacques, 216 Decapeptyl, 24 use of glass ampules, 200

Index

embryo culture, preparation for, 157 physical changes, 191, 192 two-cell two gonadotropin theory, embryo development, 1 role of cryoprotectant additives 22 amino acids, role of, 73, 74 (CPAs), 194 FertiMorph multilevel system, 167 blastocyst expansion and hatching, supercooling and cell survival, fetal heartbeat (FH), 91 70, 71 192 fetal pole, 91 cavitation, 68, 69, 70 surface area, 195 fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9),31 cholesterol synthesis, 73 without cryoprotectants, 196 flare-up protocol, 24 compaction, 67, 68 endocrine glands, 19 fluorescent in-situ hybridization deamination reactions, 74 endoderm layer, 87 (FISH) technique, 170, 173, electrolyte balance, 73 endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 4, 5 243, 244, 247, 248, 250 embryonic arrest, 71, 72 epiblast, 86, 101 analysis of cleaved human embryos, genome activation, 64, 65, 66, 67 epiblast stem cells (EpiSC), 99 72 glucose, effect of,73 characteristics, 103, 104 analysis of fertilized oocytes, 164 growth factors, 75 markers of pluripotency, 104 folic acid, 75 imprinting, 67 epididymal maturation, 34 follicle development metabolic requirements, 72, 73, epididymal sperm, 150 after puberty,40 74, 75 epididymal sperm cryopreservation, and oocytes, 39 nucleotides, role of, 74, 75 204 during growth phase, 38 paternal factors, 72 epigenetic alterations of LitI and H19, first primordial follicles,38 preimplantation development, 10 follicular cells, 39 64 epigenetic change, 67 follicular destiny, 41, 42 upregulation of pentose phosphate epigenetics, 252 growth factors, 39 pathway, 72, 73 and infertility, 260, 261 role of cumulus cells, 39 vitamin requirements, 75 epigenic marks, 252, 253 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), embryo grading, 176 epigenic reprogramming of 19, 21 cleavage stage, 173, 175 germlines, 253 in females, 21 grade 1/A, 175 differences between inner in testis, 21 grade 2/B, 175 cell mass (ICM) and pituitary, 21 grade 3/C, 176 trophectoderm, 256 role in formation of follicular fluid, grade 4/D, 176 erasure profile,254 41 grade 5, 176 establishment, 254, 256 specific functions of, 19 grade 6, 176 species-specific differences, suppression of, 23 embryo metabolomics, 168 256 follicular fluid, 22, 24, 40, 41, 42, 52, embryo transfer procedure, 177 information, 252 161, 166, 168, 182, 218 blastocyst transfer, 176, 177 estradiol (E2), 22 follicular vascularity, 161 preparation for transfer, 178, 179, estradiol valerate, 202 forebrain, 89 180, 181 estrogens, 21, 22, 25, 44, 45, 85 fragile X syndrome, 240, 241 embryologist, 178 European Society for Human freezing of embryos embryology, 99, 110, 178 Reproduction and Embryology blastocyst freezing method, 201 clinical, 216 (ESHRE), 219 blastocyst vitrification method, equipment and supplies for, 123, exons, 10 201 124 expanded blastocyst, 177 cellular responses, 195, 196 EmbryoMatcher, 112 external quality assurance, 128 clinical aspects, 201, 202 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, extraembryonic spaces, 86 cryopreservation of semen for 96, 98 cancer patients, 205 embryonal germ (EG) cell lines, Falcon tubes, 26 cryopreservation protocols, 196, 96, 98 fatty acid oxidation, 8 197 embryonic arrest, 71, 72 feeder cell layer, 123 direct effects,191 embryonic gene expression studies, feeder cells, 123 effects of cryoprotectants,194 169 female reproductive endocrinology embryo transfer in hormone grading of embryos, 169, 170 controlled ovarian hyperstimulation replacement therapy, 202 embryonic trophectoderm, 83 (COH), 23, 24 ice nucleation method, 200 embryos, impact of reduced estrogen mechanism, 22 oocyte cryopreservation, 205, temperatures, 191 feedback mechanism, 22 206 and cooling rate, 195 gonadotropin output, 22 ovarian tissue cryopreservation, 270 cell volume changes, 195 ovulatory cycle, 22 207, 208, 209 osmotic events, 195 serum, 22 physical changes, 191

