Asexual Reproduction Only Involves One Parent Plant, and Does Not Need Sex Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Asexual Reproduction Only Involves One Parent Plant, and Does Not Need Sex Cells

• Last week we covered pollination and fertilisation to create seeds. This is called sexual reproduction, but some plants can reproduce in other ways • Asexual reproduction only involves one parent plant, and does not need sex cells. This means they will not need to undergo pollination or produce seeds • New plants made through asexual reproduction are all exactly the same Asexual reproduction • Strawberries reproduce asexually • They send out runners over the ground • These runners sprout roots at various intervals and new plants grow • Once the plants are established, the runners die and rot away Asexual reproduction Parent plant New offspring Runners Asexual reproduction • Potatoes use tubers to reproduce • They send out underground stems that swell out at the end into tubers • These are young potatoes and contain stores of food (starch) • Each tuber can then grow into an entire new plant Asexual reproduction Parent plant Young tubers Stems growing underground Asexual reproduction • Instead of tubers, some plants produce bulbs instead • For example an onion will create bulbs towards the end of the season • These can be left in the ground to grow a new plant next year Asexual reproduction • Gardeners use asexual reproduction to create new plants that are identical to the parent plants • They cannot create new varieties this way • But they can produce required plants much quicker than growing them from seeds produced in sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction • The most common way for gardeners to create new plants asexually is by taking cuttings and growing them • These cuttings will develop their own roots and grow into an identical new plant What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction in plants? Do you know, or can you investigate, any other plants that reproduce in this way? Carry out your own investigation and keep a plant diary of what you find: - Try keeping an onion or a potato in the cupboard past its use by date. What do you notice happening? - Try planting an onion, potato, or another bulb. How long does it take to begin to grow? At the end of the season, has it produced more bulbs or tubers to create new plants? - If you want to experiment with plants that create runners or new offshoots, read the Strawberries sheet and try growing your own. Alternatively try a spider plant or an aloe vera – if kept well these will produce new plants. Keep a diary of their progress BONUS: If your potato, onion or strawberry crop are successful, try eating your produce! .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts.
[Show full text]
Reproduction in Fungi: Genetical and Physiological Aspects by CHARLES G
J. Genet., Vol. 73, Number 1, April 1994, pp. 55-56. (~) Printed in India. BOOK REVIEW Reproduction in Fungi: Genetical and Physiological Aspects By CHARLES G. ELLIOTT; Chapman & Hall, London, 1994; 310 pages; s 35.00 It is now ahnost one hundred years since Klebs (1986)laid the foundation of a scientific approach to the study of reproduction in fungi. Since then an extensive literature has accumulated on reproduction in fungi. To present this information ill terms of principles and concepts and to highlight the immediate problems for study is a daunting task. C. G. Elliott has made a commendable attempt in presenting an overview of the genetical and physiological aspects of fungal reproduction. Fungi are remarkable for producing many kinds of reproductive structures in many ways. They produce spores both asexually and sexually. A single fungus produces a single kind of sexual spore: oospores in phycomycetes, ascospores in ascmnycetes and basidiospores in basidiomycetes. The underlying genetical and physiological mechanisms in the formation of spores are complex and we are only beginning to discern them. The introductory chapter examines the advantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction and the persistence of sex in the face of the apparent advantage of asexual reproduction. The reader is reminded that sexual reproduction in fungi not only serves to generate variability, but also provides a means of repairing damaged DNA. Moreover, it can give rise to propagules resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions. In the chapters that follow, one learns that superimposed on the basic event of nuclear fusion are a variety of regulating medhanisms, the effects of which are to determine a successful mating.
[Show full text]
THE Fungus FILES 31 REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT
Reproduction and Development SPORES AND SO MUCH MORE! At any given time, the air we breathe is filled with the spores of many different types of fungi. They form a large proportion of the “flecks” that are seen when direct sunlight shines into a room. They are also remarkably small; 1800 spores could fit lined up on a piece of thread 1 cm long. Fungi typically release extremely high numbers of spores at a time as most of them will not germinate due to landing on unfavourable habitats, being eaten by invertebrates, or simply crowded out by intense competition. A mid-sized gilled mushroom will release up to 20 billion spores over 4-6 days at a rate of 100 million spores per hour. One specimen of the common bracket fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) can produce 350 000 spores per second which means 30 billion spores a day and 4500 billion in one season. Giant puffballs can release a number of spores that number into the trillions. Spores are dispersed via wind, rain, water currents, insects, birds and animals and by people on clothing. Spores contain little or no food so it is essential they land on a viable food source. They can also remain dormant for up to 20 years waiting for an opportune moment to germinate. WHAT ABOUT LIGHT? Though fungi do not need light for food production, fruiting bodies generally grow toward a source of light. Light levels can affect the release of spores; some fungi release spores in the absence of light whereas others (such as the spore throwing Pilobolus) release during the presence of light.
