Perception and Awareness in Phonological Processing: the Case of the Phoneme

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Perception and Awareness in Phonological Processing: the Case of the Phoneme See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/222609954 Perception and awareness in phonological processing: the case of the phoneme ARTICLE in COGNITION · APRIL 1994 Impact Factor: 3.63 · DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90032-9 CITATIONS DOWNLOADS VIEWS 67 45 94 2 AUTHORS: José Morais Regine Kolinsky Université Libre de Bruxelles Université Libre de Bruxelles 92 PUBLICATIONS 1,938 CITATIONS 103 PUBLICATIONS 1,571 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Regine Kolinsky Retrieved on: 15 July 2015 Cognition, 50 (1994) 287-297 OOlO-0277/94/$07.00 0 1994 - Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Perception and awareness in phonological processing: the case of the phoneme JosC Morais*, RCgine Kolinsky Laboratoire de Psychologie exptrimentale, Universitt Libre de Bruxelles, Av. Ad. Buy1 117, B-l 050 Bruxelles, Belgium Abstract The necessity of a “levels-of-processing” approach in the study of mental repre- sentations is illustrated by the work on the psychological reality of the phoneme. On the basis of both experimental studies of human behavior and functional imaging data, it is argued that there are unconscious representations of phonemes in addition to conscious ones. These two sets of mental representations are func- tionally distinct: the former intervene in speech perception and (presumably) production; the latter are developed in the context of learning alphabetic literacy for both reading and writing purposes. Moreover, among phonological units and properties, phonemes may be the only ones to present a neural dissociation at the macro-anatomic level. Finally, it is argued that even if the representations used in speech perception and those used in assembling and in conscious operations are distinct, they may entertain dependency relations. Cognitive psychology is concerned with what information is represented mentally and how it is represented. In these twenty years or so of Cognition’s life the issue of where, that is, at what levels of processing, particular types of information are represented has become increasingly compelling. This issue is crucial both to track the mental itinerary of information and to draw a correct *Corresponding author. Fax 32 2 6502209, e-mail [email protected] The authors’ work discussed in the present paper was supported by the Human Frontier Science Program (project entitled Processing consequences of contrasting language phonologies) as well as the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) - Loterie Nationale (convention nos. 8.4527.90 and 8.4505.93) and the Belgian Minis&e de I’Education de la Communaute francaise (“Action de Recherche concertee” entitled Le traitement du langage darts diffkrentes modalitts: approches comparatives). The second author is Research Associate of the Belgian FNRS. Special thanks are due to all our collaborators, and in particular to Mireille Cluytens. SSDI OOlO-0277(93)00601-3 picture of mental structure. However, the “where” question may be even more difficult to answer than the “what” and “how” ones. In spite of the tremendous development of the functional imaging technology. we arc still unable to follow on a computer screen the multiple recodings of information accomplished in the brain. Thus. the experimental study of human behavior remains up to now the most powerful approach to the mind’s microstructure. Sadly, we all know that what we register are intentional responses given under the request of the experimenter, so that the evidence arising from an experiment may be difficult to attribute to a particular stage of processing. No reader of Cognition doubts that he or she can represent phonemes mentally. Characters coming out of press or from the writer’s hand are costumed phonemes, or at least may be described as such. But at how many processing level(s) and how deeply do phonemes live in our minds‘? We take the phoneme issue as a good illustration both of the necessity of pursuing a “levels-of- processing” inquiry in the study of mental representations and of the misunder- standings and pitfalls this difficult study may be confronted with. In the seventh volume of this journal, our group demonstrated (at least we believe so) that the notion that speech can be represented as a sequence of phonemes does not arise as a natural consequence of cognitive maturation and informal linguistic cxpcrience (Morais, Cary, Alegria, & Bertelson, 1979). This claim was based on the discovery that illiterate adults are unable to manipulate phonemes intentionally, as evidenced by their inability to delctc “p” from “purse” or add “p” to “urso”. In a subsequent volume of this journal, under the guest editorship of Paul Bertelson. it was reported that Chinese non-alphabetic readers share with illiterates the lack of phonemic awareness (Read, Zhang, Nie, 81 Ding, 1986) and that the metaphonological failure of illiterates seems to be restricted to the phoneme. since