Index

physical stresses on, 191 proteins, sequences passing homeobox genes, 11, 87 selection procedure, 198, 199, 200 through, 5 homeodomain, 11 semen cryopreservation, 202, Golgi, Camillo, 5 honorary hormone, 56 204 gonadogenesis HOS test, 149 storage of samples, 197 early stages, 29 HTF (Quinn’s Advantage), 260 supercooling and cell survival, follicle development, 38, 39, 40, human embryo metabolism, 168 192 41, 42 human embryo viability, testicular and epididymal sperm morphological changes, 29 measurements of, 166 cryopreservation, 204 ovary development, 36, 37, 38 amino acid turnover, 168, 169 full blastocyst, 177 sex determination, 30 aneuploidy screening, 167

Fyrite kit for measuring CO2, 132 spermatogenesis, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 computer-assisted morphometric testis development, 30, 31, 32 analysis, 167 G0 phase of the cell cycle, 16 gonadotropin hormone releasing cumulative scoring system, 170 G1 phase of cell cycle, 13 hormone (GnRH), 19 early cleavage, 170 G2 phase of cell cycle, 13 gonadotropic hormones, 19, 21 follicular indicators of embryo 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase), gonadotropin stimulation, 25 health, 167, 168 35 gonadotropin-dependent follicles, 22 fragmentation in human embryo, gamete activation, 51, 52, 53 G-protein cell signaling pathway, 22 170, 172, 173 gamete interaction, 50, 51 G-protein hypothesis, 56 FSH stimulation, 167 gamete precursor cells, 28 Graafian,39 gene expression studies, 169, 170 gametogenesis, 1, 14, 17, 19, 67, 253, granulosa cell differentiation,22 high resolution 254, 256, 260, 261 growth differentiation factor-9 videocinematography, 166, 167 gap junctions, 68 (GDF-9), 40, 182 multinucleated blastomeres, 170 Gardner, Richard, 96 growth hormone (GH), 19 secretion of factors, 168 gastrulation, 87 guide RNA (gRNA), 11 zygote scoring, 170 gene expression, in early development, Gurdon, John, 100 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), 87 98, 99, 104, 259 gene silencing, 9 haploid, defined, 14 human T-cell lymphotropic virus genes, 10 hatched blastocyst, 177 (HTLV I and II), 136 genetic code, 11 hatching blastocyst, 177, Huntington’s disease (HD), genome activation, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, See also blastocyst expansion 239, 241 69 and hatching hydrogen peroxide, disposal of, 5 genomic imprinting, 67, 253 hedgehog genes, 87 hydroxyl groups, 11 during preimplantation HeLa cell contamination, 17 hyperactive motility, 51 development, 257 HeLa cells, 17 hypoblast, 87 factors involved in, 257 hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), 95 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 23 germinal aplasia, 153 hemochromatosis, 152 hypoplasia, 153 germinal vesicle breakdown (GBVD), Henderson–Hasselbach equation, 118 hypotaurine, 8 54 HEPA filter airflow system,114 hypothalamic nuclei, 19 gestational sacs, 91 HEPA-VOC filters,111 hypothalamic or pituitary Gestone, 26, 202 HEPES buffered biopsy medium,119 , insufficiency,22 Gilbert–Dreyfus syndrome, 152 148, 231 hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal glutamine, 74, 118, 119, 169 herniation technique, 231 veins, 19 glutathione, 8, 59, 71, 73, 74, 119 Hertwig, Oscar, 60 hypothalamus, 19, 21, 22, 24, 152 glycine, 74 hESC culture systems, 102 functions of, 19 glycocalyx barrier, 83 heteroduplex analysis, 243 role in reproduction, 19, 21 glycolipids, 5 heteroduplexes, 15 glycolysis, 8 heterotopic pregnancy, 85 ICSI microscope, 150 glycoproteins, 5 hexose – 6 C’s, 5 immature gametes, 260 GnRH agonist treatment, 25 HFEA Code of Practice, 127, 134 immunobead test, 141 GnRH agonists, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 109, histone nomenclature, 253 implantation, 1 201, 205 Hoffman modulation contrast optics, adhesion stage, 83 GnRH antagonist protocol, 25 151, 219, 226, 232 and cellular morphology, 85, 86, 87, GnRH antagonists, 24 Holland, Robert, 11 88, 90, 91 GnRH pulse generator, 20, 21 Holliday structure/junction, 15 apposition stage, 82, 83 Golgi apparatus Holliday, Robin, 15 initiation of, 82 271 lysosomes, 5 homeobox, 11 invasion stage, 83, 84

