-(//<),6+2)7+(%/$&.6($$1' ($67(510(',7(55$1($1 :$7(56
%D\UDPg=7h5.%OHQW723$/2ö/8 6HOLQ*DP]H6h0(1&HPDO785$10HOHNøùø1ø%ø/ø5 ùDPLO$.7$ùùDKLQg=(1 -(//<),6+2)7+(%/$&.6($$1' ($67(510(',7(55$1($1 :$7(56
$OO ULJKWV DUH UHVHUYHG 1R SDUW RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ PD\ EH UHSURGXFHGVWRUHGLQDUHWULHYDOV\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\ IRUP RU E\ DQ\ PHDQV ZLWKRXW WKH SULRU SHUPLVVLRQ IURP WKH 7XUNLVK0DULQH5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ 78'$9
7XUNLVK0DULQH5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ ,6%1
&LWDWLRQ g=7h5. % 723$/2*/8 % 6h0(1 6* 785$1 & øùø1ø%ø/ø5 0 $.7$ù ù g=(1 ù -HOO\ILVKRIWKH%ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ:DWHUV 7XUNLVK 0DULQH 5HVHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ 78'$9 3XEOLFDWLRQ 1R,VWDQEXO7XUNH\SDJHV
&RYHUSKRWRCotylorhiza tuberculata%7RSDOR÷OX7h'$9
$YDLODEOHIURP7XUNLVK0DULQH5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ 78'$9 32%R[%H\NR],VWDQEXO 7HO )D[ (PDLOWXGDY#WXGDYRUJ KWWSZZZWXGDYRUJ
3ULQWHG$U\DQ%DVÕP <]\ÕO0K0DV6LW0DWEDDFÕODU6LW &DGGH1R%D÷FÕODUøVWDQEXO
LL &217(176
35()$&(««««««««««««««««««««««««« LY
3$57,1752'8&7,21727+(-(//<),6+:25/'
3$57 -(//<),6+$1'7+(,552/(6,17+( (&26<67(0«««««««««««««««««««««««
3$576(/(&7('-(//<),6+63(&,(6«««««««« +\GUR]RD FODVV «««««««««««««««««««««« Porpita porpita /LQQDHXV ««««««««««««««««« Aequorea vitrina *RVVH«««««««««««««««««« Geryonia proboscidalis )RUVVNnO «««««««««««««« Neoturris pileata )RUVVNnO «««««««««««««««« Olindias muelleri +DHFNHO…«««««««««««««««« 6F\SKR]RD FODVV «««««««««««««««««««««« Aurelia aurita /LQQDHXV ««««««««««««««««« Rhizostoma pulmo 0DFUL ««««««««««««««««« Chrysaora hysoscella /LQQDHXV «««««««««««««« Cassiopea andromeda )RUVVNnO «««««««««««««« Pelagia noctiluca )RUVVNnO «««««««««««««««« Cotylorhiza tuberculata 0DFUL ««««««««««««««« Rhopilema nomadica*DOLO6SDQLHU )HUJXVRQ««««««««« Phyllorhiza punctata/HQGHQIHOG«««««««««««««« Discomedusa lobata &ODXV««««««««««««««««« &XER]RD FODVV ««««««««««««««««««««««« Carybdea marsupialis /LQQDHXV «««««««««««««« 7HQWDFXODWD FODVV ««««««««««««««««««««« Mnemiopsis leidyi $$JDVVL]«««««««««««««««« Bolinopsis vitrea /$JDVVL] «««««««««««««««« 1XGD FODVV «««««««««««««««««««««««« Beroe ovata %UXJXLqUH«««««««««««««««««« 3$57-(//<),6+(19(120$7,21 (3,'(0,2/2*<&/,1,&$/0$1,)(67$7,216 0$1$*(0(17$1'35(9(17,21««««««««««« 3$57 -(//<),6+$1'&,7,=(16&,(1&(6 $&7,9,7,(6,17+(0(',7(55$1($1$1'%/$&. 6($6«««««««««««««««««««««««««««
LLL 35()$&(
-HOO\ILVKDUHLPSRUWDQWVHDDQLPDOVDQGSXEOLF DZDUHQHVV RI WKHP KDV LQFUHDVHG LQ WKH ODVW \HDUV GXH WR RXWEUHDNV RI Pelagica noctiluca LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD DQG ODWHU MnemiopsisLQWKH%ODFN6HD,QWKH%ODFN6HDMnemiopsisLV DQDOLHQFWHQRSKRUHWKDWKDVFDXVHGVXEVWDQWLYHGDPDJHWRWKH ILVKHULHVLQGXVWU\LQWKHUHJLRQ
$OWKRXJK Mnemiopsis leidyiEORRPV KDYH GHFUHDVHG LQUHFHQW \HDUVDQRWKHUDOLHQVSHFLHVRI,QGR±3DFLILF2ULJLQRhopilema nomadica,KDVQRZDSSHDUHGLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDFDXVLQJ LPSDFWV RQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ WRXULVP DQG ILVKHULHV RI WKH QDWLYH SHRSOHRI WKHFRDVWDO DUHDV)RUWXQDWHO\ R. nomadicaKDVQRW \HWEHHQIRXQGLQWKH%ODFN6HDDQGWKH6HDRI0DUPDUD:K\ KDYH WKHVH MHOO\ILVK VSHFLHV VSUHDG VR HDVLO\ LQ WKHVH DUHDV" :KLFK SHUVRQ HQWLW\ RU VWDWH LV UHVSRQVLEOH" :KR LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FRPSHQVDWLQJ WKH ORFDO SHRSOH" :KLFK PHFKDQLVP HQWLW\ RU LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJUHHPHQW FDQ SURWHFW XV IURPWKHLQYDVLRQDQGGDPDJHWRRXUORYHO\XQLTXH HFRV\VWHPV" 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ ZH KDYH QR SURSHU DQVZHUV WR WKHVHTXHVWLRQV
7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI M. leidyi RFFXUUHG WKURXJK VKLS EDOODVW ZDWHU ZLWK WKH VKLSSLQJ LQGXVWU\ DV D YHFWRU R. nomadica HQWHUHGWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDWKURXJKWKH6XH]&DQDOZKLFK QRZSRVHVDJUHDWHUULVNIRUWKHHQWLUH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQG%ODFN 6HDLVGXHWRUHSHDWHGLQFUHDVHVLQVL]H
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g]WUNIRUKHOSLQJWKH(QJOLVKHGLWLQJ
3URI%D\UDPg=7h5. +HDGRI7XUNLVK0DULQH5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ
Y
