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Sistema Operativo L.I. Francisco Ruiz Sala Instituto de Astronomía UNAM Definición: Un Sistema Operativo del acrónimo en ingles OS (Operating System) es un programa o programas que gestiona los recursos de hardware y provee servicios y las aplicaciones, una herramientas de software que permiten la interacción con el núcleo o Kernel (Nucleo) y este es el encargado de enviar e interpretar las instrucciones en código de máquina. Evolución histórica 1ª Generación (1945 -1955) Estas máquinas estaban construidas por medio de tubos de vacío. Eran programadas en lenguaje de máquina. 2ª Generación (1955 – 1965) Las características de la segunda generación son las siguientes: Están construidas con circuitos de transistores. Se programan en nuevos lenguajes nemotécnicos como el Ensamblador. 3ª Generación (1965 – 1975) Las características de esta generación fueron las siguientes: Su fabricación electrónica está basada en circuitos integrados. Su manejo es por medio de los lenguajes de control de los sistemas operativos, Lenguajes de Alto Nivel. 4ª Generación (1975 – 1990) Aquí aparecen los microprocesadores que es un gran adelanto de la microelectrónica, son circuitos integrados de alta densidad y con una velocidad impresionante. Las microcomputadoras con base en estos circuitos son extremadamente pequeñas y baratas, por lo que su uso se extiende al mercado industrial. Aquí nacen las computadoras personales, Lenguajes Interpretes y de Alto nivel. Tipos de SO: -Monoprocesos, Multiprocesos, Monousuarios y multiusuarios Kernel: El núcleo o Kernel (de la raíz germánica Kern, núcleo, hueso) es la parte fundamental del sistema operativo, y se define como la parte que se ejecuta en modo privilegiado (conocido también como modo núcleo). Es el principal responsable de facilitar a los distintos programas acceso seguro al hardware de la computadora o en forma básica, es el encargado de gestionar recursos, a través de servicios de llamada al sistema. Importancia: • Su función principal es la de darnos las herramientas necesarias para poder controlar nuestra computadora y poder hacer uso de ella de una maneras más fácil, es decir, actúa de intermediario entre el usuario y el hardware • El SO tiene muchos recursos que pueden ser necesarios para solucionar un problema: espacio de memoria, dispositivos de entrada y salida, espacio de almacenamiento de archivos etc. Definiciones Hardware: Elementos electrónicos de una computadora Software: Programas o información Firmware: Programa nativo del equipo que funciona como primera base después del hardware. Sistema Operativo o OS (operating system) es un programa o conjunto de programas de un sistema informático que gestiona los recursos de hardware y provee servicios a los programas de aplicación de software, ejecutándose en modo privilegiado respecto de los restantes (aunque puede que parte de él se ejecute en espacio de usuario). Sistema Operativo Como funciona el Kernel de un SO: Sistemas Operativos en la actualidad: Pros y Contras de Windows, Mac OS X y Linux Windows: El sistema operativo de Microsoft tiene la mayor compatibilidad entre sus competidores, así como el soporte técnico más ágil dado a sus funciones reconocida por profesionales globales desde casi cualquier operación. Desventajas: Tiene el mayor potencial de obtener virus en su sistema operativo, sin embargo esto puede evitarse al bajar un programa de anti-virus. Asimismo, Windows toma la mayor memoria de la computadora para su operación y es el segundo más costoso. Mac OS X: El sistema operativo de Apple cuenta con la mejor seguridad, con un porcentaje muy pequeño que de pueda obtener virus o programas dañinos a la computadora. Desventajas Entre los tres es el más costoso y su compatibilidad se limita a los dispositivos Apple. Asimismo, no hay tantos programas que se pueden manejar desde aparatos Mac y mucho menos videojuegos. Linux: Este sistema gratuito también cuenta con la menor probabilidad de obtener virus o malware, con una variedad de distribuciones disponibles. Desventajas: Es el sistema operativo más complicado, y al Fuente: https://www.developpez.com/actu/240119/OS-desKtop- igual que Max OS X, existen muy pocos programas Linux-a-plus-de-3-pourcent-de-parts-de-marche-selon- StatCounter-et-Net-Applications-si-l-on-inclut-Chrome-OS-parmi- compatibles con Linux y con Mac o Windows. Así como su les-distributions-Linux/ accesibilidad, es un poco mas restringida. ¿Cuantos Sistemas operativos hay?: Acorn Computers,Acorn MOS (en el BBC Micro y BBC Master),Arthur,ARX,RISC OS,RISC iX (basado en 4.3BSD),ADAFComputers[editar],FS OS,Commodore Amiga[editar],AmigaOS,AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (68K),AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC),AmigaOS 4.0,AmigaOS 4.1,Amiga Unix (tcc Amix),Apollo Computer[editar],AEGIS,Domain/OS Uno de los primeros sistemas basados en red. Corría sobre hardware Apollo/Domain. Adquirido por Hewlett- PacKard.,Apple Inc.