Index

implantation (cont.) Indian hedgehog gene, 85, 87 kinetochore, defined, 14 post developments, 85 induced pluripotent cell lines (iPSC/ Klf4, 101 requirement of successful, 84 piPSC), 99, 100, 101 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 152, 153, 241 steroid and, 85 inevitable abortion, 91 Krebs cycle, 8 window, 83, 84 inhibin, 22 K-Systems G185, 111 imprinting, 67 inner cell mass (ICM) cells, 68 imprinting processes, 9 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)- laboratory air quality, in IVF, 112, 114 in-vitro culturing, 1 induced calcium release lactated Ringer’s solution, 121 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory. (IICR), 57 laminin, 37, 83, 84, 87, 102 See also quality management in inositol triphosphate second large granular lymphocytes (LGSs), 83 IVF laboratory messenger system, 19 large offspring syndrome (LOS), 259 controlled mechanisms in, 109 integrin family, 83, 84, 87 leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 84 embryo culturing in groups, 121 intracellular adenosine triphosphate Leydig (equivalent to ovarian theca) embryo handling, 120 (ATP), 148 cells, 21 embryo transfer procedures, 182, intracytoplasmic injection of failure of, 153 183 spermatozoa (ICSI), 50 Leydig cells, 31 emerging technologies, 123 intracytoplasmic morphologically light exposure effects, in IVF,110 equipment and supplies for selected sperm (IMSI), 226 Lin28, 101 embryology, 123, 124 equipment and materials, 226 Lub’s syndrome, 152 facilities, 182 patient selection, 226 luteal phase, hormonal support of, 26 international regulations, 120 procedure, 227 luteinization, 22 setting up of laboratory intracytoplasmic sperm injection luteinizing hormone (LH), 19 24-hour thermocouple readings, (ICSI), 72, 139, 161, 245 in testis, 21 111 adjustments of manipulators, 233, role in female reproduction air cleanliness, 112 234 endocrinology, 22 biological safety cabinets, 115, assessment of fertilization and role in testosterone production, 21 117 cleavage, 225 suppression of, 23 camera and monitor system, 111 failure of fertilization, 225 Luveris, 24 custom-built isolator units, 112 cumulus-corona removal, 221, 222 lysosomes, 5 electronic witnessing systems, equipment for, 232 112 genetic implications, 216, 217 M phase of cell cycle, 13 equipment, 110, 111 indications, 218, 219 M16 medium/G1/G2, 259 follicular flushing media, 121, 122 injection preparation, 222 male factor infertility, 139 growth factors, 121 injection procedure, 225 male hypothalamo–pituitary unit, 21 hand washing facilities, 110 location for set-up, 219 male pronucleus, 257 incubators, 111, 112 micromanipulation stage, 222, 223 male reproductive endocrinology, 21 light exposure controls, 110 oocyte preparation and handling, and masculine features, 21 protein supplements, 120 221 feedback mechanisms, 21 service contracts, 111 practical aspects, 219 gonadotropins, 21 space layout, 110 selection of sperm for injection, 221 in males with hyperprolactinemia, storage areas, 110 sperm selection and 21 supplies, 117 immobilization, 223 role of testosterone, 21 tissue culture media, 118, 119, surgical sperm retrieval, 217 serum, 22 120 tools and solutions, 219, 220, 221 sexual maturity and reproductive tissue culture systems, 121, 122 transfer of gametes to injection dish, function, 22 volatile organic compounds, 114, 223 sperm production, 21 115 transportation of, 225, 226 spermatogenesis process, 21 water jackets, 111 introns, 10 vs female reproductive water quality, 117 invasive trophoblasts, 83 endocrinology, 21 sperm capacitation, 120 mammalian cell biology, 1 tissue culture systems Johnsen score, 151 cell cytoplasm, 2 co-culture systems, 123 centrioles, 2 oil preparation, 122 Kallman’s syndrome, 152 endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 4, 5 oil used in culture overlays, Kartagener’s immotile cilia syndrome, Golgi apparatus, 5 122 153 membranes, 1, 2 272 incomplete abortion, 91 Karyotype analysis, 170, 243, 246 metabolism in cells incubators, in IVF, 111 Khorana, Ghobind, 11 basic factors, 5