they can both manipulate syllables and ap- preciate rhyme (Morais. Bertelson. Cary. & Alegria, 1986). Later on, we observed that illiterates can compare short utterances for phonological length (Kolinsky, Cary, & Morais, 1987), which again suggests that conscious access to global phonological properties of speech utterances does not depend on literacy. We were happy that Cognition’s reviewers had understood the interest of our 1979 paper. As a matter of fact, we had submitted a former version of it to another journal, which rejected it on the basis of the comments of one reviewer who could not believe in our results given that, as Peter Eimas and others had shown (e.g., Eimas, Siqueland, Jusczyk, & Vigorito, 1971), American babies can perceive “phonemic” distinctions, like between “ba”, “da” and “ga”, fairly well. We are not complaining about reviewers- almost every paper of the present authors has greatly improved following reviewers’ criticisms - sincerely, we are almost grateful to the anonymous reviewer and presumably distinguished scholar who confounded perception and awareness. It was probably his or her reviewing that led us both to write: “the fact that illiterates are not aware of the phonetic .I. Morais, R. Kolinsky I Cognition 50 (1994) 2X7-297 289 structure of speech does not imply, of course, that they do not use segmenting routines at this level when they listen to speech” (Morais et al., 1979, p. 330), and to conclude the paper stressing the need “to distinguish between the prevalence of such or such a unit in segmenting routines at an unconscious level and the ease of access to the same units at a conscious, metalinguistic level” (p. 331). In the following years, we progressively realized that, as far as our own work was concerned, the battle to distinguish between perceptual and postperceptual representations had just begun. The work with illiterates and with non-alphabetic readers has contributed to nourish, if not to raise, the suspicion that the phoneme could be, after all, and despite our familiarity with it, a simple product of knowing an alphabet. Warren (1983) rightly called one’s attention to the danger of introspection in this domain: “Our exposure to alphabetic writing since early childhood may encourage U S t o accept the analysis of speech into a sequence of sounds as simply the recognition of a fact of nature” (p. 287). However, he has erroneously taken observations from the conscious awareness level as evidence of perceptual reality or non- reality. In the same paper, he listed the “experimental evidence that phonemes are not perceptual units” (our italics). In this list, the fact that “illiterate adults cannot segment phonetically” (p. 289) appears at the top. Some linguists have reached the same conclusion as far as the role of phonemes in the formal description of phonology is concerned. Kaye (1989), for instance, announces “the death of the phoneme” (head of a section, p. 149), in the context of an attempt to demonstrate that “a phonology based on non-linear, multileveled representations is incompatible with the notion of a phoneme” (pp. 153-154). Is the phoneme dead? Did it ever exist otherwise than in the conscious thoughts of alphabetically literate minds ? Are phonemes the make-up of letters rather than letters the make-up of phonemes? Like Orfeo, we have to face the illusions that constantly assault the visitors of perception. One may use perceptual illusions to fight against experimenters’ illusions. Fodor and Pylyshyn (1981) have convincingly argued for “the centrality, in perceptual psychology, of experiments which turn on the creation of perceptual illusions” (p. 161). Besides its ability to demonstrate the direction of causality between two correlated states, the production of an illusion implies that the perceiver has no full conscious control of the informational content of the illusion. Thus, information that is not consciously represented may, if it is represented at an unconscious perceptual level, influence the misperception. By looking at the informational content of the illusion, and having enough reasons to believe that part of this information cannot come from conscious representations, one is allowed to locate the representation of that part of the information at the unconscious perceptual system. Following the logic of illusory conjunctions (cf. Treisman & Schmidt, 1982), we took advantage of the dichotic listening technique to elicit word illusions which 290 J. Morais, R. Kolinsky I C’ognition 50 (I 094) X7-297 should result from the erroneous combination of parts of information presented to one ear with parts of information presented to the opposite ear (see Kolinsky, 1992, and Kolinsky, Morais. & Cluytens. in press, for detailed description of the methodology). If speech attributes can be wrongly combined, they must have been separately registered as independent units at some earlier stage of process- ing. In our situation. since the subject is asked either to detect a word target previously specified or to identify the word presented in one particular ear, his or her attention is not called upon any word constituent.
