Appendix: Classification of Extant Scyphozoa
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The Role of Temperature in Survival of the Polyp Stage of the Tropical Rhizostome Jelly®Sh Cassiopea Xamachana
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, L 222 (1998) 79±91 The role of temperature in survival of the polyp stage of the tropical rhizostome jelly®sh Cassiopea xamachana William K. Fitt* , Kristin Costley Institute of Ecology, Bioscience 711, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Received 27 September 1996; received in revised form 21 April 1997; accepted 27 May 1997 Abstract The life cycle of the tropical jelly®sh Cassiopea xamachana involves alternation between a polyp ( 5 scyphistoma) and a medusa, the latter usually resting bell-down on a sand or mud substratum. The scyphistoma and newly strobilated medusa (5 ephyra) are found only during the summer and early fall in South Florida and not during the winter, while the medusae are found year around. New medusae originate as ephyrae, strobilated by the polyp, in late summer and fall. Laboratory experiments showed that nematocyst function, and the ability of larvae to settle and metamorphose change little during exposure to temperatures between 158C and up to 338C. However, tentacle length decreased and ability to transfer captured food to the mouth was disrupted at temperatures # 188C. Unlike temperate-zone species of scyphozoans, which usually over-winter in the polyp or podocyst form when medusae disappear, this tropical species has cold-sensitive scyphistomae and more temperature-tolerant medusae. 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Scyphozoa; Jelly®sh; Cassiopea; Temperature; Life history 1. Introduction The rhizostome medusae of Cassiopea xamachana are found throughout the Carib- bean Sea, with their northern limit of distribution on the southern tip of Florida. Unlike most scyphozoans these jelly®sh are seldom seen swimming, and instead lie pulsating bell-down on sandy or muddy substrata in mangroves or soft bottom bay habitats, giving rise to the common names ``mangrove jelly®sh'' or ``upside-down jelly®sh''. -
Medusa Catostylus Tagi: (I) Preliminary Studies on Morphology, Chemical Composition, Bioluminescence and Antioxidant Activity
MEDUSA CATOSTYLUS TAGI: (I) PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON MORPHOLOGY, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, BIOLUMINESCENCE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY Ana Maria PINTÃO, Inês Matos COSTA, José Carlos GOUVEIA, Ana Rita MADEIRA, Zilda Braga MORAIS Centro de Polímeros Biomédicos, Cooperativa Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Portugal, [email protected] The Portuguese continental coast, specially Tejo and Sado estuaries, is the habitat of Catostylus tagi [1]. This barely studied medusa was first described in 1869, by Haeckel, and is classified in the Cnidaria phylum, Scyphozoa class, Rhizostomeae order, Catostylidae family, Catostylus genus. According to the European Register of Marine Species, the referred medusa is the only species of the Catostylidae family found in the European continent [2]. C. tagi is particularly abundant during the summer. Several medusas from the Rhizostomae order are traditionally used as food in some oriental countries [3]. Simultaneously, modern medusa utilizations are related to bioluminescence [4], toxicology [5] and biopolymers [6]. The lack of information on this genus along with the recent discoveries of new marine molecules showing anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory or antioxidant properties motivated our studies [7]. In addition, the abundant medusa biomass could be evaluated as another natural collagen source, alternative to bovine collagen, with its multiple cosmetic and surgical potential uses [8]. The capture and sample preparation methods were optimized in 2003 [9]. Results reported in this poster relate to 65 animals that were captured in the river Sado in August and September of 2004. Macroscopic aspects, like mass and dimensions, were evaluated as well as their C. tagi by J.Gouveia chemical characteristics. -
Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia Sp at Kenya’S Gazi Bay
American Journal of Life Sciences 2014; 2(6): 395-399 Published online December 31, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajls) doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20 ISSN: 2328-5702 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5737 (Online) Population and spatial dynamics mangrove jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi bay Tsingalia H. M. Department of Biological Sciences, Moi University, Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Tsingalia H. M.. Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay. American Journal of Life Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 6, 2014, pp. 395-399. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20 Abstract: Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and sandy mud falls in tropical and temperate regions. In coastal Kenya, they are found only in one specific location in the Gazi Bay of the south coast. There are no documented studies on this species in Kenya. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and size-class distribution, and recruitment of Cassiopeia at the Gazi Bay. Ten 50mx50m quadrats were randomly placed in an estimated study area of 6.4ha to cover about 40 percent of the total study area. A total of 1043 individual upside-down jellyfish were sampled. In each quadrat, all jellyfish encountered were sampled individually. -