Index

carbohydrates, 5 joysticks, 220, 234 Nirenberg, Marshall, 11 cytokines, 6, 7 micro-injection equipment, 219 Nomarski optics, 219 enzymes, 6 micromanipulators, 220, 234 Noonan’s syndrome, 152, 153 fats and lipids, 5, 6 microtools used, 219 norethisterone, 24 fundamental biology, 8, 9, 10, 11, polyvinyl pyrrolidine solution, 219, nuclear maturation 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 220 control of, 45, 46 metabolic pathways, 7, 8 supplies used, 219 during the development of Graafian proteins, 6 microRNA (miRNA), 11 follicle, 45 reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8 microscopic surgery (MESA), 150 resumption of meiosis, 45 redox reactions, 8 microsurgical techniques, 216 timing of events, 45 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 8 microtubule organizing centers nuclear organizing region (NOR), microfilaments,2 (MTOC), 60 65, 66 microtubules, 2 Milli-Q water, 122 nucleation, 192 microvilli, 2 miscarriage, 91 nucleic acids, methylation of, 73 mitochondria, 2, 3, 4 missed abortion, 91 nucleolar precursor bodies (NPBs), 59 nucleus, 2 mitochondrial RNA (mRNA) nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety peroxisomes, 5 transcripts, 181 X, 74 mammalian gametes, 52 mitogen activated protein kinase nucleotide pool sanitization enzymes, Marfan’s syndrome, 239 (MAPK), 54 74 master regulators of gene expression. mitogenic colony stimulating factor nucleotides, 8, 9, 11, 39 See microRNA (miRNA) (MCSF), 75 maternal age and embryo quality, 71 mitomycin C, 102 Oct-4, 40, 101 maternal mRNA encoding, 64 mitosis, 14, 36, 66 Oct-l, 11 translation, 65 mitotic cell cycle, 13 OCTAX Ferti Proof™, 112 Matrigel, 102 mitotic metaphase, 60 oligosaccharides, 5 maturation promoting factor (MPF), mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) oligospermia, 22 46 test, 141 Omnis cellulae e celula, 1 mean Johnsen score (MJS), 151 monosaccharides, 5 oocyte retrieval (OCR) procedures, 26 meiosis, 14, 33, 37, 241 morphological blastocyst assessment, oocyte–cumulus complex, 41 differences with mitosis,14 , 16 179 oocyte–granulosa cell communication errors in, 16 Mos protein, 46 events, 41 principles, 15 motile sperm organellar morphology oocytes, 8, 14, 16 meiotic arrest, 16, 56 examination (MSOME), 226 abnormalities in, 20 meiotic divisions, 16 motile spermatozoa, 150 activation, vii, 16, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, membrane-enclosed organelle, 4 motility, 51 149, 206 meningitis, 152 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), activation of, 216 menopause, 23 102 amphibian, 59 Merck Index, 122 M-phase promoting factor (MPF), 54 at fertilization, 56 mesenchymal cells, 87 MTG pH meter, 132 cryopreservation, 205, 206 mesoderm layer, 87 Müllerian duct, 29, 31 improvement of, 206 mesodermal somites, 87 Müllerian inhibitory substance (MIS), issues with, 206 metabolic locks, 123 31 thawing difficulties,206 metaphase, 14 Multiple Births, Single Embryo cryopreservation of, 164 methylation processes, 75 Transfer Policy, 169 cytoplasm, 57, 59 5-methyluracil, 75 mumps orchitis, 152 dissection of fertilized, 162, 163 microepididymal sperm aspiration mural granulosa cells, 22, 41 making of narrow-gauge pipettes, (MESA), 217 mutation in a single base, impact, 11 163 microfluidic technology, 123 myotonic dystrophy (DM), 239, 241 scoring of fertilization, 163, 164 microfunnel culture system, 123 myxoploidy of trophectoderm cells, 69 techniques, 163 micromanipulate cells, 216 embryo selection for transfer, 165, micromanipulation, 110 NAADP+-induced calcium release, 58 166 micromanipulation techniques, 216 NAD(H), 8 germinal vesicle stage, 206 early experiments, 216 NADP(H), 8 growth, 42, 43 hyaluronic acid (HA) solution, 221 nafarelin, 24 human, 54, 83, 121, 206 hyaluronidase solution, 221 NANOG, 101 in-vitro maturation, 181, 182 ICSI. See intracytoplasmic sperm neural tube, viii, 87, 88, 89, 242, 243 identification,158 273 injection (ICSI) neuroendocrine mechanisms, 21 aneuploidy, 161

