CEU eTD Collection
Tenth andEleventh Fortified Site Broiliof (Frioul, North - Century Coarseware intheLocal Economy ofthe
MA ThesisStudies inMedieval Central European University Giacomo Gonella May 2013 Budapest
-
Eastern Italy). A Case Study
CEU eTD Collection
Tenth andEleventh Fortified Site Broiliof (Frioul, North Central European Uni Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU. of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval of the MasterArts degree of Studies. inMedieval - versity,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Century Coarseware intheLocal Economy ofthe
Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination Prof. Jozsef Laszlovszky Prof. Jozsef Prof. Judith Prof.Rasson Judith Prof. Patrick Geary Dr. IreneDr.Barbiera Thesis Giacomo Gonella May 2013 Examiner Examiner Budapest (Italy) Supervisor by
-
Eastern Italy). A Case Study
CEU eTD Collection
Tenth andEleventh Fortified Site Broiliof (Frioul, North Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU. of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval of the MasterArts degree of Studies. inMedieval - Assoc. Century Coarseware intheLocal Economy ofthe
Prof. Dr.Predovnik Katarina Giacomo Gonella External Reader Budapest May 2013 May (Italy) by
- Eastern Italy). A Case Study
CEU eTD Collection
Tenth andEleventh Fortified Site Broiliof (Frioul, North Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU. of the Thesis of theMasterArts degree of Studies. inMedieval submitted totheDepartmentsubmitted Studies, ofMedieval - Century Coarseware intheLocal Economy ofthe
Prof. Jozsef L Prof. Jozsef External Supervisor Dr. IreneDr.Barbiera Giacomo Gonella Supervisor Budapest May2013 (Italy) by
aszlovszky
-
Eastern Italy). A Case Study
CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 2013 May __ an for education higher of institution other any to academic degree. form this in submitted been has thesis copyright. institution’s or person’s any on the infringes of thesis part no and others, of work the of made was use illegitimate and unidentified no that declare I bibliography. and notes in credited properly as information external such my only on and based work, own my exclusively is thesis present the that herewith declare undersigned, the I,
icm Gonella Giacomo
cniae o te A ere n eivl Studies, Medieval in degree MA the for candidate ,
______I also declare that no part of the the of part no that declare also I Signature
research research CEU eTD Collection
I study forthis am toCEU grateful possibility. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CEU eTD Collection Pho Pottery References Conclusion ofBroiliFramingcontext thehistorical ofBroiliThe thelight archaeologicalin ofpottery context evidence Chapter 4 Pottery Chapter 3 Final remarks Technicala Phases oftheassemblages ceramic Chapter 2 Archaeological interpretation and historical The Chapter 1 Introduction ListFigures of tos ofPaste Samples archaeological context ofthe siteofBroiliarchaeological context D Broilitypes from rawings rawings
nalysis of pottery clustersnalysis ofpottery
(drawings Gonella byGiacomo
TABLE OFTABLE CONTENTS
i
and Tatiana Scarin)
44 23 20 13 5 2 ii 114 100 95 91 79 69 47
CEU eTD Collection Fig. 17.Percentages ofdecoration patt 16. Fig. Fig. 15.Pe Fig.(a) 14.Percentages ofdecoration basedonthenumberweight patterns ofand (b). shards Pe 13. Fig. and (a) shards identified of number the on based types and forms of Percentages 12. Fig. Fig.11 Fig. 10.Percentages ofsandwich Fig. basedfrequency onshard 9.Percentages ofpastes and (a) (b). weight Fig. thenumber patternsof(a)and 8.Percentages ofdecoration basedon shards weight (b). Fig. (onlyascribed 7.Percentages ofvoids topastesare potsherds 6. Fig. Fig. amphora 5b.Percentages (without Fig. Percentages(without amphora 5a. 4. Fig. Pottery types. Fig. thenumber patternsof(a)and 3.Percentages ofdecoration basedon shards weight (b). sandwich of Percentages 2. Fig. Fig. 1.Percentages ofsandwich Fig. 32 Tables 2 1. Table Map 3 2b Map Map 2a Map 2 Map 1 . . .
. Percentagesdecoration(a) of shardsand onthenumber based weight of (b). - sandwich shards percentagesand (b)weight (a); ofsandwich the numberweightof vessel of the (c). forms on presence vessels based (b); potsherds that couldbe ascribedare toapastecounted). (a)on thenumberweight ofand (b). shards amphora the without Pastes Macro of Percentages weight (b). archaeologicalchronological and sequence area/courtyard . General siteofBroili map of the Location sites mentioned inthe discussion of some Loc 43. Photos of paste samples ofpaste 43. Photos Percentages of macro pastes based on shard frequencies (a) and weight (b) (only (only (b) weight and (a) frequencies shard on based pastes macro of Percentages
Mp f h cen the of Map . - Map of the easternpartMap of the of area/courtyard thelevel (with 2) Edifice
ecnae o oxidising of Percentages 43. Pottery drawings lses C. of (Cl.) Clusters rcentages based frequency ofpastes and (a) (b). onshard weight ation of the Illegioation of the Valley cnae o clus niaig pcfc iig n h bss f h feuny of frequency the of basis the on firing specific indicating colours of rcentages
- like sections (b), (c).like sections and percentages ofvoids
rl n wsen at n esen ( eastern and part western and tral pottery
- - like firing based on thenumberweight (left)andlike firings based of - like firing and voids based on the number of shards (a) and (a) shards of number the on based voids and firing like like firing (a), and voids (b). voids (a), and like firing -
LIST OFLIST FIGURES s reducing vs - otiig tairpi cnet ascae wt the with associated contexts stratigraphic containing and the sites investigatedand under thesites or investigation erns basedonshard frequency weighterns (b).(a)and - - like shard 314) based frequency onshard like shard like shard ii
-
topee oor () fgrs eeat to relevant figures (a); colours atmosphere 314) based weight. onshard
-
- like firing(c). like shard (Macro Paste 4), based 4), Paste (Macro shard like
with Edifice 2) of the level level the of 2) Edifice with
considered). considered).
hards
CEU eTD Collection shard on based types base of Percentages century). eleventh 1; (Tower 7 Cluster 31. Fig. rim on based types and forms of Percentages century). eleventh (Tower1, 7 Cluster 30. Fig. 970 c. tentatively (courtyard; 5 Cluster 29. Fig. 28. Fig. 925 c. tentatively (courtyard; 4b Cluster 27. Fig. 4a Cluster 26. Fig. 950 c. tentatively (courtyard; 4a Cluster 25. Fig. 4 Cluster 24. Fig. 950 c. phase; (Motte 4 Cluster 23. Fig. 22. Fig. Fig.(a) 21.Percentages of decoration basedonthenumberweight patterns ofand (b). shards Fig. 20.Percentages of sandwich Fig. freque based 19.Percentagespastes of macro onshard number the on and side), (left vessels of number the on based forms of Percentages 18. Fig. frequency and (a) (b). weight frequency and (a) weight. 925 frequency and (a) (b). weight c. phases, previous from rim frequency and (a) (b). weight 925 c. phases, previous the to belong on rimfrequencyweight and (a) (b). shardweight frequency(a)and (b). on theweightand (b)rims. (a) number of frequency and (a) (b). weight weightand of number (b) rims. (a) (centre) and weight. of shards identifiedweight and (centre) (right side).
Percentages of forms based on number of vessels (left hand), and of identified shards identified of and hand), (left vessels of number on based forms of Percentages Cluster
(oryr; ettvl c 970 c. tentatively (courtyard; 5
Mte hs; . 950 c. phase; (Motte (courtyard; tentatively c. 950 c. tentatively (courtyard;
-
like firing patterns
- - 980 CE). Percentages of forms and types based of the the of based types and forms of Percentages CE). 980 980). Percentages of base types based on shard shard on based types base of Percentages 980).
-
980). Percentages of base types based on shard shard on based types base of Percentages 980).
iii -
980). Percentages of forms and types based on on based types and forms of Percentages 980). - 980, but most most but 980,
- - 980). Percentages of forms and types based based types and forms of Percentages 980). 980). Percentages of forms and types based types and forms of Percentages 980). - - 980). Percentages of base types based on based types base of Percentages 980). 980, but most of the materials probably probably materials the of most but 980,
ncy (a) and weight (b). and (a) ncy weight
of the materials probably come come probably materials the of
CEU eTD Collection er ins t official to witness bear settlements fortified three or two whilst buildings, religious three through followed be can Christianisation of process troubled somewhat the particular,In district. this of history the of disc archaeological the same, the all periods, medieval high and early the throughout valley the over scattered probably were Houses far. so found wor of places namely, on, focused (from Google lastaccess Earth; May 2013). a reconstructi at evolution of aims which approach, archaeological and historical the instance, (for analyses scientific some that Dott 800 and itself] [Broili 535 c. between ranges altitude sub the in Valley, located Map 1. Map
. Aurora Cagnana, relies on collaboration among collaboration on relies Cagnana, Aurora . Some of the excavations are still under way and and way under still are excavations the of Some a landscape wider a of part is study This Location of the Illegio Valley (a) and the sites investigated or under investigation (b) investigation under Illegio or investigated Valley the sites ofLocation the and (a)
localLat settlementsfrom
places of power that must have managed the community and the the and community the managed have must that power of places - Alpine zone of Frioul, the north the Frioul, of zone Alpine
hp n fortifications; and ship INTRODUCTION
e e throughAntiquity theMiddle Ages.
1 hscl nhoooy archaeobotany anthropology, physical
caooy research rchaeology
-
overies shed light on important aspects important on light shed overies 1000 metres). The project, directed by by directed project, The metres). 1000 d ifferent departments and scholars, so scholars, and departments ifferent
no evidence of villages has been been has villages of evidence no
w specific two - easternmost region of Italy ( Italy of region easternmost
project contexts have been been have contexts
g h lf and life the ng
n h Illegio the in
) integrate integrate ) b the the
CEU eTD Collection ArcheologiaMedievale Udine), (Tolmezzo, Illegio di VitoSan di chiesa della scavo Valeria“Losee al., Illegio, Vituset St. at with Amoretti case the be to seems this 2 304 (Florence: Francovich 2006): Giglio, del All’Insegna tardo fasi le (UD): Illegio di Paolo S. di chiesa nella archeologiche “Indagini Roascio, Stefano and Gavagnin Silvana 2006); 1 was Broili) at that resembling (somewhat complete allow not does investigated fortifications the and it between gap chronological the however, typical a considered Carolingian a than other Ages Middle High the until worship of place Christian no probably was there valley the in that is fact The collapse. demographic dramatic a than rather settlers, pagan new of presence fram ecclesiastical in weakness manifold: Aguntum away, miles few a just safe a seeking people for espec desirable, been have also may condition ahowever, such zone; fringe a considered dispe or nucleated either in living community substantial a for Antiquity Late in point reference a been have must the century.This thirteenth around place same the in rebuilt was church medieval the until century sixth late the was and century term fourth in abandoned then late was it century; fifth the early the in renovated to back goes Paolo St. at edifice earliest the analysis, 1). (map investigated been also have Vitus St. of chapel private Paul St. of church the Age, Ottonian the during system parish the of consolidation economy of the valley.