[Show full text]
Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites Astreoides Alicia A
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NSU Works Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 1-26-2018 Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites astreoides Alicia A. Vollmer [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Alicia A. Vollmer. 2018. Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites astreoides. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (464) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/464. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis of Alicia A. Vollmer Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science M.S. Marine Biology M.S. Coastal Zone Management Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography January 2018 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: Nicole Fogarty Committee Member: Joana Figueiredo Committee Member: Xaymara Serrano This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/464 HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY RARE PARTHENOGENIC REPRODUCTION IN A COMMON REEF CORAL, PORITES ASTREOIDES By Alicia A. Vollmer Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology and Coastal Zone Management Nova Southeastern University January 26, 2018 Thesis of Alicia A.
[Show full text]
Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:______Use Page Numbers! Assignment #______Block #____ WORD DEFINITION
Name:_________________________ Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:_________________________ Use Page Numbers! Assignment #_________ Block #____ WORD DEFINITION 1. Cell Cycle The life cycle of a cell Pg 92 2. The structures that DNA is organized into Chromosomes Pg 92 Cellular reproduction in prokaryotic cells. Means “Splitting into two 3. Binary Fission parts” Pg 92 Each chromosome of a pair of similar chromosome 4. Homologous Chromosomes Pg 93 The two copies of the chromosome once it is duplicated 5. Chromatids Pg 93 Where the chromatids are connected 6. Centromere Pg 93 7. Mitosis The complicated process of separating duplicated chromosomes Pg 93 8. Cytokinesis The process where the cytoplasm splits in two Pg 95 WORD DEFINITION 9. Budding A type of asexual reproduction, where a piece of the parents body Pg 612 develops into an independent organism 10. A type of asexual reproduction, where the organism breaks into two or Regeneration more parts, each growing into a new organism that is genetically identical (fragmentation) to the parent Pg 612 The production of offspring by combining the genetic material of more 11. Sexual than one parent reproduction Pg 613 A single parent has offspring that are identical to itself 12. Asexual reproduction Pg 613 The male sex cell 13. Sperm Pg 613 The female sex cell 14. Egg Pg 613 The new type of cell that is made when an egg’s nucleus fuses with a 15. Zygote sperm’s nucleus Pg 613 16. Spores Small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall Pg 256 WORD DEFINITION 17. Sex Cells Specialized cells that combine to form a zygote, they have half the normal Pg 114 number of chromosomes, one of each pair.
[Show full text]
Reproduction in Plants and Animals
Reproduction in Plants and Animals Imagine a gardener checking on his growing plants at the beginning of spring. He notices a few tiny insects eating some of his plants. The gardener isn’t worried—a few insects are not a concern. But when he comes back several weeks later, his plants are covered in these small insects. There are at least ten times as many insects as there were several weeks ago! Where did all of these insects come from? How do organisms make more of their species? Reproduction produces offspring Reproduction is a process by which an organism produces offspring, or young. All organisms reproduce. If they didn’t, no species would survive past a single generation. The tiny insects developing Reproduction allows organisms to pass on their traits, or inside these eggs will grow characteristics to their offspring. Parents pass on their into adult insects. traits through their genetic material, or DNA. Sexual Reproduction requires two parents Sexual reproduction requires a male and female. Each parent contributes half of their genetic material, or DNA, to their offspring. The female contributes her DNA in an egg cell. The male contributes his DNA in a sperm cell. When the egg and sperm combine, they form the new offspring. Offspring may look similar to their parents, but they are not exact copies. In sexual reproduction, each offspring has a mixture of its parent’s traits. Parents may pass on dominant traits or recessive traits to their offspring. Each offspring may be different from its siblings. For These puppies are a product example, suppose the father in a human family does not of sexual reproduction have freckles, but his wife does.
