The Colosseum Rome, Italy Italian Landmark Rome, Italy Florence, Italy EUROPEAN TOUR! Venice, Italy BUILT: A.D. 70-80 The Colosseum #1 • Was built on the site of a giant man-made lake. • Was built in UNDER 10 Years, mostly by Jewish slaves. • Massive stone amphitheater to entertain the people and make them focus on fun and forget the hated Nero. The Colosseum BUILT: A.D. 70-80 • HOW BIG IS IT? Was then, and still is today, the largest amphitheater in the world. • 615 feet long • 510 feet wide • 157 feet tall • Base Area: 6 acres (REBUILD MODEL) • Over a million animals, • Fought: lions, tigers • Some animals disappeared • Despite MASSIVE and nearly half a bears, horses, entirely from their natural death tolls, Not all million people died in ostriches, rhinos and habitat, leading to eventual events and games the colosseum. crocodiles. extinctions of some species. ended in death. Built: A.D. 70-80 The Colosseum • Games were free for • Spectators were given • There were 76 entrances for spectators, Romans to attend. numbered pottery shards as and they were numbered. You can still see tickets. These indicated the the numbers today. • Could seat between appropriate section and row, 50,000 and 80,000 according to their social • A retractable awning could be pulled almost people. status. Women and slaves entirely over the structure, providing cover were at the very top. and in case of rain or heat. The Colosseum Built: A.D. 70-80 • The colosseum was used throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but not for game. • The last gladiatorial games were held in A.D. 435 • 36 trap doors in arena allowing for elaborate The last animal hunts stopped in A.D. 523. special effects. • The underground (hypogeum) was filled in, and for COLOSSEUM DAILY SCHEDULE OF EVENTS: a few centuries, the Romans used the Colosseum as • Morning: Animal Shows: Parades, Hunts, Fights a place to live, grow gardens, conduct business, run • Noon: Human Executions workshops, and quite a few other things. • Afternoon: Battle Reenactments or Gladiator Fights The Colosseum MUCH OF THE ANCIENT COLOSSEUM was used to build other Built: structures IN ROME, NAMELY SAINT PETER'S BASILICA A.D. 70-80 WHY THE COLOSSEUM HAS HOLES: • Was built from travertine stone and tufa, both local, limestone-based stones. • Mortar was not used - iron clamps held the stones together instead. • The outside would have been impressive, covered in marble. The niches held statues. • An estimated 200-300 tons of iron • Earthquakes in 847 and 1231 caused most of the damage you see clamps were used. In the middle ages, all today. The Colosseum had a marble façade, and marble seats on the that iron was simply pilfered, and used inside. When they were looking around for material to build the (new) for other things, mostly weaponry. Saint Peter's Basilica in the 15th century, they figured the Colosseum was the closest "quarry." • So now we are left with a lot of holes! Trevi Fountain Rome, Italy Italian Landmark Rome, Italy Florence, Italy EUROPEAN TOUR! Venice, Italy 1732-1762 Trevi Fountain #2 • The largest Baroque fountain in Rome, and the most beautiful in the world. • A traditional legend holds that if visitors throw a coin into the fountain, they are ensured a return to Rome. 1732-1762 Trevi Fountain #2 • An imposing fountain that served as a display of an ancient roman aqueduct termination. • The Roman aqueduct was a channel used to transport fresh water to highly populated areas. Aqueducts were amazing feats of engineering given the time period. • Roman aqueduct systems were built over a period of about 500 years, from 312 B.C. to A.D. 226. Trevi Fountain #2 • The aqueduct was built by Agrippa to supply the thermal baths he built by the Pantheon. There was a fountain at the end of the aqueduct already then. • Starting from the early renaissance the popes start to decorate the end of the aqueducts they restored with large fountains that were richly decorated. • TREVI is the MOST ELABORATE & MOST FAMOUS AQUEDUCT FOUNTAIN. • The most accepted explanation for the word 1732-1762 Trevi is that it derives for the Latin word Trivium that indicates a crossing of three streets. 1732-1762 Trevi Fountain #2 • Many men were injured and few died during the construction of the fountain. • 85.28 feet high • 160.72 feet wide • Every day it spills: 2,824,800 cubic feet of water! • Has a façade made of travertine stone; statues of carrara marble; a sea reef also made of travertine stone. 