These specific buildings were founded by high by founded were buildings specific These La pieve di San Floriano d’Illegio. Floriano San di pieve La h cue o te al mdea ltria aadnet f hs hrh ol be could church this of abandonment liturgical medieval early the of causes The the attesting and century tenth the in built probably Florian, St. of church the Besides
(Lienz) and thus exposed toraids exposed themigration(Lienz) during and thus period. nesadn o te eeomn o te oil otx.A oe a Cuel at tower A context. social the of development the of understanding - nih e loeivl, in altomedievali,” e antiche
ed.Giuliano Volpe 487 (Florence: Favia 2009): Pasquale Giglio, and del All’Insegna
Eigenkirche
hc ws iutd ln te an od ht ikd qiea to Aquileia linked that road main the along situated was which
Una Eigenkirche carolingia nelle Alpi Carniche,” In Carniche,” Alpi nelle carolingia Eigenkirche Una place after leaving the nearby town of of town nearby the leaving after place - Age (c. early ninth century) private chapel, which may be be may which chapel, private century) ninth early (c. Age
Archeologia, storia, arte, tradizione arte, storia, Archeologia, . 2
This small edifice may be related to a political authority; political a to related be may edifice small This IV
oges Nzoae i Arc di Nazionale Congresso - ranking people who were usually buried there after they died; they after there buried usually were who people ranking
reused during World War I and the archaeological the and WorldWarI during reused wrs a eun o eteim ado a strong a and/or heathenism, to return a eworks, 2
rsed settlements. The Illegio ValleyIllegio be wellThe settlements. can rsed - 310.
, ed. Flavia De Vitt (Udine: Forum, Forum, (Udine: Vitt De Flavia ed. , elga Medievale heologia 1 Iulium Carnicum Iulium
According to radiocarbon to According s of religious function by function religious of s V Congresso Nazionale di Nazionale Congresso V
e. Riccardo ed. ,
(Zuglio),
and the the and
i Tor di ially ially - 91.
CEU eTD Collection context sheets, in order to cross to in sheets, order context the 4 Beni Archeologici VeneziaFriuli del Giulia 3 ac e might which aspects social although oriented, economics thus is purpose main The area. this of terms) religious in only (not institutions Slovenia, western north from extending (roughly Aquileia of Patriarchate the under regions the and Frioul over circulation eventual their and Broili of phase each for vessels specific any quite be to appears it however, (120), atte is types of number good a largeas representative, not is shards diagnostic of number The ampho as such items, long often of evolution the coarsewar for especially true is this time; that at use relative has that work the hitherto beenby carried out team. my from starting context, historical and archaeological the in it integrate late the to tenth early eleventh century.I the from ranging structures and phases different shows site This study. this of topic the are assemblages ceramic the and complete almost is investigation ministeriales at excavation The said. F be can specific nothing therefore removed, completely deposit
Aurora Cagnana et al., “Le fortificazioni in localit in fortificazioni “Le al., et Cagnana Aurora I have elaborated the relevant data on the b the on data relevant the elaborated have I eleteit is under way and, at the moment, only the phases at tothepatriarch therelated and, moment,eleteit only way of is under the Aquileia’s count. different campaigns campaigns different ly This the since fortunate, fairly is situation the perspective, archaeological an From The interesting of site most fortified isthenBroil thevalley
short chronological context is an important starting point to ascertain the wares in in wares the ascertain to point starting important an is context chronological short
td eovs hog dfeet tgs Te is se i t fae h layers the frame to is step first The stages. different through evolves study (thirteenth/earlyhave fourteenth century) ascertained(map been 1). and will focus on a specific aspect of t specific aspect ona focus will (es
rae or Red Slip ware, from the seventh the from ware, Slip Red or rae from Istria to s to Istria from pecially - check the conclusions drawn so far. so drawn conclusions the check - lasting types, which are often not often are which types, lasting
by Massimo Ghidotti and Eli and Ghidotti Massimo (2007), 2: 190 2: (2007), asis of preliminary excavation excavation preliminary of asis 4 outh
ern à
‘Broili’I di 3
Austria), which was one of the most important most the of one was which Austria), merge from research are of course of are research from merge - sted. The aim of this research is to determine to is research this of aim The sted. 193. 193. e, considering the difficulty of difficulty the considering e, he material culture, although I try to will he although materialculture,
llegio,” in llegio,” ana Bertamoni). However, I I However, Bertamoni). ana
reports developed developed reports i per Soprintendenza della Notiziario onwards. latest, the at century, associated with any reference reference any with associated i, where
the archaeological the - atr Iay to Italy eastern by the team team the by started from the the from started
taken into taken follow during during ing - 3
CEU eTD Collection Medievale VII (metá Montarrenti di castello del 1000 dall’area Carmine del dell’area 6 CER.AM.IS Studio in (VE),” in Hemmaberg/Kärnten,” vom Siedlung spätantiken der und Pilgerheiligtum frühcristlichen dem aus Mörtelproben 5 Illegio Valleybeen eleventhand may part have century. inthe tenth the which of system manufacturing and circulation possible any about conclusions draw to relevant and frequencies vessel of basis the the on Broili from with ceramics parallels substantial indicate may sites which discover to tries then and method Tuscany). and Liguria of regions Italian the in research from works in achieved is which types, and potsherds of quantification systematic of absence the is reports of terms in and dating precise scenario no as such wider cases, of a number a on in exist problems rely some nonetheless, can contributions; which tackled, is study morphological a shown be as obtained, can outcomes important properly, out carried is work archaeological the If money. of waste a and data useless in result otherwise would which tests, laboratory in questions right the select to expected is is who archaeologist it because consequence, of definitely is work preparatory Such study). this for yet done (not tests chemical and/or physical includes which step further possible a for material i archaeologist the by macro out carried The wares settlement. ceramic of the analysis of phases specific with them associate and size), frequency, group to phases sequence, archaeological the within evidence ceramic with associated
Gloria Olcese, Olcese, Gloria e, o eape Sbn Ldtte ad oa Sur “rense ergahshr nescugn vo Untersuchungen petrographischer “Ergebnisse Sauer, Roman and Ladstätter Sabine example, for See, Arheološki Vestnik Arheološki
more precisely more
, ed. ed. , a iclzoe el ceramiche delle circolazione La them, promoting promoting
the uncertainty of the stratigraphic sequence. However, the main problem in many many in problem However,main sequence. the stratigraphic the of uncertainty the Gian Pietro Brogiolo (Florence: (Florence: 413 Brogiolo GianPietro 2000): Giglio, del All’Insegna Le ceramiche comuni di Albintimilium. Indagine archeologica e archeometrica sui mat sui archeometrica e archeologica Indagine Albintimilium. di comuni ceramiche Le
, ed. Sauro Gelichi and Claudio Negrelli (Mantua: SAP, Negrelli (Mantua: Claudio Sauro Gelichi and ed. , 107 2007): mostly on the base of the characteristics of temper inclusions (composition, inclusions temper of characteristics the of base the on mostly
49 (1998): 315 (1998): 49
by some contributions in this field. this in contributions some by (Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio, 1993); Federico Cantini, “Il materiale ceramico ceramico materiale “Il Cantini, Federico 1993); Giglio, del All’Insegna (Florence:
a more standardised approach to approach standardised more a . Secondly, a macro Secondly,a .
- 28; Stefania Spagnol, “Ceramica commune grezza dall’isola di Torcello di dall’isola grezza commune “Ceramica Spagnol, Stefania 28;
elAraio r tra niht e altomedioevo e antichitá tarda tra nell’Adriatico
the samples for these analyses in order to address the the address to order in analyses these for samples the - analysis of the pottery pastes is car is pastes pottery the of analysis 4 - XIII secolo),” in secolo),” XIII
5 processing data (good exampl (good data processing
Along with the paste macro analysis, analysis, macro paste the with Along II Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia di Nazionale Congresso II cuil sne t rprs the prepares it since crucial, s 6
M y research follows such a such follows research y -
419.
characteristics, in order order in characteristics, - 26. 26.
in order to define define to order in
rie : d out, trying out, d I Icnr di Incontro III es come es eriali eriali n CEU eTD Collection The a The standard ere was disuse. 2 into Edifice dating, falling 14 before C feature to isolated According an been have indeed could hut the so and building, enclosure that. protecting associated been have may which hut, raised settlement (about site ground door’s the between height in difference considerable prevents m, 0.5 about than more no this, of front In extant only the door, mortar few a are which of a remains with provided 4), Edifice (called building a through accessed earli Roman eleventh of evidence the sporadic and of finds stray end from Apart century. the and tenth early the roughly between phases different through reconstruct connec stratigraphic direct have on respectively storey, est large works must have taken place in the eastern part of the site. The latter was there was latter site.The the of eastern part the place in taken have must works est large rchaeological the Broili site of context of part, an array of postholes indicates the pre the indicates postholes of array an part,
l te ae srtgah de nt otat ih h psiiiy ht another that possibility the with contrast not does stratigraphy same, the All survey The and eventually a wooden roof, since no tiles were tiles no since roof, wooden a eventually and mortar Edifi sne h cret eri mp em to seems map terrain current the since , io .0 ) s ta woe wlwy poal ld o h upr part upper the to led probably walkways wooden that so m), 3.60 n of n ce 2, cutting the hut, was hut, the cutting 2, ce
- the western and eastern side eastern and western the to the east, the to on stone bound evolution of the settlement as a whole, which appears to have developed have to appears which whole, a as settlement the of evolution
has ascertained three main areas, namely areas, threemain ascertained has
a moat was detected, but the shallowness of anthropi of shallowness the but detected, was moat a ok aot b 45 m 4.5 by 6 about work, - in wt oe nte, u sm cus lo a allow clues some but another, one with tions bound layers of stone that formed the south the formed that stone of layers bound
with Edifice 4, the latter having been, in this case, an case, this in been, having latter the 4, Edifice with eadn i a a el eesv brir Tee s a is There barrier. defensive real a as it regarding Chapter I
part of the same construction project as Edifice 4, Edifice as project construction same the of part 5
s, and a level area level a and s,
td rud 925 around cted sence of what of sence
tl rfet h mdea oe O one. medieval the reflect still , which certainly had more than one one than more had certainly which ,
found during its excavation. The excavation. its during found , Tower 1 and 1 Tower , level and the cor the and level between them. They do not do They them. between was - 5 C. t a of was It CE. 950 - Age Age
probably in
Ed - situ ifice 2, located 2, ifice
a boat a
e area of the of area e - layer(s), the the layer(s), east corner. corner. east c deposits, deposits, c -
sha
f the of the n high ped ped -
CEU eTD Collection
external s external ch s inner the all, in All room. the heating or pots), suspending and use rearrangemen pit round th of frame hole a about remains should which stone, of layers different three this of difficulties to due reason the although soon quite occurred setback the As level. same the on edifice the constructing on keep to order in erected matter pit stone dug purposely over laid was wide, m 1.2 opening, an and jambs, two by on placed was entrance The hitherto have(investigations phase later the to belongnot did latter the which side, eastern the from apart on exp more little a or thick, m 0.80/0.90 about average on walls, of is sort of niche might might niche of sort is ne, hlt osdrbe ok a crid u o the on out carried was work considerable whilst anges, the aforesaid three layers of stone form a level a form stone of layers three aforesaid the osed to view, as is also supported by the plaster accurately laid on the outer surf outer the on laid accurately plaster the by supported also is as view, to osed ly i o in clay,
in the construction process construction the in - bearing post. The sit post.The bearing
ee eurd y h rs o te ulig Te northern The building. the of rest the by required were first urface reg
ht us h floor the cuts that , sank westwards, and compelled the masons to lay down a thick pack a thick masons tolay down the compelled and westwards, , sank re a a lc fr okn ( cooking for place a as arded t, but could be related to the hearth in hearth the to related be could but t, dr o e nuae bfr being before insulated be to rder s
of . This work likely aimed to ensure stabili ensure to aimed likely work This . at least least at is not clear on the basis of basis the on clear not is n the in have been partly been have
kind or second thoughts, the western wa western the thoughts, second or kind uation onthewestern is side the southern the
the eastern side, and it opened it and side, eastern the interior
, one can infer the firm intention to place the building there, building the place to intention firm the infer can one , daet o the to adjacent might have been built against an earth embankment, if if embankment, earth an against built been have might south
and northern and
hi 6 - wes
dden by any structure associated with associated structure any by dden e a be
sal otoe icvrd possibly discovered; posthole small a tern corner tern the available ev available the
at a height of about 1.20 m 1.20 about of height a at ete f h wall the of centre cie t ti pae S phase. this to scribed
the north the covered with three different layers, layers, different three with covered
wall not fully s were s , probably probably , on ty, wh ty, - east outside to the courtyard; it courtyard; the to pace did not undergo major major undergo not did pace idence. In addition In idence. understood. The top understood.