Role of Winds and Tides in Timing of Beach Strandings, Occurrence, And
Hydrobiologia (2016) 768:19–36 DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2525-5 PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Role of winds and tides in timing of beach strandings, occurrence, and significance of swarms of the jellyfish Crambione mastigophora Mass 1903 (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Catostylidae) in north-western Australia John K. Keesing . Lisa-Ann Gershwin . Tim Trew . Joanna Strzelecki . Douglas Bearham . Dongyan Liu . Yueqi Wang . Wolfgang Zeidler . Kimberley Onton . Dirk Slawinski Received: 20 May 2015 / Revised: 29 September 2015 / Accepted: 29 September 2015 / Published online: 8 October 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract Very large swarms of the red jellyfish study period, this result was not statistically significant. Crambione mastigophora in north-western Australia Dedicated instrument measurements of meteorological disrupt swimming on tourist beaches causing eco- parameters, rather than the indirect measures used in nomic impacts. In October 2012, jellyfish stranding on this study (satellite winds and modelled currents) may Cable Beach (density 2.20 ± 0.43 ind. m-2) was improve the predictability of such events and help estimated at 52.8 million individuals or 14,172 t wet authorities to plan for and manage swimming activity weight along 15 km of beach. Reports of strandings on beaches. We also show a high incidence of after this period and up to 250 km south of this location predation by C. mastigophora on bivalve larvae which indicate even larger swarm biomass. Strandings of may have a significant impact on the reproductive jellyfish were significantly associated with a 2-day lag output of pearl oyster broodstock in the region. in conditions of small tidal ranges (\5 m). -
Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish
diversity Review Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish Michael J. Kingsford * , Jodie A. Schlaefer and Scott J. Morrissey Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; [email protected] (J.A.S.); [email protected] (S.J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Understanding the hierarchy of populations from the scale of metapopulations to mesopop- ulations and member local populations is fundamental to understanding the population dynamics of any species. Jellyfish by definition are planktonic and it would be assumed that connectivity would be high among local populations, and that populations would minimally vary in both ecological and genetic clade-level differences over broad spatial scales (i.e., hundreds to thousands of km). Although data exists on the connectivity of scyphozoan jellyfish, there are few data on cubozoans. Cubozoans are capable swimmers and have more complex and sophisticated visual abilities than scyphozoans. We predict, therefore, that cubozoans have the potential to have finer spatial scale differences in population structure than their relatives, the scyphozoans. Here we review the data available on the population structures of scyphozoans and what is known about cubozoans. The evidence from realized connectivity and estimates of potential connectivity for scyphozoans indicates the following. Some jellyfish taxa have a large metapopulation and very large stocks (>1000 s of km), while others have clade-level differences on the scale of tens of km. Data on distributions, genetics of medusa and Citation: Kingsford, M.J.; Schlaefer, polyps, statolith shape, elemental chemistry of statoliths and biophysical modelling of connectivity J.A.; Morrissey, S.J. -
Changing Jellyfish Populations: Trends in Large Marine Ecosystems
CHANGING JELLYFISH POPULATIONS: TRENDS IN LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS by Lucas Brotz B.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Oceanography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2011 © Lucas Brotz, 2011 Abstract Although there are various indications and claims that jellyfish have been increasing at a global scale in recent decades, a rigorous demonstration to this effect has never been presented. As this is mainly due to scarcity of quantitative time series of jellyfish abundance from scientific surveys, an attempt is presented here to complement such data with non- conventional information from other sources. This was accomplished using the analytical framework of fuzzy logic, which allows the combination of information with variable degrees of cardinality, reliability, and temporal and spatial coverage. Data were aggregated and analysed