YL 3$57,1752'8&7,21727+( -(//<),6+:25/' -HOO\ILVKDUH FRPSOH[ DQLPDOV WKDW KDYH OLYHG IRU DW OHDVW PLOOLRQ \HDUV RQ RXU SODQHW ,Q WKH ZDWHU WKH\ DUH EHDXWLIXO ZLWK LQFUHGLEOH FRORXUV EXW WKH\ DUH DOVR GDQJHURXV 'HVSLWH EHLQJ IRXQG LQ DOO RFHDQV HYHQ XQGHU WKH LFH LQ $QWDUFWLFD WKH\ KDYH EHHQ WKH VXEMHFW RI YHU\ OLWWOH VWXG\ DQG WKHLU WD[RQRP\LVQRW\HWFRPSOHWHG7KHVHDQLPDOVDUHEHLQJVHHQ PRUH LQ RXU OLYHV HYHQ LQ WKH FLQHPD $W WKH &DQQHV ILOP IHVWLYDOLQ,UHPHPEHUVHHLQJMHOO\ILVKLQWKHILOP³%ULJKW )XWXUH´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ola mola, Thunnus thynnus, Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, KDYH H[SHULHQFHG SRSXODWLRQ GHFOLQHV LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD :KHQ ILVK SRSXODWLRQV DUH GLPLQLVKHG SUHGDWLRQ RQ MHOO\ILVK DOVR GHFUHDVHV :KHQ WKLV KDSSHQV MHOO\ILVKSRSXODWLRQVEHFRPHGRPLQDQWLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ,W KDV EHHQ VKRZ WKDW WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI MHOO\ILVK EORRPV KDV DQ LQFUHDVLQJWUHQG\HDUO\IRUPRVWRIWKHVSHFLHV -HOO\ILVKHDWV]RRSODQNWRQVSHFLHVVXFKDVFRSHSRGV 6HDWXUWOHVIHHGRQMHOO\ILVKVSHFLHV ϭϱ ZŚŽƉŝůĞŵĂŶŽŵĂĚŝĐĂ ;DĞĚŝƚĞƌƌĂŶĞĂŶ^ĞĂͿ ϭϬ ŽƚLJůŽƌŚŝnjĂƚƵďĞƌĐƵůĂƚĂ &ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ;ĞŐĞĂŶ^ĞĂͿ ϱ ƵƌĞůŝĂĂƵƌĂƚĂ ;7ƐƚĂŶďƵů^ƚƌĂŝƚͿ Ϭ ZŚŝnjŽƐƚŽŵĂƉƵůŵŽ ϮϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϱ ϮϬϭϬ ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϴ ;ůĂĐŬ^ĞĂͿ zĞĂƌ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orpita porpita /LQQDHXV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP +\GUR]RD &ODVV +\GURLGROLQD 6XEFODVV $QWKRDWKHFDWD 2UGHU 3RUSLWLGDH )DPLO\ Porpita *HQXV P. porpita 6SHFLHV Porpita porpita XVXDOO\ NQRZQ IURP LWV EULJKW EOXH FRORU LV IURPWKHIDPLO\3RUSLWLGDHZLWKLQWKHFODVV+\GUR]RD 6D\JÕQ 7KHVSHFLPHQVDUHHDVLO\FDUULHGWRVKRUHE\ZLQGDQG ZDWHU FXUUHQWV 7KH YHQRP RI P. porpita PD\ FDXVH PLOG LUULWDWLRQWRKXPDQVNLQ9HU\PLOGVWLQJHU Aequorea vitrina *RVVH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP +\GUR]RD &ODVV +\GURLGROLQD 6XEFODVV /HSWRWKHFDWD 2UGHU $HTXRUHLGDH )DPLO\ Aequorea *HQXV A. vitrina 6SHFLHV Aequorea vitrina IURPWKH0DUPDUD6HD <ÕOPD]et al. Aequorea vitrina LV D WHPSHUDWH QRUWKHDVWHUQ $WODQWLF 2FHDQ VSHFLHVZLWKSURIRXQGLPSDFWVRQWKHIRRGZHEV7KLVVSHFLHV ZDV ILUVW UHSRUWHG IURP WKH 7XUNLVK PDULQH ZDWHUV LQ WKH ,VWDQEXO6WUDLWE\<ÕOPD]et al. Geryonia proboscidalis )RUVVNnO) &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP +\GUR]RD &ODVV 7UDFK\PHGXVDH 2UGHU *HU\RQLLGDH )DPLO\ Geryonia *HQXV G. proboscidalis 6SHFLHV Geryonia proboscidalisZDVILUVWUHSRUWHGIURPWKH7XUNLVK PDULQHZDWHUVE\*OúDKLQet al. DQGODWHUE\(UJGHQet al. Neoturris pileata )RUVVNnO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP +\GUR]RD &ODVV $QWKRDWKHFDWD 2UGHU 3DQGHLGDH )DPLO\ Neoturris *HQXV N. pileata 6SHFLHV Neoturris pileataLVDQHULWLFVSHFLHVZLWKDZLGHGLVWULEXWLRQLQ WKH QRUWKHUQ1RUWK 6HD1RUWK $WODQWLF2FHDQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD(DVWHUQDQG:HVWHUQ6RXWK$WODQWLF2FHDQDQG,QGR 3DFLILF2FHDQ7KLVVSHFLHVZDVDOVRUHSRUWHGIURPWKH7XUNLVK FRDVWDOZDWHUVLQWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKH0DUPDUD6HDDQGDWWKH HQWUDQFHRIWKH,VWDQEXO6WUDLWE\,VLQLELOLUet al. Olindias muelleri +DHFNHO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP +\GUR]RD &ODVV /LPQRPHGXVDH 2UGHU 2OLQGLLGDH )DPLO\ Olindias *HQXV O. muelleri 6SHFLHV Olindias muelleri DV LQYDOLG QDPH O. phosphorica ZDV UHSRUWHGE\(OHIWKHULRXet al. IURPWKH$HJHDQSDUWRI 7XUNH\7KLVVSHFLHVKDVDPLOGVWLQJ 6&+3+2=2$ Aurelia aurita /LQQDHXV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 6HPDHRVWRPHDH 2UGHU 8OPDULGDH )DPLO\ Aurelia *HQXV A. aurita 6SHFLHV Aurelia aurita WKH PRRQ MHOO\ILVK LV FDUQLYRURXV DQG IHHGV PRVWO\ RQ SODQNWRQLF VSHFLHV LH SODQNWRQLF FUXVWDFHD DQG PROOXVFD VSHFLHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH SODQNWRQLF VWDJHV RI EHQWKLF VSHFLHV A. auritaLVFRPPRQLQDOOVHDVJOREDOO\3RSXODWLRQ RI A. aurita GHSHQG RQ YDULRXV HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV 7KH DEXQGDQFHRISODQNWRQLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUGHWHUPLQLQJ A. auritaSRSXODWLRQVEXWLQFUHDVLQJVHDZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLV DQRWKHULPSRUWDQWIDFWRU g]WUNet al. $OWKRXJKA. auritaLVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGKDUPOHVVWRKXPDQV WKH\PD\QHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWWRXULVPDQGILVKHULHVGXULQJSHULRGV RI RYHUSUROLIHUDWLRQ ,QFUHDVHV LQ QXPEHUV RI A. auritaDUH SUHGLFWHG LQ WKH IXWXUH PHDQLQJ FRDVWDO DUHDV ZLOO EH PRUH KHDYLO\LPSDFWHGE\WKLVVSHFLHV 0LOOV 7KHQHPDWRF\VWV RIA. auritaFRQWDLQDZHDNDQGQRQLUULWDWLQJSRLVRQKRZHYHU LQFDVHRIFRQWDFWZLWKVHQVLWLYHVNLQDQGPXFRXVPHPEUDQHV OLSV H\HV HWF WKH\ FDQ FDXVH GLVFRPIRUW DQG LWFKLQJ ,VLQLELOLUet al. 7KLVVSHFLHVFDQEHFDOOHGDYHU\PLOG VWLQJHU ,VLQLELOLUet al. %ORRPRIA. aurita A. auritaLVDGRPLQDQWVSHFLHVLQYROYHGLQMHOO\ILVKEORRPVLQ WKH ,VWDQEXO 6WUDLW %LQJHO %ORRPV VWDUW LQ 0DUFK DQG FRQWLQXHXQWLOWKHHQGRIWKH2FWREHULQWKH%ODFN6HDDQG6HD RI0DUPDUD%ORRPVRIA. auritaLPSDFWILVKHULHVDQGFDQFORJ DQG GDPDJH ILVKLQJ QHWV ,Q WKH (DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD EORRPVRIA. auritaODVWRQO\IRUDVKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH %ORRPRI A.aurita LQWKH,VWDQEXO6WUDLW A. aurita A. auritaLQDILVKLQJQHW 6WUDQGHGA. aurita. Rhizostoma pulmo 0DFUL &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 5KL]RVWRPHDH 2UGHU 5KL]RVWRPDWLGDH )DPLO\ Rhizostoma *HQXV R. pulmo 6SHFLHV Rhizostoma pulmo LV XVXDOO\ NQRZQ DV EDUUHO MHOO\ILVK 7KH VXUIDFH FRORU RI LWV XPEUHOOD LV W\SLFDOO\ SDOH JUH\ DQG FRORXUOHVV 7KH PDUJLQDO ODSSHWV DUH QDUURZO\ HGJHG ZLWK DQ XOWUDPDULQH EOXH YLROHW RU EURZQ OLQH RI GHQVH FRORXU 7KH PDWXUH PHGXVDH DUH REVHUYHG PRVWO\ LQ ODWH VXPPHU WKURXJK WKHZLQWHUVHDVRQ7KLVVSHFLHVLVFRPPRQDQGHDVLO\REVHUYHG LQDOOWKHVHDVRI7XUNH\ g]WUNet al.dÕQDUet al %ORRPVRFFXURIWHQLQWKH%ODFN6HDEHWZHHQ6HSWHPEHUDQG 1RYHPEHU ZKLFK LV WKH VHDVRQ RI KLJK ERQLWR DQG EOXHILVK DEXQGDQFH7KLVVSHFLHVLVDYHU\PLOGVWLQJHU ,VLQLELOLUet al. R.pulmoEORRPVLQWKH%ODFN6HD R. pulmoDPRQJERQLWRFDWFK Chrysaora hysoscella /LQQDHXV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 6HPDHRVWRPHDH 2UGHU 3HODJLLGDH )DPLO\ Chrysaora *HQXV C. hysoscella 6SHFLHV Chrysaora hysoscella FRPSDVV MHOO\ILVK KDV 9VKDSHG \HOORZEURZQ EDQGV H[WHQGLQJ IURP WKH WRS RI WKH KHPLVSKHULFDO ERG\ VWUXFWXUH WR WKH HGJH C. hysoscella FRPPRQO\IRXQGLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQZDVUHSRUWHGIURPWKH 7XUNLVK FRDVWV RI WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ E\ %LQJHO et al. 'XH WR D VXGGHQ LQFUHDVH LQ DEXQGDQFH RI WKLV VSHFLHV LQ WKH 6HDRI0DUPDUDWKLVVSHFLHVKDVFDXVHGPDQ\KRVSLWDOFDVHVLQ SUHYLRXV \HDUV ,VLQLELOLU DQG <ÕOPD] 7KLV VSHFLHVLV D YHU\PLOGVWLQJHU Cassiopea andromeda )RUVVNnO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 5KL]RVWRPHDH 2UGHU &DVVLRSHLGDH )DPLO\ Cassiopea *HQXV C. andromeda 6SHFLHV Cassiopea andromedaLVD/HVVHSVLDQVSHFLHVZKLFKHQWHUHG LQWR WKH (DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD WKURXJK WKH 6XH] &DQDO *DOLOet al.%LOHFHQRJOXg]EHNDQGg]WUN 7KHFRORXULVW\SLFDOO\EURZQDQGWKH\DUHXVXDOO\DWWKHVHD ERWWRP XSVLGH GRZQ ZLWK WHQWDFOHV SRLQWLQJ XSZDUGV 9HU\ PLOGVWLQJHU ,VLQLELOLUDQG<ÕOPD] Pelagia noctiluca )RUVVNnO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 6HPDHRVWRPHDH 2UGHU 3HODJLLGDH )DPLO\ Pelagia *HQXV P. noctiluca 6SHFLHV Pelagia noctilucaLVRQHRIWKHPRVWFRPPRQMHOO\ILVKVSHFLHV LQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD,WKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGIURP*|NoHDGD ,VODQGLQWKH1RUWK$HJHDQ6HD g]WUNDQG7RSDOR÷OX P. noctiluca LV RQH RI WKH PRVW GDQJHURXV 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ MHOO\ILVK DQG LWV YHQRP FDQ SURGXFH UHGQHVV VZHOOLQJ DQG EOLVWHUV DV ZHOO DV SHUVLVWLQJ SDLQ DW WKH VLWH RI WKH VWLQJ ,VLQLELOLUet al. %ORRPVKDYHEHHQYHU\FRPPRQVLQFH LQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDDQGVLQFHLQWKH7XUNLVK SDUWRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD7KLVVSHFLHVFDQVHYHUHO\LPSDFW DTXDFXOWXUHDQGFDXVHGWKHGHDWKRIPRUHWKDQVDOPRQ LQDVDOPRQIDUPLQ,UHODQGLQ 'R\OHet al %XW WKHUHKDVEHHQQRUHFRUGIRUWKHVHDEDVVRUVHDEUHDPFDJHVLQ WKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD Cotylorhiza tuberculata 0DFUL &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 5KL]RVWRPHDH 2UGHU &HSKHLGDH )DPLO\ Cotylorhiza *HQXV C. tuberculata 6SHFLHV Cotylorhiza tuberculataLVRQHRIWKHQDWLYHMHOO\ILVKVSHFLHVLQ WKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD7KHFRPPRQQDPHIRUWKLVVSHFLHVLV ³)ULHG(JJ-HOO\ILVK´GXHWRKDYLQJDGRPHRQWKHFHQWUDOSDUW RIWKHXPEUHOODZKLFKORRNVOLNHDIULHGHJJ $OWKRXJK C. tuberculata LV QRW D VWURQJ VWLQJHU LW FDQ FDXVH GLVFRPIRUW E\ FUHDWLQJ PLOG LWFKLQJ LQ FDVH RI FRQWDFW ZLWK VHQVLWLYH VNLQDQG PXFRXV PHPEUDQHV ,VLQLELOLUet al. 6RPHILVKHVVXFKDVSalpa salpaDQGTrachurus trachurusXVH WKHWHQWDFOHVRIWKLVVSHFLHVDVWHPSRUDU\KDELWDW%ORRPVRIC. tuberculata RFFXU LQ WKH FHQWUDO $HJHDQ 6HD *OúDKLQ DQG 7DUNDQ ,QVRPHEORRPVZHUHDOVRUHSRUWHGLQWKH $HJHDQ6HDE\DHULDOVXUYH\ %HDFKQHWDJDLQVWC. tuberculata Rhopilema nomadica*DOLO6SDQLHU )HUJXVRQ &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 'LVFRPHGXVDH 6XEFODVV 5KL]RVWRPHDH 2UGHU 5KL]RVWRPDWLGDH )DPLO\ Rhopilema *HQXV R. nomadica 6SHFLHV Rhopilema nomadica KDV D QHDUO\ VSKHULFDO LF\EOXHFRORUHG XPEUHOOD ZLWK ORQJ RUDO OREHV DQG ODUJH VFDSXOHWV ZLWK ORQJ ILODPHQWVR. nomadica LVD/HVVHSVLDQVSHFLHVWKDWPLJUDWHGWR 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDIURPWKH5HG6HDYLDWKH6XH]&DQDO R. nomadica ILUVWDSSHDUHGDORQJWKHFRDVWRI7XUNH\LQ0HUVLQ %D\ LQ .LGH\V DQG *F *OúDKLQ DQG 7DUNDQ ODWHU UHSRUWHG WKLV VSHFLHV IURP WKH VRXWKHUQ $HJHDQ FRDVWRI7XUNH\ 0DVVLYH VZDUPV RI WKLV VWLQJLQJ QRPDGLF MHOO\ILVK KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHGDWKUHDWWRKXPDQKHDOWKWRXULVPDQGILVKHULHV$VD UHVXOW RI WKH GUDPDWLF LQFUHDVH LQ LWV DEXQGDQFH DORQJ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRDVWRI7XUNH\LQWKHVXPPHURIWKHUH ZHUHPDQ\FDVHVRIKRVSLWDOL]DWLRQUHFRUGHGE\g]WUNDQG ,VLQLELOLU $IWHUDWUDZOFDWFKR. nomadicaLVRQWKHGHFN %ORRPV RI VWLQJLQJ MHOO\ILVK RI ,QGR3DFLILF RULJLQ OLNH R. nomadica, FDXVH GDPDJH WR ORFDO HFRQRPLHV ZKHQ WKH\ EHFRPHHQWDQJOHGLQILVKLQJQHWVRUVWUDQGHGRQEHDFKHVZKHUH WKH\ FDQ IULJKWHQ WRXULVWV %ORRPV RI R. nomadicaKDYHEHHQ UHSRUWHGE\7XUDQet al DQGE\6DNÕQDQ IURPWKH HDVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD Phyllorhiza punctata /HQGHQIHOG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 5KL]RVWRPHDH 2UGHU 0DVWLJLLGDH )DPLO\ Phyllorhiza *HQXV P. punctata 6SHFLHV Phyllorhiza punctata LV