Recommended publications
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Libri Phonetica 1999;56:105–107 = Part I, ‘Introduction’, includes a single Winifred Strange chapter written by the editor. It is an Speech Perception and Linguistic excellent historical review of cross-lan- Experience: Issues in Cross-Language guage studies in speech perception pro- Research viding a clear conceptual framework of York Press, Timonium, 1995 the topic. Strange presents a selective his- 492 pp.; $ 59 tory of research that highlights the main ISBN 0–912752–36–X theoretical themes and methodological paradigms. It begins with a brief descrip- How is speech perception shaped by tion of the basic phenomena that are the experience with our native language and starting points for the investigation: the by exposure to subsequent languages? constancy problem and the question of This is a central research question in units of analysis in speech perception. language perception, which emphasizes Next, the author presents the principal the importance of crosslinguistic studies. theories, methods, findings and limita- Speech Perception and Linguistic Experi- tions in early cross-language research, ence: Issues in Cross-Language Research focused on categorical perception as the contains the contributions to a Workshop dominant paradigm in the study of adult in Cross-Language Perception held at the and infant perception in the 1960s and University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla., 1970s. Finally, Strange reviews the most USA, in May 1992. important findings and conclusions in This text may be said to represent recent cross-language research (1980s and the first compilation strictly focused on early 1990s), which yielded a large theoretical and methodological issues of amount of new information from a wider cross-language perception research.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Between Speech Production and Speech Perception: Some Behavioral and Neurological Observations
    14 Relations between Speech Production and Speech Perception: Some Behavioral and Neurological Observations Willem J. M. Levelt One Agent, Two Modalities There is a famous book that never appeared: Bever and Weksel (shelved). It contained chapters by several young Turks in the budding new psycho- linguistics community of the mid-1960s. Jacques Mehler’s chapter (coau- thored with Harris Savin) was entitled “Language Users.” A normal language user “is capable of producing and understanding an infinite number of sentences that he has never heard before. The central problem for the psychologist studying language is to explain this fact—to describe the abilities that underlie this infinity of possible performances and state precisely how these abilities, together with the various details . of a given situation, determine any particular performance.” There is no hesi­ tation here about the psycholinguist’s core business: it is to explain our abilities to produce and to understand language. Indeed, the chapter’s purpose was to review the available research findings on these abilities and it contains, correspondingly, a section on the listener and another section on the speaker. This balance was quickly lost in the further history of psycholinguistics. With the happy and important exceptions of speech error and speech pausing research, the study of language use was factually reduced to studying language understanding. For example, Philip Johnson-Laird opened his review of experimental psycholinguistics in the 1974 Annual Review of Psychology with the statement: “The fundamental problem of psycholinguistics is simple to formulate: what happens if we understand sentences?” And he added, “Most of the other problems would be half­ way solved if only we had the answer to this question.” One major other 242 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Colored-Speech Synaesthesia Is Triggered by Multisensory, Not Unisensory, Perception Gary Bargary,1,2,3 Kylie J
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Report Colored-Speech Synaesthesia Is Triggered by Multisensory, Not Unisensory, Perception Gary Bargary,1,2,3 Kylie J. Barnett,1,2,3 Kevin J. Mitchell,2,3 and Fiona N. Newell1,2 1School of Psychology, 2Institute of Neuroscience, and 3Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin ABSTRACT—Although it is estimated that as many as 4% of sistent terminology reflects an underlying lack of understanding people experience some form of enhanced cross talk be- about the amount of information processing required for syn- tween (or within) the senses, known as synaesthesia, very aesthesia to be induced. For example, several studies have little is understood about the level of information pro- found that synaesthesia can occur very rapidly (Palmeri, Blake, cessing required to induce a synaesthetic experience. In Marois, & Whetsell, 2002; Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001; work presented here, we used a well-known multisensory Smilek, Dixon, Cudahy, & Merikle, 2001) and is sensitive to illusion called the McGurk effect to show that synaesthesia changes in low-level properties of the inducing stimulus, such as is driven by late, perceptual processing, rather than early, contrast (Hubbard, Manoha, & Ramachandran, 2006) or font unisensory processing. Specifically, we tested 9 linguistic- (Witthoft & Winawer, 2006). These findings suggest that syn- color synaesthetes and found that the colors induced by aesthesia is an automatic association driven by early, unisensory spoken words are related to what is perceived (i.e., the input. However, attention, semantic information, and feature- illusory combination of audio and visual inputs) and not to binding processes (Dixon, Smilek, Duffy, Zanna, & Merikle, the auditory component alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Theories of Speech Perception