Index

oocytes (cont.) post 28–35 days, 89, 90 of chromosomal mosaicism, 248, features of dysmorphism, 161 post 35–42 days, 90 249 germinal vesicle, 158 post 7–12 days, 85 regulations, 249 maturity, 160 oxidative phosphorylation process, 8 screening of abnormalities metaphase I, 160 perinatal diagnosis of inherited metaphase II, 160 p450 aromatase, 22 disorders, 242, 243, 244 in ovary, 37 Palermo, GianPiero, 216 serum screening, 242 in-vitro maturation (IVM) and paraffin oil,122 ultrasound, 242 in-vitro growth (IVG) of, 260 parthenogenesis, 58 team, 244 insemination of, 161 partial zona dissection (PZD), 216, preimplantation genetic screening preparation, 161, 162 229 (PGS) technique, 167, 173 mammalian, 57, 59, 70, 257 paternal Y-linked genes, 72 premature ovarian failure, 23, 207 maturation, 16, 39, 40, 42, 46, 60, 72, paternally inherited genes, 66 preovulatory antral follicles, 41, 42 182, 260 PCR technique, 243 primitive sex cords, 29 stages in, 44, 45 pentose – 5 C’s, 5 primordial germ cells (PGCs), 28 morphological changes, 161 percutaneous epididymal sperm biological processes, 28 nuclear maturation, 45, 46 aspiration (PESA), 217 development of testis, 30 polarity, 43 percutaneous puncture (PESA), 150 identification,28 preparation, 157 perivitelline space (PVS), 56 in mouse, 28 laboratory supplies for labeling peroxisomes, 5 migration and proliferation of, 28, and preparation, 158 phenylketonuria, 11 41 laboratory, checklist, 157 phospholipase C zeta 1, 57 morphological changes in microdroplets under oil used, 157 phosphorylation of sperm proteins, primordial gonads, 28, 29, 30 plates used, 158 51 sex determination, 30 reinsemination of, 164 Pit-l, 11 progesterone, 20, 22, 23, 24, 42, 50, 51, retrieval, 24, 158 pituitary tumors, 152 85, 201, 202 observation using time-lapse plasminogen activator system, 84 during decidualization, 83, 84 cinematography, 166 pluripotency gene expression, 100, 104 production of, 44, 45 role in follicle development, 39, 40 factors used, 101 receptors, 85 role of membrane fusion in pluripotent EG cells, 98 supplementation, 26, 202 activation of, 216 polar bodies, 16 synthesis of p39 mos, 46 storing information, 43 polycystic ovarian disease (PCO), 23, prolactin, 21 surface of membrane, 54 24, 181 proliferating cell nuclear antigen viable, 46 polyposis coli, 239 (PCNA), 40 oogenesis, vii, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45, 55, 58, polysaccharides, 5 pronucleate freezing, 198 64, 67, 253, 256, 257 polysomes, 5 prospermatogonial cells, 31 oogonia, 36, 37, 38 polyspermy, 51 prostaglandins, 39 orgasm, 50 POU factors, 11 protamine crosslinking, 58 ovarian steroidogenesis, 24 pregnancy associated plasma protein protein-induced pluripotent stem cell ovarian stimulation, 25, 198, 258, 260 A (PAPP A), 242 (piPSC), 102 protocols, 24 pregnancy failures, 91 putative ES line, 102 with FSH during ART cycles, 41 preimplantation genetic diagnosis (Pyr)-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-