D/HVVHSVLDQMHOO\ILVKVSHFLHVUHSRUWHG IURP WKH HDVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD -XYHQLOHV RI WKH DOLHQ VKULPSVFDGILVKAlepes djedabaKDYHEHHQREVHUYHGQHVWOLQJ DPRQJLWVWHQWDFOHV dHYLNet al. 7KHLPSDFWRIP. punctata RQ WKH ELRWD DQG KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH HDVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDLVQRW\HWNQRZQ7KLVVSHFLHVLVYHQRPRXV ZLWKDYHU\PLOGVWLQJHU Discomedusa lobata&ODXV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP 6F\SKR]RD &ODVV 6HPDHRVWRPHDH 2UGHU 8OPDULGDH )DPLO\ Discomedusa *HQXV D. lobata 6SHFLHV Discomedusa lobata KDV EHHQ UHFRUGHG LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HDDQGLQWKHQRUWKHDVW$WODQWLF2FHDQ,WZDVVDPSOHGIRUWKH ILUVWWLPHIURP,]PLW%D\LQ0DUFK7ZR\HDUVODWHUDQ LQFUHDVHLQWKHDEXQGDQFHRIWKLVVSHFLHVZDVREVHUYHGLQWKH XSSHU ZDWHUV RI WKH 0DUPDUD 6HD QHDU WKH 3ULQFHV¶ ,VODQGV ,VLQLELOLUet al. D. lobataLVDPLOGVWLQJLQJVSHFLHVZLWK OLWWOHRUQRHIIHFWRQKXPDQV 0RQWJRPHU\et al. &8%2=2$ Carybdea marsupialis /LQQDHXV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &QLGDULD 3K\OXP &XER]RD &ODVV &DU\EGHLGD 2UGHU &DU\EGHLGDH )DPLO\ Carybdea *HQXV C. marsupialis 6SHFLHV Carybdea marsupialis LV WKH RQO\ FXER]RDQ IRXQG LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDDQGZDVILUVWUHFRUGHGIURPWKH7XUNLVKSDUW RIWKH$HJHDQ6HDE\*HOGLD\DQG%DOÕN 7KLVVSHFLHVLV WUDQVOXFHQW ZLWK EOXLVKZKLWH FRORUDWLRQ ,W GRHV QRW SUHVHQW RUDO DUPV RQO\ IRXU WKLQ ZKLWLVK WHQWDFOHV WKDW H[WHQG IURP HDFKVLGHRIWKHXPEUHOODC. marsupialisLVDVWURQJVWLQJLQJ VSHFLHV ZLWK VHYHUH HIIHFWV RQ KXPDQV ,VLQLELOLU DQG <ÕOPD] ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR DYRLG DOO FRQWDFW ZLWK WKLV MHOO\ILVK7KHVWLQJSURGXFHGE\C. marsupialisLVXVXDOO\YHU\ SDLQIXO %ULJKW UHG SDSXOHV PD\ DSSHDU RQ WKH VNLQ DQG LQ VRPHH[FHSWLRQDOFDVHVPXVFOHFUDPSVYRPLWLQJWLUHGQHVVDQG DQ[LHW\PD\RFFXU 7(17$&8/$7$ Mnemiopsis leidyi $$JDVVL] &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &WHQRSKRUD 3K\OXP 7HQWDFXODWD &ODVV /REDWD 2UGHU %ROLQRSVLGDH )DPLO\ Mnemiopsis *HQXV M. leidyi 6SHFLHV Mnemiopsis leidyiLVDFDUQLYRURXVFWHQRSKRUHLQWURGXFHGLQWR WKH%ODFN6HDLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVLQWKHEDOODVWZDWHU RI VKLSV IURP WKH ZHVWHUQ 1RUWK $WODQWLF 6KLJDQRYD =DLWVHY DQG g]WUN 7KUHH PDMRU LPSDFWV RI M. leidyi EORRPV RQ ILVKHULHV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG ([FHVVLYH SUHGDWLRQRQILVKHJJVDQGODUYDHIRUH[DPSOHLQVKHOIZDWHUV M. leidyi KDV EHHQ HVWLPDWHG WR JUD]H XS WR RI WRWDO LFKWK\RSODQNWRQ VWRFN 7VLNKRQ/XNDQLQD et al )HHGLQJ RQ ODUYDH DQG DGXOW ILVK IRRG VXFK DV ]RRSODQNWRQ WKXV FDXVLQJ VWDUYDWLRQ )XUWKHU DFFHOHUDWLQJ RQJRLQJ HFRORJLFDO FKDQJH SUHVHQWO\ EHLQJ H[SHULHQFHG GXH WR HXWURSKLFDWLRQ IRU H[DPSOH GLUHFW LPSDFWV RI DQR[LD RQ WKH SHODJLFDQGEHQWKLFV\VWHPVGXHWRDPDVVLYHSUHFLSLWDWLRQRI PXFXVDQGGHDGFWHQRSKRUHV 7KHFRPELQHGHIIHFWVUHODWHGWRWKLVLQWURGXFHGSUHGDWRUKDYH UHVXOWHGLQDGUDVWLFGHFUHDVHRIILVKSURGXFWLRQ±WLPHVIRU %ODFN6HDVKDGDQGRYHUWLPHVIRUDQFKRY\7KHPDVV RFFXUUHQFHRIM. leidyiDSSHDUVWREHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW UHDVRQV IRU WKH VKDUS GHFUHDVH RI DQFKRY\ DQG RWKHU SHODJLF ILVK VWRFNV LQWKH %ODFN 6HD 7KHUH KDV EHHQ DGHFOLQH LQ WKH ELRPDVV RI ERWK SRSXODWLRQV DQG FDWFK LQ DERXW WKH VDPH SURSRUWLRQV ZKLFK KDV FDXVHG ODUJH VFDOH GDPDJH WR WKH ILVKHULHV =DLWVHYDQGg]WUN ,QGHHGWKHDQQXDOORVVLQ ILVK FDWFKHV DWWULEXWHG WR WKH M. leidyi SODJXH KDV EHHQ FDOFXODWHGDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\86'PLOOLRQLQWKH%ODFN6HD DQG86'±PLOOLRQLQWKH6HDRI$]RYDFFRUGLQJWRWKH *(6$03UHSRUWV Bolinopsis vitrea /$JDVVL] &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &WHQRSKRUD 3K\OXP 7HQWDFXODWD &ODVV /REDWD 2UGHU %ROLQRSVLGDH )DPLO\ Bolinopsis *HQXV B. vitrea 6SHFLHV Bolinopsis vitrea LVZLGHO\GLVWULEXWHGLQVXEWURSFLDOZDWHUVDQG DOVRRFFXUVLQWKHHDVWHUQDQGZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQLQFOXGLQJ WKH$HJHDQDQG$GULDWLF6HDV g]WUNet al UHSRUWHGWKHFWHQRSKRUHB. vitrea IURPWKH 7XUNLVK DQG %XOJDULDQ UHJLRQV RI WKH %ODFN 6HD ,Q 7XUNLVK ZDWHUV D FRQVLGHUDEOH DJJUHJDWLRQ RI B. vitrea ZDV IRXQG LQ ùLOHRQWKH$VLDQVLGHDQGDW.LO\RVRQWKH(XURSHDQVLGHLQ ,QLQGLYLGXDOVRIWKLVVSHFLHVZHUHUHFRUGHGDWWZR ORFDWLRQVLQ%XOJDULDQZDWHUVZKHUHLWPD\KDYHHQWHUHGZLWK FXUUHQWVRUZDVUHOHDVHGZLWKEDOODVWZDWHUV 18'$ Beroe ovata %UXJXLqUH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ $QLPDOLD .LQJGRP &WHQRSKRUD 3K\OXP 1XGD &ODVV %HURLGD 2UGHU %HURLGDH )DPLO\ Beroe *HQXV B. ovata 6SHFLHV Beroe ovata LV DQ DOLHQ FWHQRSKRUH VSHFLHV LQ WKH %ODFN 6HD DOWKRXJKLWLVQDWLYHWRWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQG0DUPDUD6HDV 7KHOLNHO\PHFKDQLVPRISHQHWUDWLRQRIWKLVFRPEMHOO\ILVKLQWR WKH%ODFN6HDLVWUDQVIHULQEDOODVWZDWHURIVKLSVIURPWKH HVWXDULHVDORQJWKH1RUWK$WODQWLF2FHDQZKHUHWKLVVSHFLHVLV WROHUDQW WR ORZHU VDOLQLW\ 7KLV LV SUREDEO\ WKH VDPH PRGH RI LQYDVLRQDVIRUMnemiopsis leidyiZKLFKLVDQDWXUDOSUH\RIB. ovataLQWKH1RUWK$WODQWLF2FHDQ$QDOWHUQDWHK\SRWKHVLVLV WKDW