at the scale of Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). Of the 66 LMEs defined thus far, which cover the world’s coastal waters and seas, trends of jellyfish abundance (increasing, decreasing, or stable/variable) were identified (occurring after 1950) for 45, with variable degrees of confidence. Of these 45 LMEs, the overwhelming majority (31 or 69%) showed increasing trends. Recent evidence also suggests that the observed increases in jellyfish populations may be due to the effects of human activities, such as overfishing, global warming, pollution, and coastal development. Changing jellyfish populations were tested for links with anthropogenic impacts at the LME scale, using a variety of indicators and a generalized additive model. Significant correlations were found with several indicators of ecosystem health, as well as marine aquaculture production, suggesting that the observed increases in jellyfish populations are indeed due to human activities and the continued degradation of the marine environment. -
Jellyfish of Khuzestan Coastal Waters and Their Impact on Fish Larvae Populations
Short communication: Jellyfish of Khuzestan coastal waters and their impact on fish larvae populations Item Type article Authors Dehghan Mediseh, S.; Koochaknejad, E.; Mousavi Dehmourdi, L.; Zarshenas, A.; Mayahi, M. Download date 01/10/2021 04:19:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/37817 Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(1) 422-430 2017 Jellyfish of Khuzestan coastal waters and their impact on fish larvae populations Dehghan Mediseh S.1*; Koochaknejad E.2; Mousavi Dehmourdi L.3; Zarshenas A.1; Mayahi M.1 Received: September 2015 Accepted: December 2016 1-Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box: 14155-6116, Tehran, Iran. 2-Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, PO Box: 14155-4781, Tehran, Iran. 3-Khatam Alanbia university of technology–Behbahan * Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] Keywords: Jellyfish, Fish larvae, Persian Gulf Introduction parts of the marine food web. Most One of the most valuable groups in the jellyfish include Hydromedusae, food chain of aquatic ecosystems is Siphonophora and Scyphomedusae and zooplankton. A large portion of them planktonic Ctenophora, especially in are invertebrate organisms with great the productive warm months (Brodeur variety of forms and structure, size, et al., 1999). In recent years, the habitat and food value. The term frequency of the jellyfish in many ‘jellyfish’ is used in reference to ecosystems has increased (Xian et al., medusa of the phylum Cnidaria 2005; Lynam et al., 2006). (hydromedusae, siphonophores and Following the increase of jellyfish scyphomedusae) and planktonic populations in world waters, scientists members of the phylum Ctenophora have studied medusa due to its high (Mills, 2001). -
The Form and Function of the Hypertrophied Tentacle of Deep-Sea Jelly Atolla Spp
The Form and Function of the Hypertrophied Tentacle of Deep-Sea Jelly Atolla spp. Alexis Walker, University of California Santa Cruz Mentors: Bruce Robison, Rob Sherlock, Kristine Walz, and Henk-Jan Hoving, George Matsumoto Summer 2011 Keywords: Atolla, tentacle, histology, SEM, hypertrophied ABSTRACT In situ observations and species collection via remotely operated vehicle, laboratory observations, and structural microscopy were used with the objective to shed light on the form and subsequently the function of the hypertrophied tentacle exhibited by some Atolla species. Based upon the density of nematocysts, length, movement, and ultrastructure of the hypertrophied tentacle, the function of the tentacle is likely reproductive, sensory, and/or utilized in food acquisition. INTRODUCTION The meso- and bathypelagic habitats are of the largest and least known on the planet. They are extreme environments, characterized by high atmospheric pressure, zero to low light levels, scarcity of food sources, and cold water that is low in oxygen content. Animals that live and even thrive in these habitats exhibit unique characteristics enabling them to survive in such seemingly inhospitable conditions. One such organism, the deep- sea medusa of the genus Atolla, trails a singular elongated tentacle, morphologically 1 distinct from the marginal tentacles. This structure, often referred to as a trailing or hypertrophied tentacle, is unique within the cnidarian phylum. Ernst Haeckel described the first species of this deep pelagic jelly, Atolla wyvillei, during the 1872-1876 HMS Challenger Expedition. In the subsequent 135 years, the genus Atolla has expanded to several species not yet genetically established, which have been observed in all of the worlds oceans (Russell 1970). -
First Records of Three Cepheid Jellyfish Species from Sri Lanka With
Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 25(2) (2020): 45-55 http://doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v25i2.7576 First records of three cepheid jellyfish species from Sri Lanka with redescription of the genus Marivagia Galil and Gershwin, 2010 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae) Krishan D. Karunarathne and M.D.S.T. de Croos* Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), 60170, Sri Lanka. *Correspondence ([email protected], [email protected]) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-6573 Received: 09.02.2020 Revised: 01.08.2020 Accepted: 17.08.2020 Published online: 15.09.2020 Abstract Cepheid medusae appeared in great numbers in the northeastern coastal waters of Sri Lanka during the non- monsoon period (March to October) posing adverse threats to fisheries and coastal tourism, but the taxonomic status of these jellyfishes was unknown. Therefore, an inclusive study on jellyfish was carried out from November 2016 to July 2019 for taxonomic identification of the species found in coastal waters. In this study, three species of cepheid mild stingers, Cephea cephea, Marivagia stellata, and Netrostoma setouchianum were reported for the first time in Sri Lankan waters. Moreover, the diagnostic description of the genus Marivagia is revised in this study due to the possessing of appendages on both oral arms and arm disc of Sri Lankan specimens, comparing with original notes and photographs of M. stellata. Keywords: Indian Ocean, invasiveness, medusae, morphology, taxonomy INTRODUCTION relationships with other fauna (Purcell and Arai 2001), and even dead jellyfish blooms can The class Scyphozoa under the phylum Cnidaria transfer mass quantities of nutrients into the sea consists of true jellyfishes. -
Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae) from the Lebanese Waters in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment Vol. 25, No. 2: 172-177 (2019) SHORT COMMUNICATION First record of Marivagia stellata Galil and Gershwin, 2010 (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae) from the Lebanese waters in the eastern Mediterranean Sea Ghazi Bitar *, Ali Badreddine Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, LEBANON *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Marivagia stellata Galil and Gershwin, 2010 was reported for the first time from the Lebanese waters in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. This Indo-Pacific jellyfish was observed in 2015 during a field work. The present note reports its details in the Lebanese waters. Keywords: Indo-Pacific jellyfish, Marivagia stellata, Lebanese waters Received: 29.05.2019, Accepted: 29.06.2019 The Mediterranean Sea is severely affected by alien species: 986 exotic species are recorded in this basin, representing 6% of the total number of species. Interestingly, 775 of them are established in the eastern basin, mostly (88.4 %) from the Indo-Pacific and tropical Atlantic, and 108 are considered as invasive (Zenetos et al. 2010; 2012). In particular, new invasions of jellyfish are increasingly reported in the Mediterranean Sea in recent years: 13 invasive species which represent 3% of the known jellyfish species in the Mediterranean Sea were reported (Brotz and Pauly 2012; Mizrahi et al. 2015; Oztürk et al. 2018; Mamish et al. 2019). Since the opening of the Suez Canal, the Lebanese waters have been colonized by many exotic species, especially from the Red Sea. Concerning jellyfish, two lessepsian species have been recorded in the Lebanese waters (Lakkis 2013): Rhopilema nomadica (Brotz and Pauly 2012) and Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775). -
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell. -
Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with Selected References on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa
W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1971 Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa Dale R. Calder Virginia Institute of Marine Science Harold N. Cones Virginia Institute of Marine Science Edwin B. Joseph Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Calder, D. R., Cones, H. N., & Joseph, E. B. (1971) Bibliography on the Scyphozoa with selected references on Hydrozoa and Anthozoa. Special scientific eporr t (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) ; no. 59.. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V59B3R This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIBLIOGRAPHY on the SCYPHOZOA WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA and ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE. OF MARINE SCIENCE GLOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA 23012 AUGUST, 1971 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE SCYPHOZOA, WITH SELECTED REFERENCES ON HYDROZOA AND ANTHOZOA Dale R. Calder, Harold N. Cones, ar,d Edwin B. Joseph SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 59 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 w. J. Hargis, Jr. April 1971 Director i INTRODUCTION Our goal in assembling this bibliography has been to bring together literature references on all aspects of scyphozoan research. Compilation was begun in 1967 as a card file of references to publications on the Scyphozoa; selected references to hydrozoan and anthozoan studies that were considered relevant to the study of scyphozoans were included.