ovaries, 20, 25, 29, 182 (PGD), 238 Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2), 19 hemi-, 208 biopsy techniques pyrollidone carboxylic acid (PCA), 74 whole, 209 allele dropout (ADO), 246 pyruvate, 8 ovary development blastocyst, 246 pyruvic acid, 8 oocytes, 37 cleavage stage, 245 oogonia, 37 embryo, 244 quality assurance, 128 ovarian reserve, 38 FISH diagnosis, 247 quality audit, 128 sex cords, 36 molecular diagnosis, 246 quality control, 128 ovulation PCR analysis, 246 quality management in IVF laboratory induction, 24, 26, 121 polar body, 244, 245 basic housekeeping procedures, 135 post 13–15 days, 86 single cell diagnosis, 246 end of the day procedures, 135 post 15 days, 86, 87 fields covered,238 handling of non-disposable post 16–19 days, 87 future, 250 items, 135 274 post 19–21 days, 87, 88 inherited diseases diagnosed by, incubator maintenance, 136 post 21–27 days, 89 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 pipettes, 135

Index

washing procedures, 135 ribosomes, 5 sperm preparation equipments bioassay system, 133 RNA and materials, 154 factors related to usage, 134 basic structure, 11 sticky sperm, 149

CO2 monitoring, 132 DNA replication and, 11 surgical sperm retrieval, 150 culturing of embryos, 134 polyadenylation patterns, 64 sperm preparation for in vitro culturing of oocytes, 134 transcription mechanism, 12 fertilization, 144, 145 decontamination procedures, 137 translation mechanism, 12, 13, 14 buoyant density gradient definitions,128 translation of mRNA into centrifugation monitoring, 146 effective handling, cleaning, and polypeptide chains, 12, 13 chemical enhancement of sperm maintenance schedules, 136 types, 11 motility prior to insemination, equipment, 129, 130 Robertsonian translocations, 154, 217, 148 monitoring, 132, 133 241, 242, 247 high-speed centrifugation and facilities monitoring systems (FMS), Rosewater’s syndrome, 152 washing, 148 129 rough ER (sER), 5 isotonic gradient solution, 146 formal QMS, 129 round spermatid injection (ROSNI), methods, 146 fungal contamination management, 151 mini-gradient analysis, 147 137 rRNA genes, 60 pellet and swim-up, 145, 146 genital infections testing, 136 Ruskinn Ac-tive IVF System, 112 sedimentation method or implementation of QMS, 129 layering under paraffin oil,147 in different countries,127 S phase of cell cycle, 13 standard swim-up or layering, incubator management, 132, 136, S-adenosyl methionine, 73 145 137 sarcoidosis, 152 two-step gradient analysis, 146, ISO9001–2000 127, 128 sclerotomes, 89 147 key points in QMS, 135 semen analysis, 139 spermatid identification, 151 microbiological testing and cells in semen, 143 round, 151 contamination management, chromosomal anomalies, 153 semen cryopreservation, 202 136, 137 detection of DNA fragmentation by effects on sperm, 202 pH control, 131, 132 TUNEL assay, 144 manual freezing method, 204 risk assessments and standard DNA fragmentation, 143 method, 203, 204 operating procedures, 134, 135 internal and external quality control sperm survival methods, 204 specific goals, 128 procedures, 143 Sertoli cells, 21, 31, 153 sperm survival test, 134 macroscopic evaluation, 140 Sertoli–Leydig cells, 20 syphilis testing, 136 pathologies, 153 serum endocrinology in female, 22, 23 temperature control, 130 androgen resistance, 152 sex determination, 30 use of quaternary ammonium azoospermia, 151 sexual arousal, 19 compounds, 137 post-testicular failure, 152 sexual development, 16 quality management system (QMS), pretesticular, 152 short GnRH agonist protocol, 25 127, 128, 129 testicular failure, 152 sickle cell anaemia, 11 quality policy, 128 Robertsonian translocation, 154 silent fertilization, 71 quality, defined, 128 sample collection and handling, silicone oil, 122 139, 140 single gene defects, 238, 239 reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8 sperm antibody detection, 141, 142 single stranded conformational reciprocal translocations, 242 sperm chromatin assays, 144 polymorphism (SSCP), 243 recurrent abortion, 91 sperm concentration, 141 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), 11 Reinfenstein’s syndrome, 152 sperm kinematics, 143 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), 11 reproductive cloning, 100 sperm morphology estimation, 142, smooth ER (sER), 5 rescue ICSI, 164 143 SNP array analysis, 244 retinoblastoma, 258 sperm motility, 140, 141 somatic cell nuclear transfer, 99, 100 retoviral syncitin envelope gene, 70 sperm preparation for ICSI/IMSI, somatic cells, 1, 16, 28, 31, 35, 56, 57, retrograde ejaculation, 153, 218 148, 149 58, 60, 96, 97, 99, 100, 118, 133, reverse osmosis (RO), 117 and 100% head anomalies, 149 172, 252 reverse transcriptase-polymerase excessive amounts of debris, 149 somites, 87 chain reaction (RT-PCR), 66 hypo-osmotic swelling test Sonic hedgehog gene, 87 RI pH meter, 132 (HOS), 149 SOX2, 101 ribonuclease MRP, 11 sperm preparation after sperm capacitation, 120 ribonuclease P, 11 retrograde ejaculation and sperm factor hypothesis, 56, 57, 58 275 ribosomal RNA, 11 electroejaculation, 149, 150 sperm preparation, 157