B. ovata, ZKLFK OLYHV QDWLYHO\ LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DQG 0DUPDUD 6HD HQWHUHG WKH %ODFN 6HD DQG DFFOLPDWL]HG GXULQJ WKH DEQRUPDOO\ ZDUP ZLQWHUV RI ± DQG ± DQG VXPPHU RI 6LQFH VKRZLQJ XS LQ WKH %ODFN 6HD LQ B. ovata D SUHGDWRU RI WKH FWHQRSKRUH M. leidyi KDV KHOSHG WR FRQWURO M. leidyiSRSXODWLRQV$VDUHVXOWWKH SODQNWRQLF IRRG ZHE VWUXFWXUH KDV SDUWLDOO\ UHFRYHUHG E\ UHGXFLQJ WKH QHJDWLYH LPSDFWV RI M. leidyi B. ovata SUHGRPLQDQWO\LQKDELWVDPLOHZLGWKRIWKHFRDVWDO]RQHRI WKH%ODFN6HD0RVWSUREDEO\WKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKLVVSHFLHV WDNHVSODFHLQRSHQZDWHUV =DLWVHYDQGg]WUN 3$57-(//<),6+(19(120$7,21 (3,'(0,2/2*<&/,1,&$/ 0$1,)(67$7,2160$1$*(0(17$1' 35(9(17,21 ,QWURGXFWLRQ ([WUHPH FOLPDWLF HYHQWV GULYLQJ LPPLJUDWLRQ RI LQYDVLYH VSHFLHVDQGLQFUHDVHVLQMHOO\ILVKSRSXODWLRQVKDYHUHVXOWHGLQ DQ LQFUHDVH RI MHOO\ILVKUHODWHG HQYHQRPDWLRQ LQMXULHV DFURVV WKHJOREH .DIIHQEHUJHUet al.2LVRet al 7KHUHLV DJUHDWGLYHUVLW\RIFQLGDULDQYHQRPVDQGDERXWFQLGDULDQ VSHFLHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG KDUPIXO WR KXPDQV 7H]FDQ -HOO\ILVKHQYHQRPDWLRQJHQHUDOO\RFFXUVDVLWFK\VNLQHUXSWLRQV WKDW DSSHDU RQ WKH VNLQ DIWHU GHUPDO FRQWDFW ZLWK D MHOO\ILVK PDULQH HQYHQRPDWLRQ ZLWK DQ HVWLPDWHG PLOOLRQ HQYHQRPDWLRQV DQQXDOO\ &DৄDV et al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et al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et al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et al. 2WKHU V\PSWRPV ZKLFK PD\ SUHVHQW DUH QDXVHD YRPLWLQJ SDOORU IHYHU MRLQW DFKHV VKRUWQHVV RI EUHDWK FRQYXOVLRQV GHOLULXP ORZ RU KLJK EORRG SUHVVXUHKHDUWIDLOXUHUHVSLUDWRU\GLVWUHVVDQGGHDWK 7DEOH 'HDWK PD\ RFFXU WKURXJK WKUHH PHFKDQLVPV K\SHUVHQVLWLYLW\ WKH HIIHFW RI VHYHUDO WR[LQV RQ WKH FDUGLRYDVFXODUDQGWKHUHVSLUDWRU\V\VWHPRUWKHHIIHFWRIWR[LQV RQ WKH OLYHU 0RVW HQYHQRPDWLRQ E\ MHOO\ILVK FDXVH ORFDO UHDFWLRQV WůĞĂƐĞďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞĂŶĂůůĞƌŐŝĐƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂũĞůůLJĨŝƐŚƐƚŝŶŐ͘ 7KHWUHDWPHQWRIMHOO\ILVKHQYHQRPDWLRQLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH VHYHULW\RIWKHLQMXU\7UHDWPHQWVYDU\ZLGHO\GHSHQGLQJXSRQ WKH W\SH RI MHOO\ILVK WKH JHRJUDSKLF ORFDWLRQ WKH SDUW RI WKH MHOO\ILVK ERG\ RU WHQWDFOH WKH VL]H RI WKH VWLQJ DQG WKH LQGLYLGXDO SDWLHQW +DGGDG et al. ,W LV VWURQJO\ UHFRPPHQGHGWRSURYLGHHDUO\FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKDSK\VLFLDQRU WR[LFRORJLVWH[SHULHQFHGLQWUHDWLQJPDULQHHQYHQRPDWLRQ +HUHZHDLPWRJLYH\RXVRPHJXLGDQFHWRPDQDJHWKHVWLQJ 3URPSWGLDJQRVLVDQGSURSHUKHDOWKFDUHPD\GUDPDWLFDOO\KHOS WRUHGXFHWKHGHWULPHQWDOHIIHFWRIHQYHQRPDWLRQ2QHFDQVWDUW WUHDWPHQW DW WKH VLWH DQG FRQWLQXH XQWLO WKH DGPLVVLRQ WR WKH KRVSLWDOLVFRPSOHWHG /LVWRIUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUWUHDWPHQWRIDMHOO\ILVKVWLQJ x 6WD\ FDOP DQG OHDYH WKH ZDWHURUUHPRYH WKHYLFWLP IURP WKHZDWHU LPPHGLDWHO\ EHFDXVH RI WKHULVNRI DQDSK\ODFWLF VKRFNDQGGURZQLQJ x ,QIRUPHG VRPHERG\ WKDW \RX ZHUH VWXQJ E\ MHOO\ILVK DQG QHHGPHGLFDOKHOS x 0RQLWRUWKHYLFWLPIRUVHYHUHDOOHUJLFUHDFWLRQ x 5LQVHWKHZRXQGZLWKVHDZDWHU'RQRWSODFHWKHZRXQG XQGHUUXQQLQJIUHVKRUWDSZDWHU x 'R QRW VFUXE WKH LQMXUHG VLWH DV WKH QHPDWRF\VWV PD\ H[SORGHDQGLQWHQVLI\WKHORFDOV\PSWRPV x 'RQRWWRXFKWRWKHZRXQGZLWKEDUHKDQGV5HPRYHDQ\ WHQWDFOHVRUIRUHLJQERGLHVE\PHDQVRIWZHH]HUV x 5LQVHWKHZRXQGZLWKYLQHJDUWRVWDELOL]HWKHQHPDWRF\VWV DQGUHGXFHSDLQ x 6KDYH WKH DIIHFWHG DUHD ZLWK VKDYLQJ FUHDP DQG D VDIHW\ UD]RUWRKHOSUHPRYHQHPDWRF\VWV )LJXUH x ,QFDVHRISHUVLVWHQWSDLQVRDNWKHZRXQGLQKHDWHGQRQ VFDOGLQJ ZDWHU ,Q VRPH FDVHV WKH KRW ZDWHU PD\ EH HIIHFWLYHRQO\IRUFRQWUROOLQJWKHSDLQ x &DOO LQ7XUNH\ RUWKHORFDOHPHUJHQF\KRWOLQHLQWKH FRXQWU\DVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH x ,QLWLDWHDSUHOLPLQDU\DVVHVVPHQWUHJDUGLQJYLWDOVLJQVDQG SODQILUVWDLGWUHDWPHQW x &KHFNYLWDOVLJQVVXFKDVFLUFXODWLRQDLUZD\DQGEUHDWKLQJ x &DUU\ RXW ILUVW DLG WUHDWPHQW DIWHU D OLIHWKUHDWHQLQJ LQMXU\ EHIRUHWKHDUULYDORIHPHUJHQF\VHUYLFH x ,IWKHUHLVQRPHGLFDOIDFLOLW\QHDUWRWKHDFFLGHQWORFDWLRQ RQH PD\ WDNH DQWLKLVWDPLQLF GUXJV DQG SDLQ NLOOHU (DUO\ PHGLFDWLRQZLOO KHOS WR FRQWURO FOLQLFDO V\PSWRPV VXFKDV HGHPDDQGSDLQDQGUHGXFHWKHGDPDJHWRWKHLQMXUHGVLWH x $SSO\DQDQWLVHSWLFVROXWLRQDQGWRSLFDODQWLELRWLFRLQWPHQW WRWKHZRXQG x 0DULQH HQYHQRPDWLRQ VKRXOG QRW EH XQGHUHVWLPDWHG 0RQLWRU IRU V\VWHPLF DOOHUJLF UHDFWLRQV DQG ZRXQG LQIHFWLRQ x 2QFH WKH YLFWLP KDV UHFHLYHG WKH ILUVW DLG DQG HPHUJHQF\ WUHDWPHQW SOHDVH FRQWDFW 7XUNLVK 0DULQH 5HVHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ 78'$9 (PDLO WXGDY#WXGDYRUJ 3KRQH IRUWKHUHFRUG 7KHPDQDJHPHQWIRUPRVWMHOO\ILVKVWLQJVLVWKHVDPHQDPHO\ WRSLFDODFHWLFDFLGKRWZDWHULPPHUVLRQ &LPPHUVH IRUPLQRUXQWLOSDLQUHOLHI DQGWRSLFDOFRUWLFRVWHURLGRU DQWLKLVWDPLQLF FUHDP 5RVHWWR et al. 8VLQJ YLQHJDU DFHWLF DFLG KHOSV WR LQDFWLYDWH WKH WHQWDFOHV ZKLFK FRQWDLQ WKRXVDQGV RI QHPDWRF\VWV 6H\PRXU ,Q VHYHUH FDVHV D V\VWHPLF FRUWLFRVWHURLG WUHDWPHQW LV QHHGHG 6H\PRXU +RUQEHDNDQG$XHUEDFK 7R PLQLPL]H WKH VHD EDWKHU¶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et al.