[Show full text]
Living Environment Vocabulary by Prentice Hall 2001 Review Book Unit
Living Environment Vocabulary By Prentice Hall 2001 Review Book Unit Similarities and Topic 1 Differences Among Living Organisms cell the basic unit of structure and function that makes up all organisms metabolism all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism homeostasis the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes reproduction the process by which organisms produce new organisms of the same type cell respiration the process in which nutrients are broken apart, releasing the chemical energy stored in them synthesis a life process that involves combining simple substances into more complex substances organic term used to describe molecules that contain both hydrogen and carbon inorganic a type of molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements organelle a structure within the cell that carries out a specific function tissues a group of specialized cells that perform a specific function organ a body structure made of different kinds of tissues combined to perform a specific function organ system several organs that work together to perform a major function in the body cytoplasm the jellylike substance that is between the cell membrane and the nucleus and that contains specialized structures nucleus a large structure within a cell that controls the cell’s metabolism and stores genetic information, including chromosomes and DNA vacuoles storage sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that may contain
[Show full text]
Asexual Plant Reproduction Diagrams Name: Period
Asexual Plant Reproduction Diagrams Name: Period: Practice: 11 points diagram from The Botany Coloring Book (1982) by Paul Young Asexual Plant Reproduction Diagrams Name: Period: For this assignment, you will be learning some ways that plants can reproduce asexually. Fill in the blanks below using information you learn by coloring the diagram on this assignment. Check off each box ☑ as you ﬁnish that part of the instructions. Start by rereading the paragraph titled, “Living Things Reproduce” on p.54, then answer the following questions: 1. The process in which two parents produce offspring that share both parents’ characteristics is called ____________________________________________ . This means that they have a mix of DNA, some from each parent. 2. The process in which one parent produces offspring that are identical to the parent is called ____________________________________________ . This means that they have the same DNA as their parent. 3. Look at the bears in Figure 3. Do they reproduce asexually or sexually? ______________________ 4. Look at the hydra in Figure 4. Do hydras reproduce asexually or sexually? ______________________ Next, go to p. 402-403, read the section titled, “Other Methods of Reproduction”, and then answer the following questions: 5. Besides reproducing sexually, some ﬂowering plants can also reproduce ______________________ . 6. When reproducing asexually, a ______________________ grows from one of the plant parts. 7. ______________________ are above-ground stems from which new plants can grow . 8. ______________________ are tiny new plants that grow along the edges of a plant’s leaves. 9. ______________________ are underground stems that can produce new plants after a dormant season. Look at Figure 5 on p.
[Show full text]
Evolution of the Asexual Queen Succession System and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Termites Kenji Matsuura*
© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 63-72 doi:10.1242/jeb.142547 REVIEW Evolution of the asexual queen succession system and its underlying mechanisms in termites Kenji Matsuura* ABSTRACT et al., 2013) and Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi (Okita and Tsuchida, One major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual 2016), and in the termites Reticulitermes speratus (Matsuura et al., reproduction is its promotion of genetic variation, although it 2009), Reticulitermes virginicus (Vargo et al., 2012), Reticulitermes reduces the genetic contribution to offspring. Queens of social lucifugus (Luchetti et al., 2013), Embiratermes neotenicus insects double their contribution to the gene pool, while overuse of (Fougeyrollas et al., 2015) and Cavitermes tuberosus (Fournier asexual reproduction may reduce the ability of the colony to adapt to et al., 2016). environmental stress because of the loss of genetic diversity. Recent The capacity for parthenogenesis in termites (Isoptera) was first studies have revealed that queens of some termite species can solve reported by Light (1944). However, the adaptive function of this tradeoff by using parthenogenesis to produce the next generation parthenogenesis in termite life history had not been examined in of queens and sexual reproduction to produce other colony members. detail until recently. This is likely because parthenogenetic This reproductive system, known as asexual queen succession (AQS), reproduction has been regarded as an unusual case with little has been identified in the subterranean termites Reticulitermes adaptive significance in nature. Even after the finding of colony – speratus, Reticulitermes virginicus and Reticulitermes lucifugus and foundation of female female pairs by parthenogenesis, researchers in the Neotropical higher termites Embiratermes neotenicus and still believed that the function of parthenogenesis was no more than ‘ ’ Cavitermes tuberosus.