    Theories of Speech Perception • Motor Theory (Liberman) • Auditory Theory – Close link between perception – Derives from general and production of speech properties of the auditory • Use motor information to system compensate for lack of – Speech perception is not invariants in speech signal species-specific • Determine which articulatory gesture was made, infer phoneme – Human speech perception is an innate, species-specific skill • Because only humans can produce speech, only humans can perceive it as a sequence of phonemes • Speech is special Wilson & friends, 2004 • Perception • Production • /pa/ • /pa/ •/gi/ •/gi/ •Bell • Tap alternate thumbs • Burst of white noise Wilson et al., 2004 • Black areas are premotor and primary motor cortex activated when subjects produced the syllables • White arrows indicate central sulcus • Orange represents areas activated by listening to speech • Extensive activation in superior temporal gyrus • Activation in motor areas involved in speech production (!) Wilson and colleagues, 2004 Is categorical perception innate? Manipulate VOT, Monitor Sucking 4-month-old infants: Eimas et al. (1971) 20 ms 20 ms 0 ms (Different Sides) (Same Side) (Control) Is categorical perception species specific? • Chinchillas exhibit categorical perception as well Chinchilla experiment (Kuhl & Miller experiment) “ba…ba…ba…ba…”“pa…pa…pa…pa…” • Train on end-point “ba” (good), “pa” (bad) • Test on intermediate stimuli • Results: – Chinchillas switched over from staying to running at about the same location as the English b/p
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Language on Visual Perception
    Effects of Language on Visual Perception Gary Lupyan1a, Rasha Abdel Rahmanb, Lera Boroditskyc, Andy Clarkd aUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison bHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin cUniversity of California San Diego dUniversity of Sussex Abstract Does language change what we perceive? Does speaking different languages cause us to perceive things differently? We review the behavioral and elec- trophysiological evidence for the influence of language on perception, with an emphasis on the visual modality. Effects of language on perception can be observed both in higher-level processes such as recognition, and in lower-level processes such as discrimination and detection. A consistent finding is that language causes us to perceive in a more categorical way. Rather than being fringe or exotic, as they are sometimes portrayed, we discuss how effects of language on perception naturally arise from the interactive and predictive nature of perception. Keywords: language; perception; vision; categorization; top-down effects; prediction “Even comparatively simple acts of perception are very much more at the mercy of the social patterns called words than we might suppose.” [1]. “No matter how influential language might be, it would seem preposter- ous to a physiologist that it could reach down into the retina and rewire the ganglion cells” [2]. 1Correspondence: [email protected] Preprint submitted to Trends in Cognitive Sciences August 22, 2020 Language as a form of experience that affects perception What factors influence how we perceive the world? For example, what makes it possible to recognize the object in Fig. 1a? Or to locate the ‘target’ in Fig. 1b? Where is the head of the bird in Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • How Infant Speech Perception Contributes to Language Acquisition Judit Gervain* and Janet F
    Language and Linguistics Compass 2/6 (2008): 1149–1170, 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00089.x How Infant Speech Perception Contributes to Language Acquisition Judit Gervain* and Janet F. Werker University of British Columbia Abstract Perceiving the acoustic signal as a sequence of meaningful linguistic representations is a challenging task, which infants seem to accomplish effortlessly, despite the fact that they do not have a fully developed knowledge of language. The present article takes an integrative approach to infant speech perception, emphasizing how young learners’ perception of speech helps them acquire abstract structural properties of language. We introduce what is known about infants’ perception of language at birth. Then, we will discuss how perception develops during the first 2 years of life and describe some general perceptual mechanisms whose importance for speech perception and language acquisition has recently been established. To conclude, we discuss the implications of these empirical findings for language acquisition. 1. Introduction As part of our everyday life, we routinely interact with children and adults, women and men, as well as speakers using a dialect different from our own. We might talk to them face-to-face or on the phone, in a quiet room or on a busy street. Although the speech signal we receive in these situations can be physically very different (e.g., men have a lower-pitched voice than women or children), we usually have little difficulty understanding what our interlocutors say. Yet, this is no easy task, because the mapping from the acoustic signal to the sounds or words of a language is not straightforward.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech Perception
    UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2010) Chapter 5 (of Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics, 3rd Edition - in press) Speech perception When you listen to someone speaking you generally focus on understanding their meaning. One famous (in linguistics) way of saying this is that "we speak in order to be heard, in order to be understood" (Jakobson, Fant & Halle, 1952). Our drive, as listeners, to understand the talker leads us to focus on getting the words being said, and not so much on exactly how they are pronounced. But sometimes a pronunciation will jump out at you - somebody says a familiar word in an unfamiliar way and you just have to ask - "is that how you say that?" When we listen to the phonetics of speech - to how the words sound and not just what they mean - we as listeners are engaged in speech perception. In speech perception, listeners focus attention on the sounds of speech and notice phonetic details about pronunciation that are often not noticed at all in normal speech communication. For example, listeners will often not hear, or not seem to hear, a speech error or deliberate mispronunciation in ordinary conversation, but will notice those same errors when instructed to listen for mispronunciations (see Cole, 1973). --------begin sidebar---------------------- Testing mispronunciation detection As you go about your daily routine, try mispronouncing a word every now and then to see if the people you are talking to will notice. For instance, if the conversation is about a biology class you could pronounce it "biolochi". After saying it this way a time or two you could tell your friend about your little experiment and ask if they noticed any mispronounced words.
    [Show full text]
  • Localising Foreign Accents in Speech Perception, Storage and Production
    Localising foreign accents in speech perception, storage and production Yuki Asano Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities University of Konstanz, Germany This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-386434 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For their insightful comments, suggestions, questions, ideas, for this thesis Bettina Braun Ryoko Hayashi Aditi Lahiri René Kager For making my research project financially possible Bettina Braun The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) The German National Academic Foundation University of Konstanz For their general interest, comments, and inspiring ideas Bettina Braun Miriam Butt Nicole Dehé Bijarke Frellesvig Rolf Grawert Janet Grijzenhout Michele Gubian Carlos Guessenhoven Ryoko Hayashi Bari¸sKabak René Kager iv Aditi Lahiri Frans Plank Dominik Sasha Giuseppina Turco For correcting my English Filippo Cervelli For their technical support Michele Gubian Joachim Kleinmann Dominik Sasha Research assistants For their attendance of my experiments Participants For trusting in my research potential Bettina Braun Masahiko & Kyoko Asano For their mental support Masahiko & Kyoko Asano Bettina Braun Emilia & Filippo Cervelli Hannelore & Rolf Grawert Thank you very much! ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Dissertationsschrift beschäftigt sich mit der Suche nach möglichen Quellen eines fremdsprachlichen Akzents in der Prosodie, insbesondere in F0 und segmentaler Län- ge. Anhand der in den Kapiteln 2 bis 4 dargestellten
    [Show full text]
  • The Lexical Restructuring Hypothesis: Two Claims of PA Evaluated Michelle E
    The Lexical Restructuring Hypothesis: Two Claims of PA Evaluated a Michelle E. Erskine, Tristan Mahr, Benjamin Munson , and Jan R. Edwards University of Wisconsin-Madison, aUniversity of Minnesota Introduction Methods & Analysis Results Results Nonword Repetition • Phonological awareness (PA) is an important skill for learning to Mediation Model 1 Mediation Model 2 Stimuli read (McBride-Chang, 1990; Cunningham & Stanovich, 1997). • 22 pairs of nonsense words adapted from Edwards et al., 2004 • A variety of factors including phonological working memory Blending Results: • Pairs included a 2-phoneme sequence that contrasted in (PWM), speech perception, and vocabulary skills have been shown • Consistent with complete mediation. phonotactic probability Vocabulary to be related to phonological awareness. • A boot-strapping method to evaluate mediation yields a • Presented stimuli matched child’s native dialect significant indirect effect of speech perception on PA, p < .001, • However, the relationships among these factors are not well and the direct effect of speech perception on PA is no longer understood. Procedure significant. • The lexical restructuring hypothesis proposes that the association • Nonwords were paired with a picture of an unfamiliar object in a • 94% of the effect of speech perception on PA is mediated by among PWM, speech perception and PA are secondary to vocabulary picture-prompted auditory-word-repetition task Phonological Phonological expressive vocabulary size. development in children. Working Memory Awareness • The direct effect of speech perception on PA is no longer • Thus, PA primarily emerges as a result of the gradual significant when the model accounts for effects of reorganization of the lexicon and, to a lesser degree, the vocabulary size.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visualization Scheme for Complex Spectrograms with Complete Amplitude and Phase Information