+DGGDGet al. $V WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI ZDWHU ZLOO FRRO RYHU WLPH KRWZDWHU EDWKV QHHG WR EH UHZDUPHG HYHU\ ILYH PLQXWHV 7KHUHIRUH D WKHUPDOLVRODWHUFDQEHXVHGWRNHHSWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDW &IRUDVWDQGDUGGXUDWLRQRIPLQXWHV /DXet al. 'XH WRWKHLQIHFWLRQULVNWRWKHZRXQGE\QXPHURXVPLFURRUJDQLVPV IRXQGLQIUHVKZDWHURUVDOWZDWHUVSHFLILFZRXQGFDUHVKRXOGEH DSSOLHG,QWKHFDVHRILQIHFWHGZRXQGVWLVVXHFXOWXUHVVKRXOG EH WDNHQ IRU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH PLFUREH $QWLELRWLFV VKRXOG QRW EH JLYHQ SURSK\ODFWLFDOO\ XQWLO WKH ILQGLQJV RI LQIHFWLRQ DUH FRQILUPHG,WFK\ VNLQ OHVLRQVXVXDOO\ UHVSRQG WR V\VWHPLF DQG WRSLFDO DQWLKLVWDPLQHV 3DLQ FDQ EH UHOLHYHG E\ XVLQJFRUWLFRVWHURLGVDQGWRSLFDODQHVWKHWLFV 'H'RQQRet al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et al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et al./Let al.&HJRORQ et al. 6RPH YLFWLPV ZKR DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR DOOHUJLF UHDFWLRQ PD\ H[SHULHQFHDUDSLGDSSHDUDQFHRIUHVSLUDWRU\DQGFDUGLDFDUUHVW ZLWKLQPLQXWHVRIWKHVWLQJ,QFDVHRIDQDQDSK\ODFWLFUHDFWLRQ RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH VHD DQ DGUHQDOLQH WUHDWPHQW LV DGYLVHGWR EH DGPLQLVWHUHG VXEFXWDQHRXVO\ PJNJ ZLWK LQWUDYHQRXV K\GURFRUWLVRQH PJNJ 3URPSW WUHDWPHQW PD\ KHOS VLJQLILFDQWO\ ZLWK WKH UHFRYHU\ DQG LPSURYH WKH V\VWHPLF FRQGLWLRQ 3HUHLUD et al. 7KH YLFWLP VKRXOG EH WUDQVSRUWHGWRWKHQHDUHVW(PHUJHQF\GHSDUWPHQWDWWKHKRVSLWDO LQ RUGHU WR EH REVHUYHG DQG UHFHLYH IXUWKHU WUHDWPHQW ,Q WKH FDVH RI VHYHUH LQMXU\ LW PD\ QRW EH SRVVLEOH WR VDYH WKH YLFWLP¶V OLIH ,Q D UHSRUWHG HQYHQRPDWLRQ HYHQW GHVSLWH DSSURSULDWHEHDFKVLGHILUVWDLGWKHSDWLHQWZDVFRQVFLRXVRQO\ VHYHUDO PLQXWHV EHIRUH KDYLQJ SULPDU\ UHVSLUDWRU\ DUUHVW DQG ODWHU FDUGLRYDVFXODU FROODSVH WKDW UHVXOWHG LQ GHDWK 6WHLQ ,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHRFXODUMHOO\ILVKVWLQJVKDYHDOVREHHQUHSRUWHG 7KH VWLQJ FDQ FDXVH EXUQLQJ SDLQ EOXUUHG YLVLRQ H\HOLG VZHOOLQJSKRWRSKRELDHSLWKHOLDONHUDWLWLVFRQMXQFWLYDOHGHPD FRUQHDO VWURPDO HGHPD HQGRWKHOLDO FHOO VZHOOLQJ FRUQHDO HSLWKHOLDOGHIHFWVDQWHULRUFKDPEHULQIODPPDWLRQVHYHUHLULWLV DVZHOODVLQFUHDVHGLQWUDRFXODUSUHVVXUHDQGFKURQLFXQLODWHUDO JODXFRPD 7KRXJK WKHUH LV QR FXUUHQW GHILQLWH WUHDWPHQW IRU RFXODU MHOO\ILVK VWLQJV VHYHUDO SUDFWLFDO FKRLFHV DUH UHFRPPHQGHG 7KH H\H VKRXOG EH LQLWLDOO\ LUULJDWHG ZLWK VHDZDWHU DW WKH VFHQH WKHQ IROORZHG ZLWK VDOLQH DSSOLFDWLRQ $IWHU ZDVKLQJ WKH H\H LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR UHPRYH WKH IRUHLJQ PDWHULDOV SDWFK LW ZLWK WRSLFDO DQWLELRWLF SUHSDUDWLRQV DQG DGPLQLVWHU VWHURLG DQG DQWLKLVWDPLQLF H\H GURSV $ SURSHU DQDOJHVLF FDQ EH DSSOLHG IRU DQ DSSURSULDWH IROORZ XS WLPH 0RVWLQMXULHVDUHVHOIOLPLWHGDQGUHVROYHVSRQWDQHRXVO\LQWZR GD\VKRZHYHU VHYHUH HQYHQRPDWLRQ PD\ UHTXLUH PRQWKV RIKHDOLQJ 0DRet al.*ODVVHUet al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et al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et al. )LVKHUPHQVKRXOGEH DZDUH RI SRWHQWLDO LQMXULHV DQG VKRXOG EH WUDLQHG RQ KRZ WR FDUU\RXWILUVWDLGZKHQDZD\IURPD PHGLFDOIDFLOLW\ 0RGHet al. ,Q&RQFOXVLRQMHOO\ILVKVWLQJV ZLOOEHDQLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQW WRSLF DVDJOREDOWKUHDWWRWKHKHDOWK FDUHHFRQRP\DQGWRXULVP RIPDQ\FRXQWULHV7KHUHLVDVWURQJQHHGWRGHYHORSDVLPSOH DQG FRQVLVWHQW ILUVW DLG DSSURDFK WR WUHDW MHOO\ILVK VWLQJV ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZHOO GHVLJQHG UHVHDUFK VWXGLHV DUH QHHGHG WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH PHFKDQLVP RI HQYHQRPDWLRQ 7R WKLV HQG VFLHQWLVWV VKRXOG FRQGXFW D ZLGH UDQJH RI H[SHULPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ MHOO\ILVK YHQRPV (QYHQRPDWLRQ E\ MHOO\ILVK VWLQJ QHHGV WR EH WKRURXJKO\ VWXGLHG DQG ZRUNVKRSV VKRXOG EH RUJDQL]HG WR GLVVHPLQDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG WHDFK SUHFDXWLRQDU\ PHDVXUHV WRSUHYHQWIXUWKHULQMXULHV WůĞĂƐĞĨŽƌLJŽƵƌŽǁŶƐĂĨĞƚLJ ĚŽŶŽƚƚŽƵĐŚũĞůůLJĨŝƐŚ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et al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x KWWSZZZLFPFVLFHVELRPHGXVD&DVWHOODQR&DVW3U R\HFWRKWPO x KWWSZZZFLHVPRUJPDULQHSURJUDPVMHOO\ZDWFKKWP x QHWHXHQMHOO\ILVKBPDSLQGH[KWPO x KWWSPHGXVHDFULIUFDUWHFDUWHSKS x KWWSZZZLRLNLGVQHWMHOO\ILVK x KWWSZZZPHGX]RWFRLO x KWWSZZZFRSHUQLFXVHXVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVGRFXPHQW V&RSHUQLFXVB%ULHIV&RSHUQLFXVB%ULHIB,VVXHB-HOO\I LVKB-XO\SGI x KWWSDUFKLSHODJRJUHQKHOSMHOO\ZDWFKSURJUDP x KWWSVLVHDFRPJUDFWLYLWLHVSURJUDPVDOLHQ VSHFLHVLVLWDOLHQWR\RXVKDUH LW"ODQJ HQKWWSZZZFXERPHGHXHQ x KWWSZZZ\D\DNDUVDRUJLQGH[SKSHQ x KWWSEODFNVHDZDWFKRUJ x MHOO\ILVKPRQLWRULQJSURJUDP ZZZGHQL]DQDVLRUJ 3RVWHURIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO%ODFN6HD-HOO\ILVK3URJUDPPHSUHSDUHGE\ 7h'$9 3RVWHURI*HODWLQRXV2UJDQLVPVRIWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ SUHSDUHGE\7h'$9 5()(5(1&(6 %HUOLQJ,,VELVWHU* 