 Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction Offspring Type of Budding Diverse Reproduction 1 parent Uniform Identical 2 parents Trait Different Flowers

Asexual Sexual Both  Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction Offspring Type of Budding Diverse Reproduction 1 parent Uniform Identical 2 parents Trait Different Flowers

Asexual Sexual Both Uniform Offspring Diverse Identical Trait Different Type of Budding 2 parents Reproduction 1 parent Flowers  Task ◦ Heredity Notes ◦ Heredity Practice

 Goal ◦ I can define heredity. ◦ I can explain the location of genetic material. ◦ I can use vocabulary to describe how traits are passed on from parent to offspring.

Genetics – Study of how traits are inherited by offspring

Offspring – result of reproduction; children or young of a parent Heredity – the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next Generation – parents are a generation, their offspring are the next generation Define heredity. ◦The passing of genetic material from generation to generation Genetic Material – are instructions for inherited traits Trait – characteristic passed from parent to offspring; eye color, face shape Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait DNA – (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • Looks like a twisted ladder, scientist call it a “double helix” • Makes up a chromosome Chromosomes – are made up of DNA • In asexual reproduction a parent cell makes an exact copy of their chromosomes to pass on: offspring are uniform • In sexual reproduction each parent cell copies their chromosomes, but only donates half of the chromosomes to pass on: offspring are diverse • Humans have 46 or 23 pair of chromosomes

In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is found in the nucleus All cells have genetic material Traits are governed in the genetic material found: genes  DNA  chromosomes  nucleus

Explain where genetic material is located in eukaryotic cells. ◦Genes  DNA  Chromosome  Nucleus Gregor Mendel – known as the “father of genetics” because during his research with pea plants he wrote the Law of Dominance Allele - scientist use letters to represent traits that are passed on: basically you receive one allele from each parent • Some traits are governed by multiple alleles Genotype – the actual genetic makeup found on a chromosome; scientist represent genotype as letters; can be RR, Rr, rr Dominant – represented by a capital letter and are ALWAYS shown because they mask other traits: always written first: RR or Rr Recessive – represented by a lowercase letter and can only be seen when they are all that is present: rr

Homozygous / Purebred – alleles in a gene pair are the same RR or ee

Heterozygous / Hybrid – alleles in a gene pair are different Ee

Phenotype – physical characteristic shown: round, wrinkled, green

Probability – possibility that something will take place Punnett Square – model created by Reginald Punnett, used by scientist to predict traits of an offspring

Step One Step Two

Step Three Step Four Round is dominant to wrinkled in pea shape. Show the cross for parents that are both heterozygous…. Different alleles Rr R r R r Round is dominant to wrinkled in pea shape. Show the cross for parents that are both heterozygous…. Different alleles Rr RR r R r Round is dominant to wrinkled in pea shape. Show the cross for parents that are both heterozygous…. Different alleles Rr R r R RR Rr r Rr rr  Cross Bb (top) with bb (side).  List the % of offspring.