[Show full text]
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Notes Unit 6
Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Notes Unit 6 Asexual Reproduction Type of reproduction in which a new organism is produced from ONE parent and the offspring is identical to the parent. Occurs in most plants, bacteria, protists, and low invertebrates. One parent Offspring are identical to the parents. Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Advantages – Identical to parent, so will get all good characteristics. Disadvantages – Identical to parent, so will also get bad characteristics and is less able to adapt to environment. Types of Asexual Reproduction Regeneration – organism uses cell division to re-grow body parts. Example: starfish, salamander Vegetative Propagation – results in a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant (a clone). Examples: strawberry plant, vegetables, and crops. Budding – organism that produces a bud that breaks away to live on its own. Example: hydra Binary Fission – used by bacteria, an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus copy then divide into two identical organisms Example: bacteria Sexual Reproduction Two parents Offspring are a combination of both parents and are therefore different from each parent. Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Advantages – variety and/or diversity of offspring (color, shape, size, intelligence, ability, etc.), More able to adapt to environmental changes. Disadvantages – uniqueness, sometimes traits needed for survival are not passed on. Types of Sexual Reproduction Plants – when the reproductive cells of one plant fertilize (pollinate) the reproductive cells of another plant. This produces seeds that can grow into a new plant. Animals – when the reproductive cells of one animal fertilize the reproductive cells of another animal.
[Show full text]
Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems, produce roots and become an independent plant. Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male cells in the pollen grain with female cells in the ovule. Terms to know: • Haploid: having a single set of chromosomes in each cell. • Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes in each cell, one set from each parent. • Mitosis: cell division, which produces two genetically identical diploid cells. • Meiosis: reduction division, which produces four haploid reproductive cells. Terms to know: • Spore: haploid reproductive cell that leads to a gametophyte in plant alternation of generations. • Gamete: mature haploid male or female germ cell able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. • Zygote: diploid, eukaryotic cell formed during fertilization event between two gametes, combining DNA of each gamete, containing the genetic information to form a new individual. Terms to know: • Sporophyte: diploid, multicellular stage which develops from zygote, produced when a haploid female cell is fertilized by a haploid male cell, produces haploid spores by meiosis. • Gametophyte: haploid, multicellular stage, develops from a spore by mitosis, produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Plant Life Cycle Animals vs. Plants Plant Reproduction Animal Reproduction Alternation of No alternation of Life cycle generations generations Gametes Haploid gametes Haploid gametes Spores Haploid spores N/A (no spores) Gametes made Haploid gametophyte, Diploid organism, by by by mitosis meiosis Diploid sporophyte, by Spores made by N/A (no spores) meiosis Alternation of Generations • Plants have a double life cycle with two forms: • Sporophyte • Gametophyte Non-flowering plants • Mosses, ferns, and related plants have motile, swimming sperm.
[Show full text]
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. All of the offspring are identical to the parent. There are different types of asexual reproduction: • Binary Fission – only single-celled organisms reproduce this way. The cell splits into two cells and each one is identical. (bacteria, amoeba, algae) • Budding – the parent organism produces a bud (smaller version of itself), which eventually detaches itself from the parent and becomes a self-sufficient individual- identical to the parent. Coral also reproduce in this way, but does not detach themselves. (hydra, yeast, coral) • Spore Production – spores are similar to seeds, but are produced by the division of cells on the parent, not by the union of two cells. One parent may produce many spores, each of which will grow into a new individual, identical to its parents. (fungi, green algae, molds, ferns) • Vegetative Production – is the reproduction of a plant not involving a seed, including cuttings, runners, suckers, tubers. (coleus plant, spider plants, strawberries, aspen, potatoes) Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction usually involves two individual organisms. The offspring that are produced from this union have mix of characteristics, half from one parent and the other half from the other parent. Sexual reproduction does not always involve male and female parents, but can have specialized gametes (reproductive cells that have only one role – to join with another gamete during reproduction). • Sexual Reproduction in Animals Sexual reproduction in animals involves gametes. The male gametes are called sperm cells, and the female gametes are called egg cells. During mating, the sperm cell and the egg cell unite to form a fertilized combination of cells called a zygote.
[Show full text]