0DULQHHQYHQRPDWLRQV Australian Family Physician %LOHFHQR÷OX 0 $ VSHFLHV RI MHOO\ILVK IRXQG IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH LQ WKH 7XUNLVK FRDVWV Cassiopea andromeda )RUVVNDO &DVVLRSHLGDH 6F\SKR]RD 6XDOWÕ 'Q\DVÕ Dergisi LQ7XUNLVK %LQJHO ) 2FFXUUHQFH RI -HOO\ILVK DW WKH %ODFN 6HD 0DUPDUD-XQFWLRQRIWKH%RVSKRUXV,Q-HOO\ILVKEORRPVLQWKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,,:RUNVKRSRQ-HOO\ILVKLQ WKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD0$37HFKQLFDO5HSRUWV6HULHV1R 81(3SS %LQJHO ) $YúDU ' *F $& 2FFXUUHQFH RI MHOO\ILVK LQ 0HUVLQ %D\ ,Q -HOO\ILVK EORRPV LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,,:RUNVKRSRQ-HOO\ILVKLQ WKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD0$37HFKQLFDO5HSRUWV6HULHV1R 81(3SS %XUQHWW-: +XPDQLQMXULHVIROORZLQJMHOO\ILVKVWLQJV Md Med J %XUQHWW-:&DOWRQ*- -HOO\ILVKHQYHQRPDWLRQ V\QGURPHVXSGDWHGAnn Emerg Med %XU\ ' /DQJORLV 1 %\DUG 5: $QLPDOUHODWHG IDWDOLWLHVSDUW ,, FKDUDFWHULVWLF DXWRSV\ ILQGLQJV DQG YDULDEOH FDXVHV RI GHDWK DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HQYHQRPDWLRQ SRLVRQLQJ DQDSK\OD[LV DVSK\[LDWLRQ DQG VHSVLV J Forensic Sci %\DUG 5: &RPPHUFLDO ILVKLQJ LQGXVWU\ GHDWKV )RUHQVLF LVVXHV Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine &DৄDV -$ 5RGULJR0XQR] -0 5RQGRQ&HSHGD 6+ %RUGHKRUH & )HUQiQGH]1LHWR 0 GHO 3R]R 9 -HOO\ILVK FROODJHQ D QHZ DOOHUJHQ LQ WKH EHDFK Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol &HJRORQ / +H\PDQQ :& /DQJH -+ 0DVWUDQJHOR * -HOO\ILVK VWLQJV DQG WKHLU PDQDJHPHQW D UHYLHZ Mar Drugs &XUULH%--DFXSV63 3URVSHFWLYHVWXG\RI&KLURQH[ IOHFNHUL DQG RWKHU ER[ MHOO\ILVK VWLQJV LQ WKH µ¶7RS (QG¶¶ RI $XVWUDOLD¶VQRUWKHUQWHUULWRU\Med J Aust dHYLN&'HULFL2%dHYLN)&DYDV/ )LUVWUHFRUG RI Phyllorhiza punctata YRQ /HQGHQIHOG 6F\SKR]RD 5KL]RVWRPHDH0DVWLJLLGDH IURP7XUNH\ Aquatic Invasions 6XSSOHPHQW dÕQDU 0( 'H 'RQQR $ ,GROR $ %DJRUGR ) *UDVVL 7 /HRPDQQL $6HULR)*XLGR0&DQLWR0=DPSDUGL6%RHUR) 3LUDLQR 6 ,PSDFW RI VWLQJLQJ MHOO\ILVK SUROLIHUDWLRQV DORQJ 6RXWK ,WDOLDQ &RDVWV +XPDQ KHDOWK KD]DUGV WUHDWPHQW DQG VRFLDO FRVWV Int J Environ Res Public Health 'R\OH 7 'H +DDV + &RWWRQ ' 'RUVFKHO % &XPPLQV 9+RXJKWRQ -'DYHQSRUW -+D\V * :LGHVSUHDG RFFXUUHQFH RI WKH MHOO\ILVK Pelagia noctiluca LQ ,ULVK FRDVWDO DQGVKHOIZDWHUVJournal of Plankton Research (OHIWKHULRX $ $QDJQRVWRSRXORX ± 9LVLOLD ( $QDVWDVRSRXORX ( $WHú 6$ %DFKDUL 1(, &DYDV / &HYLN & dXOKD 0 &HYLN ) 'HORV $/ 'HULFL 2% (UJXGHQ ' )UDJRSRXOX 1 *LDQJUDQGH $ *|NVDQ 7 *UDYLOL&*XUOHN0+DWWRXU$.DSLULV..RXUDNOLV3 /DPRXWL 6 3UDWR (3DSD / 3DSDQWRQLRX * 3DUODSLDQR , 3RXUVDQLGLV ' 7XUDQ & (UJGHQ ' 7XUDQ & dHYLN & 8\JXU 1 )LUVW RFFXUUHQFHRIWKHK\GUR]RDQGeryonia proboscidalis )RUVNnO LQ WKH QRUWKHDVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FRDVW RI 7XUNH\ J Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment )HQQHU 3- 'DQJHUV LQ WKH 2FHDQ 7KH WUDYHOHU DQG PDULQHHQYHQRPDWLRQ,-HOO\ILVKJ Travel Med *DOLO %6 6SDQLHU ( )HUJXVRQ :: 7KH 6F\SKRPHGXVDHRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRDVWRI,VUDHOLQFOXGLQJ WZR /HVVHSVLDQ PLJUDQWV QHZ WR WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Zoologische Mededelingen *HOGLD\5%DOÕN6 $VF\SKR]RLGVSHFLHVREVHUYHGRQ WKH $HJHDQ FRDVW Ege Univ J Fac Sci Ser B± LQ 7XUNLVK *(6$03 2SSRUWXQLVWLFVHWWOHUVDQGWKHSUREOHPRIWKH FWHQRSKRUH Mnemiopsis leidyiLQYDVLRQLQWKH%ODFN6HD ,02)$281(6&2,2&:02,$($8181(3 -RLQW JURXS RI H[SHUWV RQ WKH VFLHQWLILF DVSHFWV RI PDULQH HQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQ 5HS6WXG *)&0 7KH 6WDWH RI 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DQG %ODFN 6HD ILVKHULHV)$2*)&0SS5RPD *ODVVHU '% -R\FH 1RHO 0 %XUQHWW -: .DWKXULD 66 5RGULJXHV00 2FXODU-HOO\ILVK6WLQJVOpthalmology *OúDKLQ17DUNDQ$1 7KHILUVWFRQILUPHGUHFRUG RIWKHDOLHQMHOO\ILVKRhopilema nomadica *DOLOIURPWKH VRXWKHUQ$HJHDQ&RDVWRI7XUNH\Aquat Inv± *OúDKLQ 1 7DUNDQ $1 %LOJH * 7KH K\GUR]RDQ Geryonia proboscidalis )RUVNnO QHZ IRU 7XUNH\ +\GUR]RD Zool Middle East +DGGDG9/XSL2/RQ]D-37\ULQJ6. 7URSLFDO GHUPDWRORJ\ 0DULQH DQG DTXDWLF GHUPDWRORJ\ J Am Acad Dermatol +DGGDG90RUDQGLQL$&5RGULJXHV/( -HOO\ILVK EORRPV FDXVLQJ PDVV HQYHQRPDWLRQV LQ DTXDWLF PDUDWKRQLVWV 5HSRUW RI FDVHV LQ 6 DQG 6( %UD]LO 6: $WODQWLF 2FHDQ Wilderness and environmental medicine +DPDQQ &5 +DPDQQ ' 5LFKDUGVRQ & 6HHEXUJHU - %R[ MHOO\ILVK HQYHQRPDWLRQ FDVH UHSRUW RI HIIHFWLYH OHPRQDQGRLOHPXOVLRQWUHDWPHQWTrop Doct +RUQEHDN.