plastered with plastered wall, in fact, which was was which fact, in wall, corner, which was still in still was which corner,
ilst more efforts for this this for efforts more ilst ll was constructed with with constructed was ll h wsen ie were side, western the
als whic ballast for lodging a timber a lodging for
t oe points some at . That was a later later a was That . not
ascertained this ascertained m unc ome ; nonetheless, ;
a thin layer thin a ing
h filled a a filled h marked is , wh , the large the ertainty
of clay of blocks The . ether aces, for ). -
CEU eTD Collection to t to 9 natural the beyond westwards either to ascribed layer 8 action. an anthropic be out to they 4, turn Edifice and 7
The three layers appear to be geological strata, but, since they were piled on the remains of the boat the ofremains the on werepiled they since but, strata, geological be to layersappear three The The only relevant evidence is a sequence of layers, with a good number of potsherds, situated upon the natural natural the upon situated potsherds, of number good a with layers, of sequence a is evidence relevant only The If one follows the existing limit of the external floor, one possibility is that the second constructio second the that is possibility floor,one external the of limit existing the follows one If sure extended as as thatit far theround structure north extant its from inferred as plain, the of centre the 5 about of diameter a had have building(s) one/two spaceofinternal the stones flat crushed of floors two related area the in ofrelationship therestremains. with boat the with case the also is as the with associated be can specific conn single since settlement, been have to assumed be can and it, had it of part and situation, three characteri he round structure after turning after structure he round and close to the north the to close and
survived. These buildings were buildings These survived. sides of Edifice 2. Edifice of sides - ae pee f tnwr standing stonework of piece layer In front of Edifice 2’s en 2’s Edifice of front In sed by gravel and pebbles, which pebbles, and gravel by sed
that form that 360) (359, limestone pebbles, while the other is characterised by more accurately set small set accurately more by characterised is other the while pebbles, limestone ection
somehow somehow kept the function of function the kept f h mi ph main the of
the only later evidence of of evidence later only the to the courtyard of the medieval settlement. T settlement. medieval the of courtyard the to
with any structure.with other
a sort of cobbled pavem cobbled of sort a
- that were arranged upon a geological gravellyl geological a upon arranged were that western corner of the edifice. They may be regarded as dump pit(s), and should be should and pit(s), dump as regarded be may They edifice. the of corner western
layer to be to layer been been 7
In contrast, the western the contrast, In se
ss f this of ases m, and m, a couple of feet northwards. of couple a
building exploited by Edifice 2, the 2, Edifice by exploited
connected with any other feature. other with any connected trance, on the level area level the on trance, providing the providing an east an - hpd u, hc i tr hs o et stratigraphic neat no has turn in which hut, shaped s, since they are separated are they since s, ulig Hwvr nt vn hs cnet stretch contexts these even not However, building. a round structure round a the last important phase in the eastern area of the the of area eastern the in phase important last the 8
respectively However, threeHowever, been have mainphases - 7 n the on west
ent. T ent. resulted in a pr a in resulted osqec i a extant an is consequence - . oriented construction oriented 9 main access to the building. If E If building. the to access main
oten ie f h mud ihu any without mound the of side southern hey seem to have marked have to seem hey wall was wall
, of which only parts of dry stone walls walls drystone of parts only which of ,
“ (314) motte -
eastern corner eastern stretching westwards, no feature no westwards, stretching
more or less or more otective mound running along running mound otective
” that, if complete, must have must complete, if that, by a strip of natura of strip a by
he earliest one is shown by shown is one earliest he c omplex finally oblite finally omplex ayer. One is composed is One ayer.
(371)
lhuhi s not is it although ,
aot m long) m 5 (about left in its original original its in left
the outside and and outside the which stood at stood which ascertained n was joined joined was n difice 4 or or 4 difice
- far l deposit, l shaped hut shaped
enough enough rated rated
CEU eTD Collection
slight inclination of th of inclination slight certain not is function its first The area level the of side western time explanation plausible clearly is moreover, and, pavements previous of evidence structure round T a by divided central the in Similarly, line. war inside located edge northern the t exploiting fully were origin must there against and construction sometimes or circular the notwithstanding same the for account to seem another, one with coeval strictly not if which, off
and so keep the inner room dry. There is no direct contact between these constructions these between contact direct no is There dry. room inner the keep so and
of floor 326 frequ
nte pae s hw b a ary f post of array an by shown is phase Another of array an by to attested is stage later A soil f n flos h line the follows one if
featu ently restored or rebuilt or restored ently
moisture
h mra for once wt toe fea those with connected floor mortar the re was about 3 to 4 m wide m 4 to 3 about was re - shaped wall shaped
. (314) he available room of the level area level the of room available he ally have been more. T more. been have ally none of them appears to have been plastered on the inside as protect as inside the on plastered been have to appears them of none
ehouses, as is as ehouses,
f h lvl area level the of
. About a dozen of them were detected, gener detected, were them of dozen a About .
ak f iet otcs among contacts direct of lack
is that this building ha building this that is
oval oval e floor, which would have would which floor, e ht em t ecoe t Such it. enclose to seems that
s o artefacts no as
in (370) which is which (370) - , which refer to a timber a to refer which , western area of the cou the of area western shape
indicated by remnants by indicated hr te on srcue hud ae stood have should structure round the where , and roughly similar roughly and , in a tight and well and tight a in ; at least some of them were presumably originally originally presumably were them of some least at ; in he situation gives th gives situation he no way affected by affectedway no , and could have been a shed for animals, altho animals, for shed a been havecould and ,
8 ascribed ee eoee; hs s lo osset with consistent also is this recovered; were
d fallen into disuse and disuse into fallen features interpreted as storage as interpreted features be
to this phase this to en . A sequence of silos was found along found was silos of sequence A .
rtyard, a group of of group a rtyard, -
some of them. The structures were were structures The them. of some oe, tecig north stretching holes,
of partition walls following walls partition of built r built - a suitable solution to let to solution suitable a planned arrangement that aimed at aimed that arrangement planned cnlso is conclusion a
in size; in tures
the round structure, as structure, round the e impression of containers that containers of impression e ound hut encircled by a fence a by encircled hut ound
(326) rather than to the aforesaid the to than rather they were they ally poorly preserved, but preserved, poorly ally been demolished by the by demolished been sne t oes the covers it since , three circular pits circular three
suppo
all of dry of all - ot o the on south
conjoncture pits or pits rted by the the by rted The . wate
the same same the emerges r flow flow r -
stone silos, silos, most ugh ion the
is , .
CEU eTD Collection side (along the line where the medieval scaffolding wasscaffolding medieval the where line (alongthe side possibly a that 11 decompose 10
wall embankm an against m 1.20 excavation. from construction previous emergedthe evidence has whereof no plain, westernedge ofthe may and site, the Thatthe settlement was management. the in point turning real a marked which 1, Tower of building the convincingly, more or, phase occurred event foundations). its only plausibly (though visible still were that of parts some boat the respect to seems pit large the of cut the that note to interesting c been have to seems construction rearr to order there was undoubtedly demolished). the brought ultimately have to appears too this pit large a however, 1, Tower of collapse later the by affected only were there warehouses the as edge, northern the from emerges features earlier any obliterated it since area, level the of organisation having been missin is hut the of half western the that fact the nonetheless, 1, Tower western the and The hypothesis of hypothesis The osby enns f odn ot, hc my niae ht o eog tm hd asd for passed had time enough not that indicate may which posts, wooden of remnants Possibly , since an inner frame can be interpreted as eith as interpreted be can frame inner an since , Such h the case, any In wide, bound with mortar and plastered on plastered and mortar with bound wide, .
11 in
destroyed
- work aimed at razi at aimed work The edifice wasThe edifice situ ne h lvl ra s pn space, open as area level the ange
the is not certain, not is
layer with typical Roman typical with layer go back to the 970/980s, according to according 970/980s, the to back go
accurate removal of older frameworks older of removal accurate
ent, whilst it is uncertain whether uncertain is it whilst ent, during the erection ofduring the the due to a strip of natural layer that layer natural of strip a to due ut
-
and externally about 11 byexternallyabout 117m but it could it but ng most of the older structures and levelling the ground the levelling and structures older the of most ng - ec bidn represented building fence arried out between Edifice 2 and Tower 1. Finally, it is it Finally, 1. Tower and 2 Edifice between out arried
- Age jars has indeed been detected just in front of the east the of front in just detected been indeed has jars Age
most considerable undertaking in most (309) was dug in dug was (309) 9 have been have
probably set up). up). set probably tower. tower. phase of silos to an end (on end an to silos of phase
both surfaces; the western wall western the surfaces; both underpinned by the fact that no further further no that fact the by underpinned and materials seems unlikely seems materials and er a window or a sort of niche. At the the At niche. of sort a or window a er be associated with the hut the with associated be
the sa the the , the walls, , the
separates them from each other; each from them separates C 14 dating. It took place at the at place took It dating. 14 C the centre of the courtyard, and and courtyard, the of centre the
cnieal change considerable a me occurred for the northern northern the for occurred me may g on average . bear witness to its its to witness bear
o et evidence neat No -
, taking into account account into taking , if as hut, shaped the las e silo e , were almost , were 10
- When this this When h wo to wood the t stages
and was built was
located located - in the the in fence fence
ern ern of in
CEU eTD Collection furnace. About the latter, it is not sure whether it was for smithing or rather sintering, as only some iron ores ores iron some only as sintering, rather or smithing for was it whether sure not is it latter, the About furnace. 14 13 12 deposit. stage, later solving strat a is kiln the same, the All distinguish. to difficult therefore layers, burnt two by featured being phases two the between transition the notwithstanding context, chess) (including Q floors. and basement the in installed a Specifically, elements
dramatic, collapse of considering a tim the more been have to appears which phase, this of end the marks plaster pinkish and yellowish plaster dilapidated of evidence latte the that fact the by also but floor, new a building of necessity the byonly not implied as passed, have must time some however, context, later cobbles with covered natural the into dug scaffolding) to (relevant postholes of array an and phases early the from recovered tower, the which well have must more had thanone st of walls outside the against leant walkways by reached be could and above, from was access the that forward puts one therefore found, been has door no level, ground As also inferred As also Charcoal samples (remnants ofposts) (remnants samples Charcoal eie, h upr ae i as caatrsd y fire by characterised also is layer upper the Besides,
After such After 14 h mte, ic the since matter, the
h ne omsos ifrn pae, nonetheless phases, different shows room inner The pieces gaming and brooches, metal some (legumes), seeds of amount large a uite
in in connection with the aforesaid structure, which in turn rested on the older burnt older the on rested turn in which structure, aforesaid the with connection in em o faue ad materials and features of terms
furnace for iron smelting, which smelting, iron for furnace from the large bulk of stones that fell stones bulk that large from of the
an ee eoee. l tee aeil cn probably can materials these All recovered. were
event, the situation that foll that situation the event,
n re t ly mra floor. mortar a lay to order in
pe bak ae covered layer black upper te id rv diver prove finds other
were taken from these fromwerethese taken offset walls’ the by identified is construction original The . ln te al. scn lyr hwn te decay the showing layer second A walls. the along 10 ber roofingberas orframe caused by fire. orey.