7 POPES OVERSAW, FINANCED, AND DIRECTED • Roman deities: Ocean, Abundance, & Health TREVI’S COMPLETION OVER THE COURSE are the main subjects of this fountain, meant OF 30 YEARS. to bless and protect the city. Pantheon Rome, Italy Italian Landmark Rome, Italy Florence, Italy EUROPEAN TOUR! Venice, Italy A.D. 113-125 The Pantheon #3 • A former Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus. • One of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman Buildings mostly because it has been in continuous use throughout its history. • Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a church dedicated to “St. Mary and the Martyrs." A.D. 113-125 The Pantheon #3 • The building is circular with a PORTICO of large granite columns. • A rectangular VESTIBULE links the porch to the ROTUNDA. ROTUNDA • "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods. There is a central • Speculation says that the name comes either from the statues of opening (OCULUS) to many gods placed around this the sky. building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. A.D. 113-125 The Pantheon #3 • Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. • The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, (142 ft) • In 609, the Byzantine emperor Phocas gave the building to Pope Boniface IV, who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs. • The mortal remains of the great artist Raphael & his fiancée, Maria Bibbiena, are buried here. She died before they could marry. A.D. 113-125 The Pantheon #3 • Two kings of Italy are also buried in the Pantheon: Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I, as well as Umberto's Queen, Margherita. • Even today: The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church. Masses are celebrated there on Sundays and Weddings are also held there from time to time. • The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about (12 in) to promote water run off. • There are three floors in the Pantheon; the second is made up of lessens that allow sunlight to filter through to the first floor, assisted by the light flowing in through the oculus. Art History: Historical Landmarks Vocabulary • A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building. • A vestibule is a small foyer leading into a larger space, such as a lobby, entrance hall, passage, etc., for the purpose of waiting, withholding the larger space view, reducing heat loss, providing space for outwear, etc. • A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome. • An oculus is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Art History: Historical Landmarks Vocabulary • A Necropolis is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from Ancient Greek literally meaning "city of the dead". • A Grotto is an indoor structure resembling a cave. Vatican City Rome, Italy Italian Landmark Rome, Italy Florence, Italy EUROPEAN TOUR! Venice, Italy Groundbreaking: 1506 Consecrated: 1626 Vatican City #4 An independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. Ruled entirely by the Holy See (POPE). The City houses both religious & cultural sites Vatican City #4 • The Vatican City State is supported financially by the sale of STAMPS, COINS, MEDALS, TOURIST MEMENTOS, MUSEUM ADMISSION FEES, & PUBLICATION SALES. • Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. • Currency: Euro • Produces its own coins & stamps though #4 • The Vatican employs 2,500 lay people who live in Italy, not Vatican City. • 450 Citizens live inside the Vatican’s walls. INSIDE: St. Peter’s Basilica #4 • Designed principally by 4 Master Italian Renaissance Artists: Notably Michelangelo. • Its central dome dominates the skyline of Rome. #4 • The basilica is cruciform in shape. • It is the LARGEST church in the world! #4 features some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures Sistine Hall in Vatican Library #4 The Pietá in St. Peter’s Basillica Grottoes under St. Peter’s Basilica #4 contains chapels dedicated to various saints and tombs of kings, queens and popes, dating from Tomb of Pope Pius XI the 10th C # Necropolis under St. Peter’s Grottoes 4 • Holiest Site in the whole of Vatican City. • Catholic tradition holds that this necropolis is the original burial site of the apostle, St. Peter. • The Catholic Church chose to build its church at this site, on top of the founding father of the church. • The Basilica is named after St. Peter. Venice, Italy Italian Landmark Rome, Italy Florence, Italy EUROPEAN TOUR! Venice, Italy Venice, Italy #5 One of the most MAGICAL PLACES on earth! City built entirely • Consists of 118 small islands in a lagoon in Adriatic Sea.