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An Inventory of Arthropods from Three Rangeland Sites in Central Montana

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An Inventory of Arthropods from Three Rangeland Sites in Central Montana An Inventory of Arthropods from Three Rangeland Sites in Central Montana GEORGE B. HEWITT AND WAYNE H. BURLESON Highlight: Three rangeland sites (mountain, foothill, and plains) in central varies from sandy loam to rocky. Montana were surveyed for arthropods to determine their abundance and The foothill sampling area, at 5,700 potential impact upon the vegetation. A vacuum quick trap (sampling method) ft (35 miles north of Big Timber, showed that seven orders of arthropods were important on the basis of Mont.) is a flat bench near the base of abundance and/or above-ground biomass: Acarina (mites); Thysanoptera the Crazy Mountains. This area re- (thrips); Collembola (springtails); Orthoptera (grasshoppers); Hemiptera (true ceives more precipitation and produces bugs); Homoptera (leafhoppers and plant lice); and Hymenoptera (ants). The more forage than the plains grassland grasshoppers, true bugs, leafhoppers, and thrips consume parts of the plants and area. This site also contains a mixture thus directly affect forage production. Springtails, mites (Oribatidae), and ants of grasses, forbs, and sedges, but the vary greatly in their habits and may affect forage production indirectly by forbs predominate and the grasses are breaking down organic matter in the soil or by affecting population densities of mainly fescues and wheatgrasses. The other insect species. main fescue is Idaho fescue and the main wheatgrasses are western wheat- The abundance, distribution, and seeds, we surveyed the above-ground grass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) and impact of arthropods on northern arthropods on three major areas of bluebunch wheatgrass [A. spicatum shortgrass rangeland are little known, northern rangeland-mountain, foot- (Pursh.) Scribn. and Smith]. Other though many workers have surveyed a hill, and plains (Fig. 1). Our purpose grasses present were prairie Junegrass, needleand thread (S tipa coma ta Trin. certain group of insect fauna of prai- was to determine population densities and Rupr.), and plains reedgrass and biomass and potential impact on ries or a particular unit of vegetation [ Calamagrostis mon tanensis (Scribn.) (Whelan, 1927, 1936; Hendrickson, the vegetation present. Scribn.]. Many species of forbs were 1933; Wilbur and Sabrosky, 1936; recorded, but two species were the Methods and Procedures Walkdens, 1943; Blocker et al., 1972). most abundant; silky lupine (Lupinus Also, workers (Allen, 1871; Adams, The mountain rangeland sampling sericeus Pursh.) and cudweed sagewort 1915; Hayes, 1927; Shackleford, area at an elevation of 8,000 ft (15 (Artemisia Zudoviciana Nutt.). The 1929; Hendrickson, 1928,1930, 1931; miles northeast of Bozeman, Mont.) is half-shrub fringed sagewort (A. frigida and Stoner et al., 1962) have sampled a subalpine meadow within a lodge- Willd.) and dense clubmoss (Selaginella prairie insects in the central and south- pole pine-alpine fir forest. It contains a densa Rydb.) were also abundant. The mixture of grasses, forbs, and sedges ern rangeland areas of the United alluvial soil is gravelly loam. with Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis The plains sampling area at 3,000 ft States. Since insects presumably affect Elmer) dominant. Other grasses pres- (22 miles north of Roundup, Mont.), plants directly, by consuming the vege- ent include timber danthonia (Dan- receives less precipitation than the tation, or indirectly, by transmitting thonia intermedia Vasey), bottlebrush other two sites and is typical short- diseases, influencing reproduction squirreltail [Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. grass rangeland. Needleandthread is through pollination, or destroying G. Smith], mountain brome (Bromus the dominant grass species but western carinatus Hook. and Am.), bearded wheatgrass, blue grama [Bouteloua Authors are research entomologist and wheatgrass [Agropyron subsecundum gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex. Steud.] and agricultural research technician, Agricultural (Link) Hitchc.] , alpine timothy prairie Junegrass are also abundant. Research Service, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Rangeland Insect Laboratory, (Phleum alpinum L.), and prairie June- Two shrubs occur throughout the Montana State University, Bozeman 59715. grass [Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. ] . The area: silver sagebrush (A. cana Nutt.) The authors thank the Kimmel and following forbs were also present on and fringed sagewort. Only one forb American Fork Ranches for the use of land, T. L. Erwin of the Department of Entomol- the study site: common yarrow was abundant, American vetch (Vicia ogy, Smithsonian Institution, and the (Achilles millefolium L.), Oregon flea- americana Muhl.). The soil is heavy following taxonomists of the Systematic bane [ Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Re- and varies from gravelly to clay. search Service, U.S. Dep. Agr., for insect DC. 1, gaillardia (GaiEZardia