n rpeet te last the represents and
down after the final demolition. finaldemolition. afterthe down
- ednd ly crany wn t owing certainly clay, reddened remakes some underwent owed wa owed 12
post se activities, probably from probably activities, se 13 r was placed above layers which bear bear which layers above placed was r holes for C 14 analysis. analysis. Choles 14 for
nte mra pvmn shows pavement mortar Another at o that, of parts s characteris s , only ,
sc occupation occupation ed by more substantial more by ed
ant material has been been has material ant
th
soil be assigned to this this to assigned be s eosrtn a demonstrating us
during its use, was was use, its during gahc ud to guide igraphic
o the activity of the the of activity the o , which , f h site. the of
the upp the
was then was
of of er er a
CEU eTD Collection have been found. have been definitely and rela eventually poor of abandonment the about brought event h any if there, located features the of end rubb layers theseAbove itself. brooches bronze of fragments strata the while first, down burned which frames of probability of peak the whole the sealed that layer charcoal a by over all covered was edifice the of inside the Specifically, fire. by caused the soil, natural building. the of out thrown garbage as regarded and with associated be can bones animal and potsherds of presence tower’s le and le buil the of disrepair utter the shows evidence archaeological last the Finally, s western the along tower, the Outside
containing
a large number of stones fell stones of number large a internal area internal embankm an probably
mortar . , still within the inner room, the upper floors crumbled in a heap ofheap a in crumbled floorsupper the room, inner the within still ,
the previous situation and and situation previous brt ly ad oe artefact some and clay, burnt , sus ad te ies deposited items, other and /studs, C 14 analysis. It certainly refers to the to refers certainly It analysis. 14 C ted to farm work orsalvaging work ted tofarm ent on the western side, which was about 2.50 m above above m 2.50 about was which side, western the on ent the complete collapse took collapse complete the
the entire settlement. E settlement. entire the ad still been in use. This dramatic and conclusive and dramatic This use. in been still ad into 11
the courtyard, thus marking the stratigraphic the marking thus courtyard, the ide can be dated to about 1080, according to according 1080, about to dated be can
at the very edge of the settlement, the the settlement, the of edge very the at hs was This
lk bn gmn pieces, gaming bone like s
the last period of the edifice the of period last the stones. vidence of later activities is activities later of vidence
upd tagt on straight dumped
more time, as implied by implied as time, more pn h caca layer charcoal the upon
odnbas and beams wooden
to ding
the the
CEU eTD Collection
Map 2 .
General site map of the of Broili. Scale: 1:200. of Broili. c. 12
310. context by Scale: c. 1:50. filled 309 cut green: hut; Boat Purple: phase. same indicates colour Same 2). Edifice (with area/courtyard 2a. Map
Map of the eastern part of the level level the of part eastern the of Map
- shaped shaped CEU eTD Collection Archaeological historical interpretation and phase. Scale: c. 1:50. hut yellow: phase; silos orange: structure; round large Blue: phase. same indicates 2b. Map of investigation, after the establishment of religious structures as early as the fourth century, fourth the as early as structures religious of establishment the after investigation, of ninth a and century), thirteenth the around rebuilt was it (until Ages Middle early the throughout times, previous For century. tenth the to ar back goes probably which of phase early Florian,the St. churchof parish the establishmentof the with connection valley,in probably maintain such a network emerged after the sixth century, sixth the after emerged network a such maintain to incapacity certain a Aquileia), of council 380 the by promoted (as areas rural in even helgcl uvy hv htet dtce ol a ae niu cuc, abandoned church, Antique Late a only detected hitherto have surveys chaeological - century The site of site The
a o te cent the of Map
Eigenkirche Broili is the first evidence of power structure and land organisation in the in organisation land and structure power of evidence first the is Broili
. Although the lack of other evidence may be a result of result a be may evidence other of lack the Although . a ad etr part western and ral 13
f h lvl racutad Sm colour Same area/courtyard. level the of
as shown by the abandonment, in abandonment, the by shown as -
and the limits the
- fence fence CEU eTD Collection Press, 2005), especially 383 2005), Press, Chris Wickham. lands: and peasants over power aristocratic patriarcale signoria Zanin, which in Frioul, northern monast the to Illegio) of west northmiles of from fewdozens (a Forni at located time the of sources written extant rare the 16 Territorio nel rurale di Aquileia see 15
be expected for this period), or an outbuilding related to Edifice 4, if this had really been been really had this if 4, Edifice to related outbuilding an or period), this for expected be comp larger a of remains what eitherbe could high a for residence suitable any of speak not would alone boat The Broili. of site the to descendants immediate his or him connecting ti the of custom typical a following there buried was who chapel, private aristocratic this of founder the to ascribed be can structures secular No Eigenkirche eighth/ninth the from recovered more a of result a system. as economic organised onwards century eighth seventh/early late the from manufa developed pottery “standardised” some by attested are Frioul in which period, earlyCarolingian andLombard late bythe seenbe somechanges can whilst production, and c or not atall Christianised(Lombards, Slavs). werepartially that people new of arrival the or consolidate to inability churches’ localeither with conjunction in perhaps districts. problems, economic/management Alpine the like zones peripheral in located churches Frioulan of number good a of function, liturgical of terms The transfer of lands to monasteries could have had an important part in thisin part important an had have could monasteries to lands of transfer The th Valley,is Illegio example the another in Paul St. of church the from Apart enturies of the early Middle Ages, that is a slackening institutional pressure on resources on pressure institutional slackening a is that Ages, Middle early the of enturies
Aurora L’evoluzione dei poteri di tipo pubblico nella marca friulana dal periodo carolingio alla nascita della nascita alla carolingio periodo dal friulana marca nella pubblico tipo di poteri dei L’evoluzione The situation seems then to reflect what Wickham has put forward about the first the about forward put has Wickham what reflect to then seems situation The Cagnana,
could indicate the presence of some authority in the course of the ninth century. ninth the course of authority inthe some thecould presenceof indicate
Lo scavo di San Martino di Ovarodi(UD)(sec. Martino San di scavo Lo Vnc: nvrià a Fsai 21) 28 2010), Foscari, Ca’ Università (Venice:
- 85. 85.
(Mantua:SAP, 2011).
16
In the Illegio Valley just a few of these ceramic forms were forms ceramic these of few a just Valley Illegio the In - etr lyr a te hrh f t Paul St. of church the at layers century 15
Such difficulties may have been caused by by caused been have may difficulties Such 14
lex (eventually timber constructions, as would as constructions, (eventuallytimber lex Framing the Early Middle Middle Ages Early the Framing V - me. There is a slight possibility of of possibility slight a is There me. 29. About the difficult consolidation of of consolidation difficult the About 29. –
XII). XII). ery of Sesto al Reghena in 781; 781; in Reghena al Sesto of ery Archeologia della Cristianizzazione Cristianizzazione Archeologiadella - ranking person, however, it it however, person, ranking
dux dux the return of paganism, for for paganism, of return the process. It is the case with one of of withone case the is It process. e church of St. Martin St. of church e Massellio gives some estates estates some gives Massellio
(Oxford: University University (Oxford: hwvr the however, , - hpd hut shaped trs that ctures
at Ovaro, Ovaro, at Luig i CEU eTD Collection oe lf sadn) bten h lt LmadCrlnin eid n te ie hn eegr ul u his up built Berengar when time the and families/groups. loyal to lands granting by period networkofalliances Lombard/Carolingian late the between standing), left tower 37 2003), Giglio, del (Florence: All’Insegna nord nel medievale archeologia di ricerche Savorgnano: di Motta della Castello 18 (Workshop Brogiolo in un’age per appunti altomedievale: nell’Italia legno in “Edilizia others, among Fronza, Vittorio contexts. echelon c which kind, the of constructions of characteristics common shows hut the hand, other the On forthcoming). be anyway should 4 Edifice for dating 14 (C exclude to not but 17
goingcentury, tothe back eighth according toC stone a there found actually have archaeologists and too, times previous in existed had they that demonstrating therefore clergyman, a to confirmed are some which in 922, of charter a in mentioned is This Illegio. central in located Savorgnano, of Motta at was and/or the Ottonian(includ rulers Berengar King by established network organisational the within officials of activities to related as seen be then could which itself, 2 Edifice from residence of evidence substantial wo as authority, local any of seat permanent collectinghypothesis (also thelightlargea in place for of of taxes in of storage sho one therefore humidity), from supplies the protecting (for walls inside the on plastered was them of none that noteworthy is It span. chronological short room andperiodicallywarehouses)a (interpreted a the silos delimited as setover (re)built in demonstrated as area, level the of use constant the from instance, for judge, to 2, Edifice strictly a as established been have to appears round the like area, 2. Edifice before used and erected In that case, there would there case, that In Fabio Piuzzi et al. al. et Piuzzi Fabio niaoi srmni itrrtzoi rhooih pr n soi dl’lo medioevo dell’alto storia una per archeologiche interpretazioni e strumenti Indicatori, There is little evidence of such centres in the region, however, one of the few known few the of one however, region, the in centres such of evidence little Thereis - kind goods being stocked and soon directed elsewhere. This would support the support would This elsewhere. directed soon and stocked being goods kind Typologies in the light of archaeology and on a European scale are exhaustively dealt with by by with dealt exhaustively are scale European a on and archaeology of light the in Typologies , Padua, 25 March Padua, , “ a euna eidzaa el fs ietfct (ni 1997 (anni identificate fasi delle periodizzata sequenza La
one (314), may be associated with this phase, although the settlement the although phase, this with associated be may (314), one
have been a stonework as early as 9 as early as stonework a been have
- 27, 2010), forthcoming. 2010), 27, ed thepatriarch). 17 -
70. 70. In such event, the early structures detected in the level the in detected structures early the event, such In It could b could It 15
- organised centre only with the construction of construction the with only centre organised e a case of continuity in terms of a seat of power (the power of seat a of terms in continuity of case a e 14 dating.14 l as b udrind y h lc of lack the by underpinned be also uld - ould anyway be relevant to both peasant and high and peasant both to relevant be anyway ould oten rol aot 5 ie suh of south miles 25 about Frioul, northern
th
century, this being quite unusual a situation, situation, a unusual quite being this century, 18
properties and fortifications and properties - size vessels) rather than a ratherthan vessels) size - - built tower with phases phases with tower built est italiano est - 99 l tik f seasonal of think uld -
2001 - nda della ricerca,” ricerca,” della nda , ed. ed. , 2, in 02),” e. Gianpie ed. , Fabio Piuzzi Piuzzi Fabio Progetto by tro tro - CEU eTD Collection hs s es ue in sure; less is this 800 c. Ages, Middle dista substantial over production surplus of transport meant havemust this holding; ofland terms in emphasised, canbe officials) Jahrhunderts zehnten des 22 terroiresiècle XIe au 21 Sociologia et Historia Series Slovenskem Abo 2013). thi displays It Normans. 20 19
this is ju is this since said, be can more nothing although Frioul, in estates held also Provence, of Rudolf Broili). at one the of throug power political centres institutional as interpreted are that territory surrounding the in situated mottes the of one systemof political the to referred eventually which located, is Paladru of archaeologicalsite south in region Isère the and Slovenia from sites with case the is as Europe, central of part southern early the in some exist also nonetheless, examples century, tenth the of turn the around Normandy in developed choicemayalso a ofsuch deriveother model from reasons difficultascertain. to Slovenia. eventually and productionAustria, Germany, southern France, like Alps, of centres geog the other in emerged represented also as control, resource that and management places (fortified) in permanently quite mid the around namely moisture suitable dwellin a proper a as of building the speak arranging at aimed only solution insulation may It view. of point historical an from MichelBur, Harald Krahwinkler, Harald The Bayeau Tapestry,d Bayeau The Michel Colardelle et al., al., et Colardelle Michel s technique matches technique s ots n bies r a eteet atr ta, n t me its in that, pattern settlement a are baileys and Mottes meant motte of sort a into 2 Edifice of transformation the what say to difficult is It ut Slovenia: Katarina Predovnik, Predovnik, Katarina Slovenia: ut st mentioned briefly anya without document of in924 details. further