Index

sperm survival test, in IVF laboratory, embryonal carcinoma (EC) and important factors, 120 134 embryonal germ (EG) cell GMP procedures, 119, 120 spermatid nuclei, 33 lines, 96, 98 HEPES media, 119 spermatocytes, 16 epiblast stem cells (EpiSC), 99 optimized for preimplantation spermatocytogenesis, 33 human embryonic stem cells embryos, 119 spermatogenesis, 20, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34, (hESC), 98, 99 physical parameters, 118 58, 59, 67, 72, 143, 150, 151, induced pluripotent cell lines protocols, 119 152, 153, 205, 217, 218 (iPSC/piPSC), 99, 100, 101 tocopherol (vitamin E), 8 failure of, 21 mouse embryonic stem cells, 98 total quality management (TQM) gene expression, 36 protein-induced pluripotent cell system, 127 molecular features of, 34 lines (piPSC), 101 totipotent cells, vii phases, 32 therapeutic applications, 96 transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß), spermatogenic failure, causes, 153 sterilization cycle (Steri-Cycle™), 114 84 spermatogonia, 151 stimulation protocols for IVF, 25 trauma, 152 spermatozoa, 36, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 72, stop codons, 11, 12, 13 Treponema pallidum, 157 134, 139, 141, 142, 149, 150, stromal decidualization, 83 triplet repeat disorders, 238, 240, 241 151, 191, 194, 205, 216 subzonal sperm injection (SUZI), 216 trophectoderm cells, 68, 69, 70, 82, 83, motility in HA solution, 221 sulfur-amino acids, 73 101, 102, 177, 201, 231, 245, spermatozoal nucleoli, 59 superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, 246, 248, 256 spermatozoon, 51 8 trophoblast cells, 83, 84, 85 spermiogenesis, 33, 34 Synarel, 24 trophouteronectin (TUN), 84 DNA structure, 35 synchrony, 19 tubulin, 58 gene expression, 35, 36 syncytia, 37 Turner’s syndrome, 241 morphological changes, 35 syncytiotrophoblast phenotype, 84 two cell two gonadotropin theory, 22 pathology affecting, 35 syngamy, 60, 64 type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor sperm–oocyte interaction (PAI-1), 84 breakdown of sperm nuclear Taq polymerase, 243 membrane, 59 Tay–Sachs disease, 243 ubiquinone, 8 events involved in, 51 telophase, 14 ultrashort GnRH agonist gamete activation, 51, 52, 53 testicular atrophy, 153 protocol, 25 gamete interactions, 50, 51 testicular fine needle aspiration ultrashort protocol, 24 G-protein hypothesis, 56 (TEFNA), 150, 217 ultrasound, 25, 181, 183, 201, 242, 243, intracellular calcium release, 57 testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), 245 