    2016 3rd International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering (SMNE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-338-0 A Visualization Scheme for Complex Spectrograms with Complete Amplitude and Phase Information Caixia Zheng School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China. Guangyan Li School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China Tingfa Xu Photoelectric Imaging and Information Engineering Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China Shili Liang School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China Xiaolin Cao College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China Shuangwei Wang * School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT: We present a novel visualization scheme for complex spectrograms of speech and other non-stationary signals, in which both the amplitude and phase information is visualized simultaneously using the conventional RGB (red, green, blue) color model. The three-layer image matrix is constructed in such a way that the absolute values of the real and imaginary parts of the time-frequency analysis of speech are used to fill the first (red) and third (blue) layers, respectively, and an encoding scheme is adopted to represent both signs of the real and imaginary parts and the computed values based on this encoding scheme are used to fill the second (green) layer. The importance of phase in spectrogram applications has been gradually recognized, and imaging processing techniques are increasingly used in spectral analysis of non-stationary one-dimensional (1D) signals such as speech signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosody in the Production and Processing of L2 Spoken Language and Implications for Assessment
    Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 1-20 Prosody in the Production and Processing of L2 Spoken Language and Implications for Assessment Prosody in the Production and Processing of L2 Spoken Language and Implications for Assessment Christos Theodoropulos1 Teachers College, Columbia University ABSTRACT This article offers an extended definition of prosody by examining the role of prosody in the production and comprehension of L2 spoken language from mainly a cognitive, interactionalist perspective. It reviews theoretical and empirical L1 and L2 research that have examined and explored the relationships between prosodic forms and their functions at the pragmatic and discourse levels. Finally, the importance and the various dimensions of these relationships in the context of L2 assessment are presented and the implications for L2 testing employing new technologies and automated scoring systems are discussed. INTRODUCTION More than two and a half decades ago, Major (1987), in one of the few articles in Language Testing to focus solely on the assessment of speaking in terms of phonological control, wrote that the "measurement of pronunciation accuracy [was] in the dark ages when compared to measurement of other areas of competence" (p. 155). Recognizing the potentially facilitative role of computer-assisted sound-analysis applications and software—a then relatively new industry— Major called for more investigative efforts into objective, reliable, valid, and viable measurements of second language (L2) pronunciation. Since then, only a relatively few noteworthy investigations have answered his call (e.g., Buck, 1989; Gorsuch, 2001; Isaacs, 2008; Koren, 1995; van Weeren & Theunissen, 1987; Yoshida, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Speech Perception
    18 Nov 2003 14:46 AR AR207-PS55-06.tex AR207-PS55-06.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GCE 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142028 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2004. 55:149–79 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142028 Copyright c 2004 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on September 15, 2003 SPEECH PERCEPTION Randy L. Diehl Department of Psychology and Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-0187; email: [email protected] Andrew J. Lotto Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131; email: [email protected] Lori L. Holt Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; email: [email protected] Key Words auditory pattern recognition, categorical perception, phonetic context effects, perceptual learning, speech production ■ Abstract This chapter focuses on one of the first steps in comprehending spo- ken language: How do listeners extract the most fundamental linguistic elements— consonants and vowels, or the distinctive features which compose them—from the acoustic signal? We begin by describing three major theoretical perspectives on the perception of speech. Then we review several lines of research that are relevant to distinguishing these perspectives. The research topics surveyed include categorical perception, phonetic context effects, learning of speech and related nonspeech cate- gories, and the relation between speech perception and production. Finally, we describe challenges facing each of the major theoretical perspectives on speech perception. by University of Texas - Dallas on 09/10/12. For personal use only.
    [Show full text]