Ozemlju” [ Ozemlju” Le château Le nces, which in turn started the market mechanism, see: Timothy Reuter, Timothy see: mechanism, market the started turn in which nces, -
(Paris: Èd. de la Maison des sciences de l’Homme, 1993). 1993). l’Homme, sciencesde Maisondes la de Èd. (Paris: 1056 the construction of a motte a of construction the
Frioul, one notices some “standardised” pottery manufactures, although a certain certain a although manufactures, pottery “standardised” some notices one Frioul, 21 Friaul im Frühmittelalter: Geschichte einer Region vom Ende des fünften bis zum Ende zum bis fünften des Ende vom Region einer Geschichte Frühmittelalter: im Friaul the mound in mound the Kosova Gomila and the question of presence of Mott of presence of question the and Gomila Kosova
For the previous period, however, it is noteworthy that the local ruler, ruler, local the that noteworthy is it however, period, previous the For ated to the late eleventh late the to ated (Tu
( Les habitats du lac de Paladru (Isère) dans leur environnement: la la environnement: leur dans (Isère) Paladru de lac du habitats Les Ven: ölu 1 Böhlau, (Vienna: London
18 (2008). (2008). 18 rnhout - et cnuy r ltl ltr we lrs culy ea t settle to began actually lords when later, little a or century tenth
Lnmn 19) 229 1991), Longman, : : Brepols, 1999), 23. 23. 1999), : Brepols,
Broili ( Broili
h the first half of the eleventh century (a little later than later little (a century eleventh the of half first the h http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry - “Kosova Gomila v Razvanju in Vrprašanje Obstoja Obstoja Vrprašanje in Razvanju v Gomila “Kosova 9) 113. 992), eastern France. eastern
composed of different artifici different of composed
century, attests to such to attests century, 16
- A certain movement of rulers (including Church Church (including rulers of movement certain A 0 Hwvr fo a acaooia perspe archaeological an from However, 30. 20
Th e latter is where the well the where is latter e
a
building pattern brought in by the by in brought pattern building es in the territory of Slovenia] of territory the in es
al strata laid upon one another: another: one upon laid strata al raphic areas beyond the the beyond areas raphic dieval form, was first first was form, dieval 19
g place, at a time, a at place, g German
All the same, the same, the All , last access: March March access: last , 22
formation d’un d’un formation
y in the E the in y
- resistant resistant - known known o na Mot ctive, ctive, arly
in CEU eTD Collection 23 not clear still is century) twelfth the (until situation later stressed often has regionalisation
north (w 326 floor on deposited layer a and area, level the of centre the in pit large the namely, mentioned; above come those obstruct or cut which features potsherds from instead of number good A managers. settlement’s the by planned deliberately thei of end the mean would silos and structure round large the in artefacts site. the at else anywhere detected been not has it of end the marks migh one attack, military a by caused really were that If settlement. the of destruction final the to related situation archaeological the on based are conclusions Such 1. Tower of erection matter; this in E help area’s and level structures the cannot both that stratigraphy considering held, be out, may hypothesis pointed a such notwithstanding, already As motte. the of exploitation hectic belong ofthe complex. stages tothe latest north the around building the outside found potsherds, of (more) of Evidence w layers, the chronologically). from apart too, phase this for scant construction is residence permanent previous the to close reused relatively was it mean also may which imply, would floor underg same the not of use did the as spacechanges, internal 2’s Edifice whilst 4, Edifice obliterated work artificial such that is instead sure stratigraphically is What south). the to (perhaps site into 3 than farther stretch not did plausibly it but An attack appears moresi convincing, appears Anattack account the edges of the terrain and the necessity of leaving a track for accessing the accessing for track a leaving of necessity the and terrain the of edges the account t then assume that Tower 1 was the only existing complex at the time, as the fire that fire the as time, the at complex existing only the was 1 Tower that assume then t - western edge of the level area, both of which should probably be ascribed to the the to ascribed be probably should which of both area, level the of edge western All in all, a reorganisation of some consequence can be suggested, especially if the if especially suggested, be can consequence some of reorganisation a all, in All uncertain, is mound the of extension original the motte, Broili’s the to regard With difice 2/Motte were presumably abandoned before, or because of the the of because or before, abandoned presumably were 2/Motte difice of the level area through the silo phase was associated with the creation the with associated was phase silo the through area level the of
concerning cir concerning nce, in case of an ac ofan case in nce, culation, in particular in the eighth the in particular in culation,
17
owing to the limited number of number limited owingthe to - 4 m from the walls of Edifice 2, also taking also 2, Edifice of walls the from m 4 cident , the edifice would perhaps have been rebuilt. rebuilt. been have wouldperhaps the edifice , - atr cre, hc se to seem which corner, eastern
ithout respecting it) on the on it) respecting ithout 23
Besides, the absence of of absence the Besides, - ninth sites investigated sites ith a good number number good a ith
century, whereas t whereas century, considerable o r function as as function r
.
he
CEU eTD Collection 28 Ueberreuter, 27 almost sources 26 Héricher, Flambard and 198 Tom2006), Crahm, du (Caen: Publications McNeill E. Peuplement et Château médiévale. castellologie de Études 22. Gaillard Château 25 2013). access: March Medievale 24
Tolmezzo (the latter is 3 miles from the Illegio Valley).Illegio the from miles 3 is latter (the Tolmezzo the with case the be would as century, twelfth the of course the century, tenth the of half second the by Aquileia of scope the within was Frioul of most Although likely. t at ascertained phases the of any ofcharge in being Aquileia of patriarchate the of official any of possibility the far so mentioned not th indicates dating 14 C noteworthythat is it however, scenario, socialand political a of terms in broughtabout of pr witness bear materials some whereas place, dwelling a indicate vessels ceramic and waste self certain a showing activities family. a as regarded is literature in what matches it m), sq 45 room (innersize its to according that, fact the than other stages t the of decades last the in constructed earlier may 1,which evidence bear Tower a breakand/or of than collecting storage. intax the about remain Doubts hut the 1. of interpretation Tower of building the during out carried rearrangement Luigi ChristofKrauskopf. Nothing more can be added, since the historical context of this part of Frioul is quite obscure, quite is Frioul of part this of context historical the since added, be can more Nothing A useful guide to the topic and relevant references by Enrico Zanini. Zanini. Enrico by references relevant and topic the to guide useful A Karl Karl erogatives ofaristocratic pieces).(hunting,chess ranks Zanin ( Zanin Brunner, 24 It is uncertain what the 976 annexation of Carnia (north Carnia of annexation 976 the what uncertain is It was This 1. Tower by represented is organisation, site of terms in point, turning The
The artef The 1994), 69. 1994), (1998), (1998), entirely entirely 2010
ezgüe ud akn vm nantr bs n 1. arudr, 907 Jahrhundert, 12. ins bis Ungarnsturm vom Marken: und Herzogtümer 27
) the patriarch took control over the northernmost districts of it allegedly in in allegedly it of districts northernmost the over control took patriarch the , 101. 101. ,
“
absent. absent. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/palazzo_(Enciclopedia Just Noble Things? Studies on t Studies on Noble Things? Just acts yielded by excavation demonstrate this for a later phase. Along with with Along phase. later a for this demonstrate excavation by yielded acts
at the foundation of the tower would go back to this very time. very this to back go would tower the of foundation the at
-
and
- palatium fence construction, because construction, fence - ufcet cnm (rn okn, od trg) bone storage), food working, (iron economy sufficient ta i, praet eiec o te oa lord’s local the of residence permanent a is, that , nh etr, u ltl cn e ad bu is early its about said be can little but century, enth 18 he site of Broili. It cannot be It cannot Broili. of site he
he Material Culture of 13 Cultureof Material he 28
Eventually, it is the destruction of destruction the is it Eventually, it is later than the silos but likely but silos the than later is it 25
Palazzo - th
et rol o Carinthia to Frioul) west -
villages of Venzone and and Venzone of villages and 14 and , ed. Peter Ettel, Anne Ettel, Peter ed. , dell' - 200, 197. 197. 200, i E in , - Arte excluded, but excluded, th
ccoei dell’Arte nciclopedia Century Nobility, Century - Medievale)/
- 1156 with 26
(
Vienna: Vienna: I have have I
written - is not is Marie Marie (last (last ”
in in CEU eTD Collection Notiziario della Soprintendenza per i Beni Beni i per Archeologici Soprintendenza del VeneziaFriuli della Notiziario Giulia 30 189. 2007), Medievali, Insediamenti Studi sugli di Internazionale Italy: Centro in XII tendenza,” (secoli di Medievali line Campagne alcune su Osservazioni Medioevo. del centrali secoli nei 29
revolt in the third decade of the fourteenth century after having served the patriarch of of patriarch Aquileia as the served having after century fourteenth the of decade third the in revolt those to refer may which ascertained, been have the of abandonment the to relevant layers the only moment, the At Feleteit. called spur accessible barely a upon situated tower a detected have way, under still investigations, Tirol/Uppe well naturally and isolated quite at specifically, scope, jurisdictional their within areas inhabited and production from distance certain a at castles peri that from and changing, were patterns settlement However, abandoned. definitively was site The century. eleventh the of end the around occurred event this says probability of peak dating’s 14 C centre. power leaders of change a about brought have would who patriarch, the of intervention the with consistent been have might that settlement the Giuseppe Albertoni, “Caseforti e torri nel quadro degli insediamenti fortificati della regione tra Inn e Adige e Inn tra regione della fortificati insediamenti degli quadro nel torri e “Caseforti Albertoni, Giuseppe Stefano Roascio et al., “Tolmezzo (UD): Illegio, second Illegio, (UD): “Tolmezzo al., et Roascio Stefano
r Adige regions. r Adige ministeriales
for some generations.for some - 29 XV)
An example comes from the Illegio the Archaeological An example comesValley from too. , ed. Rinaldo Comba, Francesco Panero and Giuliano Pinto (Cherasco, (Cherasco, Pinto Giuliano and Panero Francesco Comba, Rinaldo ed. , d rsortc uig aiis ea t etbih their establish to began families ruling aristocratic od 19
30 a campagna di scavo in località Feleteit (2008),” in (2008),” Feleteit località in scavo di campagna a
hip in the valley by attacking the existing existing the attacking by valley the in hip
oii e Legio de domini - protected places, as observed in the in observed as places, protected
ot, or e Torri Motte, (2008). (2008).
that fled because of a a of because fled that
Caseforti nelle nelle Caseforti place place CEU eTD Collection stratigraphic situation of which, nonetheless, prevent them from being considered in this analysis. In addition, addition, In gr,81 potsherds, 10 not b could analysis. this in considered being from them prevent nonetheless, which, of situation stratigraphic activity medieval late sporadic a to refer 31 years 950. c. between925and bu construction the to represents a another One distinguished. the same phases. ed the and courtyard the between contacts direct clear of lack the since maintained, been has areas emerge that differences chronological and stratigraphic the match discrepancies or similarities eventual other the on outcomes, separa with dealt are clusters s the a good of al stratigraphic contexts, number excl almost is and site the Phases the of Ceramic A
A very few glazed/underglazed potsherds have been recovered, mainly from the topsoil the frommainly recovered, been have potsherds A glazed/underglazed few very ilders (212), and the laying the and (212), ilders ame situation have been group been have situation ame ifices creates problems in problems creates ifices
The last group of pottery,of group last The cluster, substantial Amore th In to probability high with belong which assemblages ceramic the only analysis, the For of excavation the in recovered materials of group attested most the far by is Pottery layer (242), which may which (242), layer
terminus ante quem terminus ante from the archaeological sequence. The division of the settlement in three main main three in settlement the of division The sequence. archaeological the from esen at f h st, three site, the of part eastern e
, of the aforesaid edifice. Specifically, the natural soil trampled on by the the by on trampled soil natural the Specifically, edifice. aforesaid the of Cl. 2 Cl.