oocyte activation, 53, 54 217 confirmation of pregnancy,91 pronucleus formation, 58, 59, 60 testicular sperm cryopreservation, 204 detection of nuchal translucency, ratios, 51 biopsy samples, 204 242 soluble sperm factor hypothesis, 56, testicular sperm extraction (TESE), screening for age-related 57, 58 150 aneuploidy, 242 sperm–oocyte fusion, 54, 56 testis development, 31 to confirm gestational sac,109 syngamy, 60 genetic control, 31 ultraviolet oxidation system, 117 S-phase, 64 testes, 31, 32 Unc-86, 11 SRY, 29 testis-determining factor (TDF), 30 uric acid, 8 Sry (Sex-determing region) gene, testosterone, 21 urogenital sinus, 29 29, 31 normal range, 22 uterine environment, 82 SRY transcripts, 66 TGF-beta superfamily, 102 uterine epithelium, 83 standard “test” culture system, 111 therapeutic cloning, 99 uterine growth factors, 85 Steinert’s disease, 241 threatened abortion, 91 uterine prostaglandins (PGF2 and stem cell biology thymine, 75 PGE2), 84 cell lines, 93 thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Utrogestan, 26, 202 cloning, 99, 100 19 deriving from blastocyst (ICM), 102 time-lapse photography technology, vasa efferentia tubules,34 hematopoietic, 95 112, 167, 172 vasocongestion, 50 hESC culture systems, 102 tissue culture media, in IVF, 118 Visible Embryo Project, 85 mammalian, 93 balanced salt solutions (BSS), 119 vitamin B12, 75 registries, 104 blastocyst formation, 118, 119 vitelline block, 56 276 research, 96, 102 commercial media, 119 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), early culture systems, 96 advantages, 121, 122 114, 115

Index

washed oil, 122 Xenopus embryogenesis, 67 Zoladex, 24 water purification system, in IVF, Xenopus laevis eggs, 100 zona drilling (ZD) technique, 216 117 X-linked diseases, 240 zona pellucida (ZP), 35, 39, 42, 44, white blood cells, 5 46XX (Noonan’s syndrome), 153 51, 53, 54, 55, 70, 82, 102, Whitten’s medium, 259 46XX Klinefelter’s syndrome, 153 142, 161, 163, 164, 167, Wnt genes, 29, 30, 87 169, 176, 182, 198, 208, Wolffian (mesonephric) duct, failure Yanagimachi, Ryuzo, 216 216, 218, 219, 224, 227, of, 152 Y-microdeletion analysis, 217 229, 245 Wolffian duct,29 , 31 yolk sacs, 91 zona radiata, 39 World Health Organization (WHO) Young’s syndrome, 34, 152 zygote gene activation, 64 laboratory manual, 139 zygote genome, 64 WT1 (+KTS ) isoform, 29 ZFY transcripts, 66 zygotic clock, 67 WT1 (–KTS) isoform, 29 Zinner’s syndrome, 152 zygotic gene expression, 66

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