arista ta All sites were grazed by cattle: the identifications: J. L. Herring, J. P. Kramer, Pursh.), silvery lupine (Lupinus argen- mountain site lightly during July and D. R. Miller, L. M. Russell, D. R. Smith, T. J. Spilman, and W. W. Wirth. teus Pursh.), and white pointloco August, the foothill site moderately Manuscript received May 10, 1975. (Oxy tropis sericea Nutt.). The soil during the winter and early spring, and 232 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 29(3), May 1976 the plains site moderately June Samples were collected with a into Berlese funnels that were installed through August. ‘/rm2 cage attached to a 4.9-m boom in a van truck. A portable generator Arthropods were collected on alter- that was mounted on a 3.wheeled provided the power to heat the ele- nate weeks at all three sites. At each motorcycle. The cage was released ments in the Berlese funnels and the collection, 10 random samples were from a height of 2.4 m while the lights used to attract the arthropods. taken, except that 20 samples were motorcycle was moving along a tran- The procedure allowed us to make a taken on each date in 1972 at the sect line. The transect lines were rapid (4 hours) and nearly complete mountain site. The mountain site was randomized before sampling began and extraction (95%) of the arthropods sampled six times from June 26 to the cage was dropped every lo-20 from the surface soil and plant litter. September 6) in both years, and the meters at random. Arthropods trapped Adults of the most abundant arthro- foothill and plains sites were sampled in the cage were vacuumed into a net pods were separated to species (except 10 times in 1972 and 11 times in 1973 placed in a 20.3 cm-diameter vacuum mites, thrips, springtails, and grass- (from May to October). hose and were transferred from the net hoppers) in the laboratory, dried at 60°C, and weighed. The other arthro- pods were separated to order or group (aphids, mites, spiders, and immature forms). These groups were not weighed. Results and Discussion Population densities and biomasses of species that were considered im- portant because of abundance are listed in Table 1. The density of other arthropods is reported in Table 2 where they are listed by order or group. Adult and late-instar nymphal grasshoppers were the heaviest arthro- pods collected, but the biomass was not determined since the quick trap did not quantitatively sample mobile arthropods (adult grasshoppers). Some specimens of other mobile groups such as Hymenoptera and Diptera also probably escaped while the cage was being dropped. Leafhoppers and ant species were the most abundant insects on the basis of the densities (avg no./m”) listed in Table 1. Of the 14 species of leaf- hoppers listed, five were recorded from all three sites. Aceratagallia fus- coscripta (Fig. Z)., was abundant on all three sites and was collected on every Table 1. Density and biomass of selected (abundant) adult insect species collected with a vacuum quick trap on three rangeland sites (MT = mountain, FH = foothill, and PL = plains) in central Montana, 1972-1973. Avg Avg biomass individual Density (no./m’ ) Order, family, weight (mglm’ )’ and species MT FH PL (mg)’ MT FH PL Coleoptera Carabidae Metabletus americanus Dejean 0.44 1.97 0.02 0.36 0.16 0.71 0.01 Anthicidae Notoxus calcaratus Horn 0 0 .22 .49 0 0 .ll Anthicus spp. .18 .13 0 .26 .05 .03 0 Pedilidae Pedilus collaris Say 0 .46 0 1.54 0 .71 0 Tenebrionidae Blapstinus spp. 0 .Ol .18 2.48 0 .02 .45 Curculionidae Otcorhynchus ovatus (L.) 0 .61 .02 2.69 0 1.64 .05 Diptera Ephydridae Philygria debilis Loew SO 1.47 .90 .ll .06 .16 .lO Anthomyiidae Hylemya cinerella (Fallen) .Ol .18 0 .92 .Ol .17 0 Trixoscelididae Trixoscelis fumipennis Melander 0 .43 .52 .27 0 .12 .14 Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Miridae Chlamydatus associatus (Uhler) .02 1.12 .25 .28 .Ol .31 .07 Stenodema vicinum (Provancher) .46 .13 .Ol 1.74 .80 .23 .02 Ceratocapsus spp. 0 .75 .13 .34 0 .26 .04 Labops hesperius Uhler 5.98 0 0 .77 4.60 0 0 Labops brooksi Slater 0 .14 0 .77 0 .ll 0 Nabidae Nabis americoferus Carayon .36 .44 .03 1.82 .66 .80 .05 Lygaeidae Nysius tenellus Barber 1.12 1.45 1.14 .89 1.00 1.29 1.01 Geocoris bullatus (Say) .03 4.96 .42 .73 .02 3.62 .31 Kolonetrus plenus (Distant) .Ol .43 0 .41 .Ol .18 0 Emblethis vicarius Horvath .Ol 57 .Ol 2.32 .02 1.32 .02 Hemiptera (Homoptera) Membracidae Campylenchia curvata (F.) 0 .22 0 2.68 0 .59 0 Cicadellidae Aceratagallia fuscoscripta Oman 8.00 28.04 4.21 .41 3.28 11.50 1.73 Hardya den tata (Osborn and Ball) 0 1.74 .05 .29 0 .50 .Ol Diplocolenus configuratus (Uhler) .66 .44 .08 .87 .57 .38 .07 Cuerna alpina Oman and Beamer 0 .lO .ll 1.98 0 .20 .22 Hebecephalus truncatus Beamer and Tuthill .lO .93 .04 .27 .03 .25 .Ol Sorhoanus debilis (Uhler) .60 3.13 0 .62 .37 1.94 0 Dikraneura carneola (Stal) .22 .30 0 .19 .04 .06 0 Commellus sexvittatus (Van Duzee) 0 1.89 0 1.06 0 2.00 0 Gzbrulus labeculus (DeLong) 1.18 7.81 .56 .44 .52 3.44 .25 Endrh inimica (Say) .03 4.76 0 .68 .02 3.24 0 Frigartus frtgidus (Ball) 0 1.06 .07 1.13 0 1.20 .08 Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch) 0 .30 0 2.62 0 .79 0 Orocastus spp.
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