hand, it makes it possible it makes it hand, , refers to a layer that pre that layer a to refers , ssemblages usively coarseware (771 potsherds, 4,529 grams) 4,529 potsherds, (771 coarseware usively e available for paste analysis. analysis. paste for available e
of a mortar floor (21 floor mortar a of ey Sc a solut a Such tely. , and thus
link be associated with the boat the with associated be Cl
Cl. 3 Cl. 46 0) ln wt hrso oreae 1g,te uncertain the gr, 11 coarseware, of shards 6 with along 300); (436, . ed with one another, whereas, in case of uncertainty, the uncertainty, of case in whereas, another, one with ed ing 4
, comes from contexts th contexts from comes , , is composed of stratigraphic units which are related are which units stratigraphic of composed is , their features and artefacts together artefacts and features their Chapter 2
their dating falls before about falls 925 their beforedating though not everythough (Table isrepresented phase 1). 20
- o, n h oe hand, one the on ion,
existed the building of Edifice 2 Edifice of building the existed main to cro to
6, 220, 244); all probably go probably all 244); 220, 6, ss otxs ih otr ha pottery with contexts - check data, specifically, whether whether specifically, data, check - shaped hut (for both, Edifice 2 Edifice both, (for hut shaped at belong to the last use of the of use last the to belong at
and a pit that seems to to seems that pit a and prevent . 31 -
950 CE). prec
It was found in found was It
isely back to the to back s
(421) distorted distorted ve been been ve
within within
and and
CEU eTD Collection under question). underquestion). levelling the from apart courtyard, the at occurred that events substantial only the identify silos the and structure toget taken phases area’s cross they therefore bottom, the 32 to close quite deposits, the of part lower the from recovered works. aforesaid the during up mixed possib they 330; and the and 1 Tower ac organisational any of span, for was hut it cutby the stage),structures however, ascribed tothis belongchronological roughly should to thesame it contex including typical Roman of evidence occupati no significant is there since situation, single a be to seems It 314). 360, (359, structure round large the to relevant features the and 347), 302=361, (444, workers the by rearranged carr undertaking earliest the to refer which to though stages, sequence’s construction of Tower 1 the with accordance in area eastern which”, the before that interpretation “limit the considered be can 970/980 around give 2 Edifice of erection The phase. Motte the to ascribed be tentatively can it therefore building), the inside or outside (either layers destruction the by covered directly are they for 248), 168, 247, 206, (204, complex
This fact prevents any exact attribution to a specific earlier situation; that notwithstanding, it allows a further a allows it notwithstanding, that situation; earlier specific a to attribution exact any prevents fact This - check of data, in particular, comparing the results in terms of pastes and typologies relevant to the level level the to relevant typologies and pastes of terms in results the comparing particular, in data, of check Finally, the third group, third the Finally, cluster, second The t regard With - Age wasconstruction jars disturbed byof the that Tower 1(see below
t 428. The latter obliterated part of floor 326 (that was used by some of the the of some by used was (that 326 floor of part obliterated latter The 428. t
new form of settlement management. The relevant contexts are contexts relevant The management. settlement of form new n eoe t before on
ly her with those coming from each of these stages (supposing that the large round round large the that (supposing stages these of each from coming those with her te oryr, otr i peet in present is pottery courtyard, the o contained potsherds which belong which potsherds contained on tivity on the level area, area, level the on tivity
the westernedge settlement. ofthe - l 4a Cl.
and ifrn extent different e eivl work medieval he Cl. 5 Cl. - fence intervention. fence i cnetd ih h sls hs (2, 2, 412), 325, (322, phase silos the with connected is , f h st fl it disrepair into fell site the of , ha , 32 s, in this case, a case, this in s,
It is important to note that most of the artefacts were artefacts the of most that note to important is It s ceramics coming from layers which mark the end the mark which layers from coming ceramics s 21 ied out in the level area, namely area, level the in out ied
s Te is cluster, first The .
te ta a prdc eoi wt a few a with deposit sporadic a than other rbby soitd with associated probably
terminus post quem post terminus
o h rvospae and phases previous the to
ot f h archaeologica the of most l 3a Cl.
t h lts durin latest the at cnit o layers of consists , , whilst the years the whilst , ,
h bidn of building the the natural soil soil natural the 310, 313, 310, Cl. 1 Cl.
the g were were ).
l CEU eTD Collection majority of the artefacts, if not all, coming from these refer to previous stages), therefore the pottery is not not is pottery the therefore stages), previous to refer these from differ to much.expected coming all, not if artefacts, the of majority 33 the eleventh c of end the roughly is that latter, the of destruction the is which” before “limit chronological to relevant be should si group, this in included thus is layers disruption the from Pottery 17). 15, 14, (11, phase this during building the of out thrown wastes to refer probably which wall, western the 105, 101=123=129, come cluster last the to assigned assemblages a represent tower) the of (erection 970/980 around 127 Roman typical the to according ( 436 whereas phase, ( 446 and 441 area, level Thecome the lastclustersfrom TowerIn of thesite. located 1complex the inthewestern part specified. silos the refe should this same, the layers.All different two of excavation the between out carried cleaning the during recovered was it for contexts, specific to ascribed not was which pottery origi the of south the to sediment left mostly (it exactly reconstructed be cannot relationships stratigraphic its so and recovered (300). inthe topsoil ( group specific a considered are which of materials the (406), pits of couple a namely sporadic, were they but detected, been indeed have actions medieval plaus
The situation of 308 appears to b to appears 308 of situation The , which , ibly co ibly In addition, 308 consists of consists 308 addition, In -
33 and large and
has been interp been has post and medieval Late contamination. later from preserved context a from me entury. -
125, 140, 142), 140, 125, round
Cl. 1 Cl.
the nal features because of because features nal Cl. 5a Cl.
manufactures in use at the very last stage of the tower and whose whose and tower the of stage last very the at use in manufactures - ) must be a pre a be must ) structure phases, or to the final levelling action, if not otherwise not if action, levelling final the to or phases, structure reted as reted
e quite similar to that of contexts 310, 313, 330 (supposing that the large the that (supposing 330 313, 310, contexts of that to similar quite e ) can tentativel can ) - Age ware found there. Another group, Another there. found ware Age
a separate cluster,separate a Cl. 7 Cl. the second use of the of use second the , the only exceptions being those found just outside just found those being exceptions only the , - existing deposit which was disturbed by the latter, the by disturbed was which deposit existing 22 y be considered as belonging to its construction construction its to belonging as considered ybe
the the sloping terrain). This group also comprises also group terrain). This sloping
terminus post quem post terminus rm nie hs edifice this inside from Cl. 4b Cl. uligadfrwihte years the which for and building , since it was not an in an not was it since , l 8 Cl. , together ), . M . Cl. 6 Cl. ost of the ceramic ceramic the of ost
, is , (2, 100=121, 100=121, (2,
ih those with - formed by formed situ layer, situ c it nce r to r -
CEU eTD Collection Western Eastern Court Dating hrceitc) i odr o hw h stain f h st i trs f ats s whole. a as pastes of terms in site the of situation the ba show to the order (on in characteristics), pastes macro in grouped here are context stratigraphic each within distinguished initially were that pastes First, data. recording for followed are steps naked on relies bodies ceramic of description The Technical of analysis archaeologicalchronological and sequence. 1. Table yard area area
-
Roman lses C. o pottery of (Cl.) Clusters (436) Cl. 1 Age
925 and hut phase,hut Before c. shaped (242), (421) boat Cl. 2 potteryclusters - Cl. 2a 50 CE
-
-
Cl. 3 Cl. 4b tentatively (302, 314,(302, connected 444), 444), first level area c. 360, 361, 347, 359, 216, 220, Edifice Edifice 2 Edifice 2 structure building phase), round (large Cl. 3a use ofuse
phase 244), 244), from phases both 925 with with
(212,
- - (308), materials otiig tairpi cnet ascae wt the with associated contexts stratigraphic containing 50 - -
second use Cl. 4 tentatively area area (silos 412, 428), 325,(322, 247, 248), connected 204, 206, c. 950 Edifice Edifice 2 Edifice Edifice 2 of levelof phase),
23 and/or and/or Cl. 4a Motte Motte phase with with late
(168, - 80
-
eye and/or hand and/or eye Cl. 5 erection of tentatively theof area tentatively associated 313, 330), (materials c. 970 probably levelling building Tower 1 Tower 1 with with the stages) earlier Cl. 5a phase 446), 446), (441, from
(310, - 80
second use 10th Tower 1 End of 11th c. (127), Cl. 6 - - lens analysis only.Three analysis lens
early
11, 14, 15, 140, 142), 125, 129, 121, 123, 101, 105, last stagelast 11th Cl. 7 Tower 1 17, 100, century of 11thof Early i o common of sis -
end
(2,
Cl. Late/post medieval sporadic activity 406), 406),
time 8
(300,
CEU eTD Collection 37 36 site. fromthe assemblages ceramic 35 gr). 34 bee have must firing therefore shading), different with (actually grey and/or orange generally are Colours 2%) mineral elements that maybe intentional. p (crushed chamotte pulverised of presence addition In 2. mm. to up minute frequent are and a Pastes calcite. of composed Pastes, manufacturing, firing. which only( 2 Cluster 2 different interpreted stratigraphicin as units, belonging tothe same (as phase Table 1). liste are cluster each from coming types and forms pottery the Third, solutions. treatment surface and firing to due mainly aspects on focus I Second, otsherds)
All shards from 242. All shards Percentag from 421. All shards Roman xlsvl mco nlss namely analysis, macro Exclusively
. the presence intentional other mineral elements. of 37
Temper c About 2a Paste Macro 1 Paste Macro clean is clay The a contexts relevant The - Age finds not considered for the for considered not finds Age
(before c.(before 925
and also other tiny grey grey tiny other also and
n ter ie ranges size their and 8 the n quite oxidised, though not very long, as can be inferred by a good presence presence good a by inferred be can as long, very not though oxidised, quite n
onsists of frequentcalcitegrains of onsists ranging from to minute gr technical aspects, all aspects, technical fromcome 242. )
(sh. 56: 97%, 56: (sh.
- s. : 3%, 2: (sh. 950 CE) ed es are es are
35
re distinguished on the basis of inclusi of basis the on distinguished re ms o te muiis removed) impurities the of (most
re 242 and 421. The total number of shards is shards of number total The 421. and 242 re based on the total number ofshardsby number theon total based , 34
naked
analysis: 2 amphora shards (159 gr), and 4 shards of fine pottery (12 (12 pottery fine of shards 4 and gr), (159 shards amphora 2 analysis: 527 , from from 8
the the
- gr: gr: y o uig a using or eye the
gr: 98%) gr:
24 ceramic bodies are wheel are bodies ceramic based and(left) onthenumber weight ofshards. Fig. 1. 100%
20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
. 36 Percentages ofsandwich
number number of T hand
shards he t he es hs o a be crid u fr all for out carried been far so has lens, emper is mostly calcite; calcite; mostly is emper
. ah lse i cmoe of composed is cluster Each d. number and weight. and number weight of
shards n te ai tme i temper basic the and ons’ size and frequency and size ons’ - thrown and hard fired. fired. hard and thrown
3
mm - like firing
58 .