%$XHUEDFK36 0DULQHHQYHQRPDWLRQ Emerg Med Clin N Am ,VELVWHU*.3DOPHU'-:HLU5/&XUULH%- +RW ZDWHULPPHUVLRQ LFHSDFNVIRUWUHDWLQJWKHSDLQRIChironex fleckeri VWLQJV D UDQGRPL]HG FRQWUROOHG WULDO 0-$ ,VLQLELOLU 0 2N\DU $ g]WUN 1 9HQRPRXV MHOO\IÕVKHVLQWKH7XUNLVKVHDVDQGWKHLUWR[LFHIIHFWV Turkish -RXUQDORI$TXDWÕF6FLHQFHV ,VLQLELOLU0<ÕOPD],1 -HOO\ILVKG\QDPLFVDQGWKHLU VRFLRHFRQRPLF DQG HFRORJLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHV LQ 7XUNLVK 6HDV -HOO\ILVK (FRORJ\ 'LVWULEXWLRQ 3DWWHUQV DQG +XPDQ ,QWHUDFWLRQV0*/1HZ ,VLQLELOLU0<ÕOPD],1'HPLUHO1 1HZUHFRUGVRI MHOO\ILVKVSHFLHVLQWKH0DUPDUD6HDItalian Journal of Zoology ,VLQLELOLU 0 <ÕOPD] ,1 3LUDLQR 6 1HZ FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHMHOO\ILVKIDXQDRIWKH0DUPDUD6HDItalian Journal of Zoology .DIIHQEHUJHU%+6KHWODU'1RUWRQ6$5RVHQEDFK0 7KHHIIHFWRIFOLPDWH FKDQJHRQVNLQGLVHDVHLQ1RUWK $PHULFDJ Am Acad Dermatol .DXIPDQ0% 3RUWXJXHVHPDQRIZDUHQYHQRPDWLRQ Pediatr Emerg Care .LGH\ú $( *F $& Rhopilema nomadica D /HVVHSVLDQ6F\SKRPHGXVDQQHZWRWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRDVWRI 7XUNH\,VUDHO-RXUQDORI=RRORJ\ .ORW]-+.ORW]6$3LQQDV-/ $QLPDOELWHVDQG VWLQJV ZLWK DQDSK\ODFWLF SRWHQWLDO The Journal of Emergency Medicine /DX..&KDQ&.7VH0//DX)/ +RWZDWHU LPPHUVLRQ WKHUDS\ ZLWK D WKHUPDO LVRODWRU LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK PDULQH HQYHQRPDWLRQ Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine /L / 0F*HH 5* ,VELVWHU *. :HEVWHU $& ,QWHUYHQWLRQV IRU WKH V\PSWRPV DQG VLJQV UHVXOWLQJ IURP MHOO\ILVK VWLQJVCochrane Database Syst Rev 'HF &'GRL&' 0DR&&KLHQ&KLQ+.XR7DL& 2FXODUMHOO\ILVK VWLQJV 5HSRUW RI WZR FDVHV DQG WKH OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 0LOOV&( -HOO\ILVKEORRPVDUHSRSXODWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJ JOREDOO\ LQ UHVSRQVH WR FKDQJLQJ RFHDQ FRQGLWLRQV" .OXZHU $FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUVHydrobiologia± 0RGH 1$ +DFNHWW (- &RQZD\ *$ 8QLTXH RFFXSDWLRQDO KD]DUGV RI $ODVND DQLPDOUHODWHG LQMXULHV Wilderness Environ Med 0RQWJRPHU\ / 6H\V - 0HHV - 7R SHH RU QRW WR SHH D UHYLHZ RQ HQYHQRPDWLRQ DQG WUHDWPHQW LQ (XURSHDQ MHOO\ILVKVSHFLHV0DULQH'UXJV 2LVR1)XNDL.,VKLL02KJXVKL7.XERWD6 -HOO\ILVKGHUPDWLWLVFDXVHGE\Porpita pacificaDVLJQRIJOREDO ZDUPLQJ"Contact Dermatitis g]EHN (g g]WUN % 7KH QHZ ORFDWLRQ UHFRUG RI Cassiopea andromeda )RUVVNnO IURP$VLQ%D\*XOIRI *OON 0X÷OD $HJHDQ FRDVW RI 7XUNH\ J Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment g]WUN % $NWDQ < 7RSDOR÷OX % .HVNLQ d .DUDNXODN 6g]WUN$$'HGH$7UNR]DQ2 0DULQH/LIHRI 7XUNH\LQWKH$HJHDQDQG0HGLWHUUDQHDQVH7XUNLVK0DULQH 5HVHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ 7h'$9 3XEOLFDWLRQV 0DULQH (GXFDWLRQ6HULHV1XPEHUSøVWDQEXO g]WUN %øúLQLELOLU 0 $Q DOLHQMHOO\ILVK Rhopilema nomadicaDQGLWVLPSDFWVWRWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQSDUWRI 7XUNH\ J Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment g]WUN%0LKQHYD96KLJDQRYD7 )LUVWUHFRUGVRI Bolinopsis vitrea / $JDVVL] &WHQRSKRUD /REDWD LQ WKH%ODFN6HDAquat Inv g]WUN%7RSDOR÷OX% $6KRUW1RWHRQWKH-HOO\ILVK DW WKH *|NoHDGD ,VODQG WKH 1RUWK $HJHDQ 6HD 7XUNH\ 785$1 & DQG g=7h5. % (GV )LUVW 1DWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ -HOO\ILVK DQG 2WKHU *HODWLQRXV 6SHFLHV LQ 7XUNLVK0DULQH:DWHUV3XEOLVKHGE\7XUNLVK0DULQH5HVHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ,VWDQEXO785.(<3XEOLFDWLRQQXPEHU SS 3HUHLUD -& 6]SLOPDQ ' +DGGDG 9 $QDSK\ODFWLF UHDFWLRQDQJLRHGHPD DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK MHOO\ILVK VWLQJ Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 5RVHWWR$/'D6LOYHULD)/0RUDQGLQL$&+DGGDG9 5HVJDOOD & 6HDEDWKHU¶V HUXSWLRQ UHSRUW RI IRXUWHHQ FDVHVAn Acad Bras Cienc 6DNÕQDQ 6 5HFHQW RFFXUUHQFH RI LQGRSDFLILF MHOO\ILVK 5KRSLOHPD QRPDGLFD LQ 1RUWK±(DVWHUQ /HYDQWLQH 6HD 7XUDQ & DQG g]WUN % (GV )LUVW 1DWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ -HOO\ILVK DQG 2WKHU *HODWLQRXV 6SHFLHV LQ 7XUNLVK 0DULQH :DWHUV 3XEOLVKHG E\ 7XUNLVK 0DULQH 5HVHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ ,VWDQEXO785.(<3XEOLFDWLRQQXPEHUSS 6D\JÕQg 2QWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIEOXHEXWWRQPorpita porpita &QLGDULD+\GUR]RD IURP/HYDQWLQHFRDVWRI7XUNH\ Natural and Engineering Sciences 6H\PRXU -( $UH ZH XVLQJ WKH FRUUHFW ILUVW DLG IRU MHOO\ILVKMJA 6KLJDQRYD 7$ ,QYDVLRQ RI WKH %ODFN 6HD E\ WKH FWHQRSKRUH Mnemiopsis leidyi DQG UHFHQW FKDQJHV LQ SHODJLF FRPPXQLW\VWUXFWXUHFish Oceanogr 6WDFKRZLWVFK 0 7KH LQYHUWHEUDWHV DQ LOOXVWUDWHG JORVVDU\ :LOH\/LVV ,QF 1HZ 6WHLQ050DUUDFFLQL-95RWKVFKLOG1(%XUQHWW-: )DWDO 3RUWXJXHVH PDQ R ZDU Physalia physalis HQYHQRPDWLRQAnn Emerg Med 7H]FDQ g' 8QXVXDO &QLGDULDQ (QYHQRPDWLRQV ,Q 7KH &QLGDULD 3DVW 3UHVHQW DQG )XWXUH HGV *RIIUHGR 6 'XELQVN\= 6SULQJHU,QW3XEOLVKLQJSS 7VLNKRQ/XNDQLQD ($ 5H]QLFKHQNR 2* /XNDVKHYD 7$ 3UHGDWLRQ UDWHV RQ ILVK ODUYDH E\ WKH FWHQRSKRUH Mnemiopsis LQ WKH %ODFN 6HD LQVKRUH ZDWHUV Okeanologia LQ5XVVLDQ 7XUDQ&*UOHN0 :LOFR[ .' <ÕOPD],1,VLQLELOLU09DUGDU''XUVXQ) )LUVW UHFRUG RI Aequorea vitrina *RVVH +\GUR]RD IURP WKH 6HDRI0DUPDUDDSRWHQWLDOLQYDGHUIRUWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD =RRORJ\LQWKH0LGGOH(DVW =DLWVHY<g]WUN % ([RWLF VSHFLHV LQ WKH$HJHDQ 0DUPDUD %ODFN $]RY DQG &DVSLDQ 6HDV 7XUNLVK 0DULQH 5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ3XEOLFDWLRQQXPEHU,VWDQEXO KWWSZZZWHOHJUDSKFRXNQHZV-HOO\ILVKLQYDVLRQ VKXWV0HGLWHUUDQHDQEHDFKHVKWPO 3,&785(6&5(',76 SDJHV $/&+(7521 $(9ø5*(1 %g=7h5.DEDE %723$/2ö/8 &785$1 'g=7h5. ':52%(/ *6h0(1 0.(d(&ø 18<*81 1<,/0$=