[editar],Apple II series,Apple DOS,ProDOS,Apple III,SOS (Sophisticated Operating System),Apple Lisa,Lisa OS,Macintosh,Mac OS,System 1,System 2,System 3,System 4,System 5,System 6,System 7 (nombre en clave "Big Bang"),Mac OS 8,Mac OS 9,Unix-like (*NIX),A/UX,Darwin (código abierto),iOS (antes "iPhone OS"),MKLinux,Mac OS X,Mac OS X v10.0 (tcc Mac OS X 10.0 "Cheetah"),Mac OS X v10.1 (tcc Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma"),Mac OS X v10.2 (tcc Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar"),Mac OS X v10.3 (tcc Mac OS X 10.3 "Panther"),Mac OS X v10.4 (tcc Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger"),Mac OS X v10.5 (tcc Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard"),Mac OS X v10.6 (tcc Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard"),Mac OS X v10.7 (tcc Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"),Mac OS X v10.8 (tcc Mac OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion"),Mac OS X Server,Newton OS,Atari[editar],Atari DOS (para ordenadores de 8 bits),Atari TOS,Atari MultiTOS,BAE Systems[editar],XTS-400,Be Incorporated[editar],BeOS,BeIA,Zeta (copia ilegal de BeOS desarrollada originalmente por yellow TAB e interrumpida por magnussoft),Burroughs Corporation[editar],Burroughs MCP,Convergent Technologies[editar],Convergent Technologies Operating System (adquirido por Unisys),Digital/Tandem Computers/Compaq/HP[editar],OS/8,ITS (para los PDP-6 y PDP-10),Multi-Programming Executive (de HP),TOPS-10 (para el PDP-10),WAITS (para los PDP-6 y PDP-10),TENEX (de BBN, para el PDP-10),TOPS-20 (para el PDP-10),RSTS/E (sistema multiusuario y de tiempo compartido, para el PDP-11),RSX-11 (sistema multiusuario y multitarea para el PDP-11),RT-11 (sistema monousuario para el PDP-11),VMS (creado por DEC, adquirido por HP) para el mini-ordenador VAX, Alpha y el Intel Itanium 2; renombrado como OpenVMS),Domain/OS (originalmente llamado Aegis, creado por Apollo Computer, que fue adquirida por HP),RTE (Real Time Executive, corría en el HP 1000),TSB (Time Share Basic, corría en los HP de la serie 2000),Unix-like (*NIX),Digital UNIX (derivado del OSF/1, se convirtió en el Tru64 UNIX de HP),HP-UX,Ultrix,NonStop Kernel (Creado originalmente por Tandem Computers para sus plataformas, llamado Guardian). Soporta la ejecución simultánea de:,Guardian,OSS (Open System Services),Fujitsu[editar],Towns OS,Green Hills Software[editar],INTEGRITY,INTEGRITY-178B Una versión certificada DO-178B del INTEGRITY.,µ-velOSity Un microKernel ligero.,HaiKu Inc.[editar],HaiKu (sistema operativo); proyecto de código abierto que busca recrear el sistema operativo BeOS.,Hewlett-PacKard[editar],HP Real-Time Environment; corría sobre máquinas HP1000.,HP Multi-Programming Executive; (MPE, MPE/XL, y MPE/iX) corría sobre los miniordenadores HP3000 y HPe3000.,HP-UX; corría sobre máquinas HP9000 e Itanium.,Honeywell[editar],GCOS,Multics,OLERT-E; OnLine Executive for Real Time - Corría sobre ordenadores Honeywell DDP-516.,Intel Corporation[editar],iRMX; sistema operativo en tiempo real creado originalmente para soportar las familias de procesadores Intel 8080 and 8086.,IBM[editar],OS/360 y sucesores,OS/360 (Primer SO oficial enfocado a la arquitectura System/360),PCP (Primary Control Program),MFT (Multi- Programming Fixed TasKs),MVT (Multi-Programming Variable TasKs),OS/VS (El port oficial del OS/360 enfocado a la arquitectura de memoria virtual de los System/370.),SVS (Single Virtual Storage (tanto el VS1 como el VS2 comenzaron como sistemas SVS)),OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, versión de memoria virtual del OS/MFT),OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, versión de memoria virtual del OS/MVT),OS/VS2 R2 (llamado Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminó toda necesidad del VS1),MVS/SE,MVS/SP (MVS System PacKage),MVS/XA (31 bits),MVS/ESA,OS/390 (Mejora del MVS, con un entorno *NIX.),z/OS (versión del OS/390 que soportaba direccionamientos z/Architecture, de 64bits.),DOS/360 y sucesores,BOS/360 (Versión inicial del DOS/360, brevemente disponible),TOS/360 (Similar al BOS, capaz de arrancar y funcionar con dispositivos de cintas de la serie 2x00),DOS/360 (DisK Operating System). El primer SO disponible para el System/360 debido a problemas en el proyecto OS/360),DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 con una extensión del programa de control que posibilitaba el control de dispositivos de entrada remotos conectados por líneas de teléfono dedicadas.),DOS/VS (El primer DOS ofertado para sistemas de la serie System/370),DOS/VSE (actualización del DOS/VS),VSE/SP (rebautizado; es el DOS/VSE),VSE/ESA (DOS/VSE con un soporte de memoria virtual expandido para direcciones de 32 bits),z/VSE (La última versión de la vieja serie DOS. Soporta direcciones de 64 bits, multiproceso, multiprograma, SNA, TCP/IP y otras características),CP/CMS y sucesores,CP-40/CMS (para System/360 Modelo 40),CP-67/CMS (para System/360 Modelo 67),VM/370 Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System, VM (sistema operativo) para el System/370 con memoria virtual.,VM/XA VM (sistema operativo) eXtended y mas….
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