firing sandwich firing non (535 gr), of gr), (535
the grains the - sandwich sandwich
- like s
CEU eTD Collection heating or water heatingor 40 118 49, seem not does cooking for use continuous 39 metodi indagine di moderni e lavorazione 38 (20%, shards 5 frequent. Pastes, manufacturing, firing. ( Cluster 3 rim differs a l ( shards 41 gr ( jug a than rather lid unce some with vessels specific Pottery types. 29%, gr) (5 shard one vessels grey patina,a which indicates fire. probably longusein (26%, Finally,shards 15 dissolve; to time enough ( shard 1 only that sandwich of 93
It depends on several conditions, but the process generally starts to a significant extent from 800° C, whilst a a whilst C, 800° from extent significant a to starts generally process the but conditions, several on depends It About colour and firing, see: Ninina Cuomo di Caprio, Caprio, di Cuomo Ninina see: firing, and colour About ) tik shards, thick 2 , suggesting ,
gr 85 ). - foll., 494. foll., , thus featuring thus , The clay has been cleaned been has clay The 216 212, are contexts relevant The of Most polishing treatment, surface of terms In
gr
(c. 925 (c. : 16%). 69%, 450 gr: 83%) gr: 450 69%, - like sections (sh. 23, 40%, 40%, 23, (sh. sections like - ittle from the other fromittle two,butstill the
delivery
98 the presence of another container (pot?) container another of presence the the . Decoration is characterised by deep combing, mostly combing, deep by characterised is Decoration . -
950 CE)
gr 5
osed (l cmn fo 41 h 421) from coming (all potsherds Roman perhaps are they as considered, not are
T gr system.
ype 10 ype in in )
shows voids on its surface (indicating that the calcite d calcite the that (indicating surface its on voids shows 77 24 all potsherd all
40 whereas
gr gr ; Table1); n. 28,
: 14%), all 14%), : : 28%) probably belong to Cluster 1’s flat pan 421 (see Macro Macro (see 421 pan 1’sflat Cluster to belong probably 28%) : are part of part are rtainty. 15 fragments (26%, fragments rtainty.15
and the basic temper is calcite. Inclusions are moderate are Inclusions calcite. is temper basic the and (Rome:L’Erma Bretschnei di to cause dissolution of calcite, see: ofcalcite, dissolution cause to the kiln temperature temperature kiln the s; the grains of grains the s; 261 from one plate or flat pan ( pan flat or plate one , 220, 244, and the total number total the and 244, 220, , 25
gr seems
apart from 1 r 1 from apart what could be a lid (421), have a whitish/li a have (421), lid a be could what is present is 49%) : La ceramica in Archeologia, 2: antiche tecniche di tecniche antiche 2: Archeologia, in ceramica La
to befrom temper are visible on the surface the on visible are temper 38
v be ietfe ad assigned and identified been ave (fig. 1). F 1). (fig. of similar manufacture. In addition In manufacture. similar of on both on probably
der,122 2007), im (2 gr), they include a base ( base a include theygr), (2 im 77 - g ring Age
the same vessel). gr: 14 gr:
T Ninina Cuomo di Caprio 2007, 92, 2007, Caprio di Cuomo Ninina ype 11ype the
urther evidence for this this for evidence urther did - inside and inside %) seem to seem %) hpd ics eeat to relevant pieces shaped
o rah 0° C). 800° reach not - ; Tbl. 29, n. 1 n. 29, Tbl. ; 23. 23. on the outside (18: outside the on
of potsher of
/or outside /or
id belong to a to belong
not
ds is 25 is ds of only only of - 2
; one ; have ght
29 of ly ly to
39 is a ,
CEU eTD Collection decoration onthelip 64%, grain weight (b). a 43%) isplausi on only (16%, 4shards 421). from shards the Sandwich on evidence similar of absence the notwithstanding 421, pan flat a shards 5 the on detected were paste burnt and (vitrification vitrified wit grey, to orange reddish mean 1 Pas Fig. 2. Fig.
mm 100% te 1), whereas ( 2rim shards 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% s visi s 54
the intentional use of suchthe intentionaluseelem and, rarely,2 and,
In All 2 Paste Macro Percentages of sandwich of Percentages
gr
- em o srae ramn, lot l f all almost treatment, surface of terms ble on one or both sides (sh. 24, (sh. sides both or one on ble like firing amounts to 10fragments(40%, to amounts firing like
: 58%), w 58%), : the sandwich
blypost due to ceramic bodies are wheel ceramic are bodies firing -
like
mm hich also marks the upper interiors upper the marks also hich (fig. 3) (fig.
(sh. 18: 70%, 70%, 18: (sh. 22 . The presence of at least one millimetric quartz millimetric one least at of presence The .
gr . te xeto o 1 hr ( shard 1 of exception the h : 23%) - depositional since conditions, it
voids 9 -
gr like firing and voids based on the number of shards (a) and (a) shards of number the on based voids and firing like
)
(fig. 2) 60 from 216 are notascribedfrom 216are toany paste. ent
gr: 66%). Calcite grain Calcite 66%). gr: -
thrown and hard/very hard fired. Colours rangefrom fired. Colours andhard hard/verythrown as temper , and t , 26 89 100%
20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
gr). Most of Most gr). he patina detected on 13 sh he 13 patina detected on
. amns ee oihd (24, polished were ragments
61 sandwich
gr of 2 rims (gr. 9), besides som besides (gr. 9), rims 2 of firing : 66%) : 6
gr also affects cracked the parts them s them - s r s like wih s lc ad almost and black is which )
ange from minute size up to up size minute from ange (fig. 2) (fig. how deep combing (16: (16: combing deep how ssigned to the aforesaid aforesaid the to ssigned , whilst voids voids whilst ,
voids grain
ards (52%, 40 gr:ards 40 (52%,
may 87
gr), with with gr), possibly possibly e notch notch e feature b
.
CEU eTD Collection a paste and its weight would monopolise the percentage chart. chart. percentage the monopolise would weightits and paste a distinguished initially types for context. same the standswithin 359/361) after (as T abbreviation The 494. 84, 2007, Caprio di Cuomo least at must temperature poorly or high 43 which potsherds intoaccount take also first ones 42 the 41 and, at ti fr and certain size Pastes (fig. manufacturing, firing. 4), shards 14( is Cluster 3 ( (68%, pots Pottery types. Fig. 3. a 26
The discrepancies between percentages reported in the text and those of the figures are due to the fact that thethe factto that due figures are thoseof the inand the text reported percentages between discrepancies The Perhaps it is not a case t case a not is it Perhaps 444
100% shard of Roman amphora from 359/361). amphora of Roman shard
20% 40% 60% 80% gr: 28%) are 0% (
yielded 3 shards ( shards 3 yielded T om not very frequent to frequent very not om 53 Percentages ofdecoration thenumber patternsof(a)and basedon shards weight (b). ype 1a ype
Macro Paste 1 Paste Macro clean was clay The to the and 444 361, 360, 359, 347, 314, 302, are contexts relevant The minim The mes, yellowish/orangemes, minerals.
of shards a gr number number
(tentatively in 359/ a or pot another to attests 220=244, from all 57%), : - 211 otold iig s ta rc i rock that so firing, controlled
and
diagnostic
gr weight of um number of vessels is two, inferred from the two the from inferred two, is vessels of number um shards 361 and 444(sh. 20%, 3: 361 and 2 ).
; Tbl. 3, n. 2; Tbl. 7, n. 6 n. 7, Tbl. 2; n. 3, Tbl. ; 3 The am The
have been below 870° C, since at that point qua point that at since C, 870° below been have gr) from gr) hat the fragments from 359/361 T 359/361 from fragments the hat
(sh. 7: 50%, 21 gr: 10%). Grain 10%). gr: 21 50%, 7: (sh. 925
ed and the basic temper is calcite, together with quartz with together calcite, is temper basic the and ed phora
- (Type 17a; 4) Tbl. 38,n. 950 CE)
what is probably Roman probably is what deep decoration no combing quite frequent. The distinctive element is the presence of grey grey of presence the is element distinctive The frequent. quite - like shard (Macropaste 4) is not included in fig. 4 as it has rather peculiar peculiar rather has it as 4 fig. in included not is 4) (Macropaste shard like 41 42
could not be assigned to any paste. any to assigned paste. be not could
nclusions nclusions 27 100% 18 20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
). It is uncertain whether uncertain is It ).
gr
: 9%). prevent - of shards ype 1 are vitrified, a fact which m which fact a vitrified, are 1 ype number number Age
.
f 43 ine pottery (not included in the analysis, like like analysis, the in included (not pottery ine ed s
izes range from minute to to minute from range izes
weight of the ceramic bodies from cracking. cracking. from bodies ceramic the shards rtz is irreversibly transformed, see: transformed, irreversibly is rtz n oven n
- lid, since only 2 bases bases 2 only since lid, rims notches/lines notches/lines no
a group of 17 shards shards 17 of group a ,
which belong to belong which ay indicate quite quite indicate ay tal number of number tal
grains of a a of grains
1 b -
2
mm T he
,
CEU eTD Collection 44 crackingfrom (fig. thermal 5a, shocks b) hu reddish dark gr is it since conditions, depositional ( base one of bottom the on gr ( shard e (a)on thenumberweight ofand (b). shards 4. Fig. a amphora paste. grain from toaround minute e vr hr frd Clus range Colours fired. hard very ven
The shard ( shard The : vo whilst 3%), :
% so vtiiain ht a sek f poorly of speak may that vitrification show 2%) s are be rare, very 8% 1 Apart from the amphora the from Apart 4 Paste Macro 3 Paste Macro Macro Paste 2b 2 Paste Macro Percentages of Macro Macro of Percentages Macro Pastes 25%
8%
gr) 13
that has one blackish face. Sandwich face. blackish one has that
gr)
es and the use of of use the and es fromresembles, it if 444 ids are present on 10 shards (71%, (71%, shards 10 on present are ids 59%
(sh. 3: 21%, 21%, 3: (sh. ing most of them between 1 ofthem most ing between
(sh. 1: 7%, 52 gr: 25%). Grains seem to be to seem Grains 25%). gr: 52 7%, 1: (sh. 2 (sh. 1, 1 gr). Grain(sh. 1,1
(s mm . , 1 g: 7) fg 4) Ams inclusion Almost 42). (fig. 57%) gr: 119 1, h.
. 44
Pastes without the amphora the without Pastes
3 2b 2 1 13
- intentionally like shard, all shard, like
also 5 gr: 2%) (fig. 40) (fig. 2%) gr: 5 gr
6) however, 6%), : is not, Late not, is like pastes Antique rm ry o eds oag, wi orange, reddish to grey from present .
s are not frequent andusuallys are 1. mm. smaller than notfrequent 28
-
crushed rock crushed on the broken edges. Finally,(14%, edges.shards broken 2 the on
the fragments are wheel are fragments the 1% 66% Macro Pastes - - like firing i firing like 2 and
87
6% . T . otold iig a as idctd by indicated also as firing, controlled
hs a hv rsle from resulted have may this
gr
he distinctiv he 3 -
: 42%). 42%). Agreyish:
mm like shard (Macro Paste 4), based 4), Paste (Macro shard like for temperin for 27% s evident on 3 shards (21%, (21%, shards 3 on evident s .
those from the church of St. P ofSt. church from the those
quite frequent and frequent quite e element is that minute that is element e
t te xeto o 1 of exception the h g, in order to prevent prevent to order in g, - thrown
- patina is present present is patina free, 2 1 3 2b
and hard or or hard and
iia to similar b
range post aolo.
6 5
-
CEU eTD Collection have tentatively been assigned to specific paste groups, since they were not available during the analysis analysis the during available not were f Roman they since groups, paste specific when (however, to assigned been tentatively have 45 Cluster 4 n. 7 119 Pottery types. usuallythe lower notdecorated part. on take should (21%, fragments 3
11shards(
- gr 8). : 57% : ine pottery or a or pottery ine The relevant contexts are 168, 204, 206, 247, 248 and the total number of shards is 77 77 is shards of number total the and 248 247, 206, 204, 168, are contexts relevantThe largenamelyatwo, jar is vessels of number minimum The of treatment surface The Fig. 5b. Fig. 5a.
