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Designing Video-Mediated Technologies to Cultivate Indigenous Knowledge Over Distance - Kagonya Awori

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Designing Video-Mediated Technologies to Cultivate Indigenous Knowledge Over Distance - Kagonya Awori Designing video-mediated technologies to cultivate indigenous knowledge over distance - Kagonya Awori - A Dissertation submitted to the School of Computing and Information Systems in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE October 2017 I Designing video-mediated technologies to cultivate indigenous knowledge over distance This page has been left blank deliberately II Abstract Technology design influences what users know about the world, and how they construct that knowledge. This is especially true for technologies that underlie the communication and representation of information and knowledge. Relatedly, how designers understand and prioritise certain ways of knowing over others influences how technologies are designed for people within a given context. From these premises, this thesis investigates how video-mediated technologies may be designed to support transnationals in cultivating the indigenous knowledge (IK) of their homeland, while they live elsewhere in the world. Through three field studies between Australia and Kenya, this thesis investigates how digital technologies currently used by indigenous members support or alienate the cultivation of IK, and how the design of video-mediated communication technologies in particular can be grounded in indigenous ways of knowing. In Study 1, I conduct field interviews with 8 Kenyan transnationals in Melbourne, Australia about the practice of their indigenous culture while in the diaspora, and the role that current digital technologies play in supporting them to do so. Next in Study 2, I travel to Kenya to conduct a field study of 10 video-mediated sessions between rural elders and remotely-located youth. Based on findings from Study 1 and Study 2, I generate design themes that guide the design and evaluation of Study 3. Here, I investigate the use of the new medium of 360º video-conferencing to connect learners of indigenous knowledge in Australia, with elders in rural Kenya. Through findings from these studies, this thesis makes three contributions to technology research on indigenous knowledge. First, I propose a People-Place-Praxis lens as a productive conceptual framework in which to design for IK. The lens facilitates an understanding that aligns with indigenous ways of knowing; and motivates technology design in ways that support indigenous knowledge. Secondly, I demonstrate a way by which epicentres of indigenous knowledge can be extended through use of custom video-mediated sessions. This thesis makes explicit the need to design effective deployments of the technology, that is to design what I call ViMik sessions to effectively facilitate learners in the diaspora to cultivating IK from III indigenous epicentres. Lastly, this thesis extends knowledge on how to enhance the experience of ViMik sessions for learners, over distance. The approach involves supporting an individual-yet-communal experience of the ViMik session, and mediating a sense of mobility for the learners at the remote indigenous location. This thesis concludes with opportunities for future research in this area. IV Declaration This is to certify that: i. the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD except where indicated in the Preface, ii. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, iii. the thesis is fewer than 100 000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. Kagonya Awori October 2017. V Preface Within my candidature I have published a number of peer-reviewed publications. They are listed below and additionally attached as Appendix B: Publications during candidature. Kagonya Awori. What Indigenous Knowledge Is Not: An Introductory Note. In At the Intersection of Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge and Technology Design, Nicola Bidwell and Heike Winschiers- Theophilus Eds. Informing Science Press (Santa Rosa, California), 2015. Kagonya Awori, Frank Vetere and Wally Smith. 2015. Transnationalism, Indigenous Knowledge and Technology: Insights from the Kenyan Diaspora. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 3759-3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702488 Kagonya Awori, Frank Vetere and Wally Smith. 2016. Sessions with Grandma: Fostering Indigenous Knowledge through Video Mediated Communication. In Proceedings of the First African Conference on Human Computer Interaction. ACM, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2998581.2998585 VI Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance of my faculty, colleagues, family and friends. I most sincerely thank my supervisors Frank Vetere and Wally Smith for directing, supporting and encouraging me throughout my candidature. Their insightful and fruitful discussions have shaped my PhD experience. I also thank Andrew Turpin and Justin Zobel for providing support and guidance during both formal and informal meetings. I thank all my colleagues at the Microsoft Research Centre for Social Natural User Interfaces (SocialNUI), for providing the environment that allowed me to have a wholesome PhD experience. The laughs, celebrations, discussions and even ‘therapy sessions’ that you all shared with me, and I with you, are greatly appreciated. I also thank the AfriCHI 2016 committee for helpful insight on my research. I thank all my research participants- from Limuru (Kenya), Ganze (Kenya), Nairobi (Kenya) and Melbourne (Australia). In many ways, this thesis is yours in as much as it is mine. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to sit down with you, have a chat, eat the most delicious mukimo and own hand-made Giriama palm oil. To Nita, Waki and Malowa, thank you for - among many other things - supporting me socially, mentally and spiritually; for reviewing my thesis chapters; and for being great company, and chefs, when I needed you to be. My uttermost gratitude is to my family. I thank my parents for raising me to be curious, fearless and ambitious. Thank you mum for supporting and motivating me every step of the way, I would not be where I am if it was not for you. Thank you dad for your pride in me, your only daughter and for pushing me to pursue excellence. Thank you Quentin for motivating me and being an excellent role model. Thank you Musumba for being my other PhD supervisor, and tirelessly pushing me to reach my goals. To my niece Aimée, may this thesis inspire you. To Traci, thank you for your endless support. My PhD candidature would have been incomplete without my partner Marcel. Thank you Marcel for giving me strength and reason every day, often over 10 hours and 13,500 km apart; and for enriching my thesis writing experience. To dearest Julie, nyanya Regina and guga Joram, it was hard being away when you journeyed on from this world. May this thesis extend the memory of all of you. Above all, I thank the Lord Almighty for every moment, every day and every achievement thus far. VII Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... III DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................V PREFACE .........................................................................................................................................VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... XIV LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. XV 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (IK) ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 HOMESTEAD CREATOR ................................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 TAMI ......................................................................................................................................... 19 VIII 2.3.3 CARACAL ................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.4 INDIGENISING WIKIPEDIA .............................................................................................................. 24 2.3.5 DIGITAL SONGLINES ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.6 MEDIATED XICANINDIO RESOLANA ................................................................................................. 27 2.3.7 UVA .........................................................................................................................................
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