100% 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80% (c. 950 (c. 50 0% 0% into account into , T ,
gr
the situation the ype 16 ype ) are no are ) Percentages (without amphora Percentages (without sandwich Percentages amphora (without - sandwich 980 CE) 6 late medievallamp. late
t ascribed to any to paste; t ascribed ; Tbl. 36, n. 1 n. 36, Tbl. ; gr -
: like firing like
is too uncertain too is
- the amphora the like firing like 3%). Deep combing is present on only only on present is combing Deep 3%). 45
all
) potsherds is polishing and grain and polishing is potsherds
, and 2 bases (14%, 65 gr: 31%, both T both 31%, gr: 65 (14%, bases 2 and ,
- they are not considered) not are they like piece like voids
some pot rims and bases, as is the case withas other case the as is bases, rimsand pot some voids
29 -
- like shard 314) based frequency. onshard like shard like shard 314) based weight. onshard like shard
and the presence of some bases some of presence the and vitrification . From this phase one base ( base one phase this From . vitrification
similar to amphorae (sh. 1, (sh. amphorae to similar one shard shard one s
of temper of ype 17a ype
1 r, u one but gr), (1
are visible on visible are , which were were which , 9
gr) , Tbl. 38, Tbl. , semblages
could be could
,
CEU eTD Collection potsherds that couldbe ascribedare toapaste counted). 6. Fig. a larger common. themost sizes more. orlittle 3/4 mm grains 2. gr: tomm. minute from 8%) range may notbeintentional. although presence, the is element peculiar a but mm, ( or, quite frequent. generally are Inclusions 8%). gr: 41 8%, 6: (sh. quartz crushed intentional contains also that Pastes (fig. manufacturing, firing. 6), (507 gr). chamotte, ferric oxide?).
rarely, 2. A distinctive element is the presence of yellowish or reddish or yellowish of presence the is element distinctive A2. rarely, Macro Paste 3 MacroPaste 2a Paste Macro 2 Paste Macro 1a Paste Macro 1 Paste Macro and cleaned was clay The Percentages of macro pastes based on shard frequencies (a) and weight (b) (only (only (b) weight and (a) frequencies shard on based pastes macro of Percentages
38% Macro Pastes
9%
4% 20%
(sh. 6: 8%, 47 gr: 9%). Calcite grains range from minute to 4 mm, with mm, 4 to minute from rangegrains Calcite 9%). gr: 47 8%, 6: (sh. (sh. 13: 15%, 69 gr: 14%). Calcite (and quartz in case of 6 sh.: 7%, 41 7%, sh.: 6 of case in quartz (and Calcite 14%). gr: 69 15%, 13: (sh. (sh. 3: 4%, 22 gr: 4%). Calcite grains range from minute up to 1 mm mm 1 to up minute from range grains Calcite 4%). gr: 22 4%, 3: (sh.
29%
(sh. 19: 25%, 175 gr: 35%). Calcite grains range from minute to 3 to minute from range grains Calcite 35%). gr: 175 25%, 19: (sh. (sh. 25: 33%, 144 gr: 29%). Calcite grains range grains Calcite 29%). gr: 144 33%, 25: (sh.
the basic temper is calcite, except in a sub a in except calcite, is temper basic the
3 2a 2 1a 1
30
32% Macro Pastes
10% scant, of grey minerals, which may or or may which minerals, grey of scant,
15%
5%
38%
3 2a 2 1a 1 from minute up to up minute from -
orange inclusions orange
- group from 168 from group b
- 4 CEU eTD Collection b andthe number weight of(a) (b). shards 8. Fig. 20%)a have potter’s ontheoutside (fig. mark 8). bases mainlyshardsrims, andtwo (3%,gr:notches 17%), 9 (10%, areon present on885 lightly show 10%) gr: 48 (8%, surfaces 6 whereas 65%), 2 on eithercooking. poorlyfiring for controlledoruse some 7); spo blackish (fig. 15%) gr: 76 (17%, fragments 13 on present are voids while potsherds, all reddish are which 15%), gr: 77 (15%, shards 12 of or hard very not vary,being 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% 100% srae (9, 9 g: 8) De cmig hrceie 4 sad (1, 2 gr: 327 (61%, shards 47 characterises combing Deep 38%). gr: 190 (19%, surfaces 1 20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
Percentages of decoration patterns based on on based patterns decoration of Percentages In terms of surface treatment, almost all the shards are polished and grains are visible visible are grains and polished are shards the all almost treatment, surface of terms In Technically,bodies areceramic wheel the
combing deep combing deep ts were detected on the surface of one shard (16 gr: 3%), which may indicate indicate may which 3%), gr: (16 shard one of surface the on detected were ts
light light combing
light light combing very hard). The colours are grey and orange, with the exception the with orange, and grey are colours The hard). very
lines/notches
lines/notches
31
a -
thrown and generally hard fired (few shards generally(fewfired shards and hard thrown - brown. Sandwich brown. ascri Fig. 100% 20% 40% 60% 80%
0% bed to pastes areconsidered)bed topastes 7. -
combed decoration. Lines and/or and/or Lines decoration. combed Percentages of voids (only potsherds potsherds (only voids of Percentages number number of shards -
like firing is present on on present is firing like weight of shards
.
voids no voids 8 gr:8
CEU eTD Collection recovered ( recovered 46 the peculiarity4 mm; (around0.5mm). visible inclusions presence other ofsome isthe chamotte. yellowis of presence scant the is element distinctive a but mm, the potsherd,bowls, as3.5also thethinnessmm, indicates). of fro gr, 2 shard, one than (other frequent very Pastes (fig. manufacturing, firing. 9), gr). Cluster 4a (Tbl. 42,n.2) certainty), with specificpots to them from are bases the 14, n.1) belongto pots the of gr:60%). rims 319 The gr, 3 1, (sh. jug 1 specifically 60%), gr: 326 77%, 59: (sh. identified been so have potsherds of Pottery Types.
One shard from 412 ( 412 from shard One T
ype 9 ype Macro Paste 2b Macro Paste 2 1a Paste Macro 1 Paste Macro even or frequent are grains calcite; is temper basic the and cleaned been has clay The relevThe 10differentfrom vessels number10,inferredThe of is minimum rims. A number high , but 4
) (Tbl. 25, n. 2), 1 bowl (1, 4 gr, 4 (1, bowl 1 2), n. 25, (Tbl. ) (2 vessels) (Tbl. 15, n. 1) and 15,n.1) (2 vessels)(Tbl. (tentatively c. 950 c. (tentatively not ,
17b2 considered in analysis). this considered ant contexts are 322, 325, 412, 428 and the total number of shards is 95 (54195 is shards of number total the and 428 412, 325, 322, are contexts ant T
ypes 17a ypes (Tbl. 43,n.1) (Tbl.
17 (sh. 7: 7%, 37gr:grains Calcite(sh. 7:7%, 7%). range to minute from (sh. 2: 2%, 8 gr: 2%) gr: 8 2%, 2: (sh.
(sh. 86: 90%, 400 gr: 74%). Calcite grains range from minute up to up minute from range grains Calcite 74%). gr: 400 90%, 86: (sh. (sh gr , base?) of fine pottery or or pottery fine of base?) , . 1: 1%, 3gr: 1%). . 1:1%, Temper aregrains smaller, 1. tomm. up hardly
-
(2) (Tbl. 38, n. 3, 5), 5), 3, n. 38, (Tbl. (2) 980 CE) .
17a2
46
4/5 (3) T 32
ype 12a ype
(Tbl. 19,n.1) (Tbl. T (fig. 32) (fig.
(Tbl. 40, n. 1 n. 40, (Tbl. ypes2 m 322, which indeed resembles Late Antique Antique Late resembles indeed which 322, m an amphora, 17a1 ) (Tbl. 31, n. 1), and 8 and 1), n. 31, (Tbl. )
(Tbl. 7, n. 5) n. 7, (Tbl. . Calcite grains range from minute to 2 to minute from range grains Calcite . (Tbl. 39, n. 5) 5) n. 39, (Tbl. ,
- and one shard with engobe ( engobe with shard one and 3) 5
(Tbl. 17, n. 2) (Tbl. 17,n. ,
17b ,
h 2a (2) - orange minerals and/or and/or minerals orange
(Tbl. 8, n. 3) n. 8, (Tbl.
(Tbl. 41, n. 1 n. 41, (Tbl. (difficult to associate associate to (difficult
pots (sh. 57: 74%, 57: (sh. pots , 6
(Tbl. 20, n.1) (Tbl. 20, 2 - , 3 mm.
3a1 - 6 2)
gr
,
) were were ) 17b1 (Tbl.
3 - ;
CEU eTD Collection on most of their surfaces (91: 96%, 521 gr: 96%). Decoration is characterised by deep deep by c one in 10%, characterised gr: 55 9%, 9: (sh. combing light is 81%), gr: 437 65%, 62: (sh. combing Decoration 96%). gr: 521 96%, (91: surfaces their of most on Fig. 10. a on 16shardsgr: (17%, 16%) (fig. 82 10). Sandwich 5%). fragmen4 concretionson the about uncertaintyremains gr:2%); 10 (3%,shards 3 on detected patina greyish the by indicated be to seems which vessels, cooking as use later th whether say to difficult is It conditions. reduction in out carried firing imply may which surfaces, grey darker show 7%) gr: 35 (8%, fragments 8 while ochre, and grey to orange from range Fig. 9. a 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% Percentages of pastes basedPercentages ofpastes frequency onshard and (a) (b). weight
In surface treatment, all the vessels seem to have been polished and grains are visible visible are grains and polished been have to seem vessels the all treatment, surface In manufac of terms In Percentages ofsandwich of shards number number e blackish spots found on 9 surfaces (10%, 156 gr: 29%) are the result of firing or or firing of result the are 29%) gr: 156 (10%, surfaces 9 on found spots blackish e Macro Pastes - like firing characterises 50 pieces (53%, 315 gr: 60%) and voids are visible visible are voids and 60%) gr: 315 (53%, pieces 50 characterises firing like
weight of 7% shards 1%
2%
90%
ture, all the potsherds are wheel are potsherds the all ture, firing no sandwich firing sandwich - like firing (a), and voids (b). voids (a), and like firing
- like
2b 2 1a 1 33
100%
20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
number number of shards Macro Pastes
- thrown and hard fired. Colours fired. hard and thrown 8% weight of
1% shards
2% 89%
voids no voids
ts (4%, 25 gr: 25 (4%, ts
ase after ase b 2b 2 1a 1
b
CEU eTD Collection were (fig.recoveredfrom 428 12). base, Another T 5) The 46%). gr: 248 27%, 26: (sh. pots T Specifically,oven identified. 1 81%) gr: 439 (73%, fragments Pottery Types. Fig. a to the typical oven (plausiblyrelevant 11). (fig. hole a2%) gr:Finally, has potsherd8 one 1, that noteworthy is it finger 1 probably and gr:7%), 35 6%, 6: (sh. notches/lines repairing?), ypes 17a ypes 13 ype , 100% 2a/3 20% 40% 60% 80% 11. 0% 18% 27%
a 69 from shards, diagnostic the to according 7 is vessels of number minimum The ) Percentages ofdecoration(a) ofshardsand onthenumber based weight (b).
(2 items) (2
(Tbl. 32, n. 2) n. 32, (Tbl.
(2 items) (2
T 27% ype 17a1, 17a1, ype 28%
- (Tbl. 12, n. 2) n. 12, (Tbl. lids ofthat lids time).
(Tbl. 38, n. 6 n. 38, (Tbl.
, 2 bowls (sh. 17: 18%, 75 gr: 14%, 14%, gr: 75 18%, 17: (sh. bowls 2 , comes shards not identified bowls oven pots
- lids ,
- from 412 (Tbl. 39, n. 2), whereas all of the other vessels other the of all whereas 2), n. 39, (Tbl. 412 from 3a 9
,
17a1
(Tbl. 13, n. 1) n. 13, (Tbl.
last form is characterised by R by characterised is form last (2 items) (2 34
100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 14%
,
(Tbl.
3a1 3a1 19%
21%
39, n. 3 n. 39, (2 items) (2
b T
ype 12 ype - 46% lid (sh. 26: 27%, 116 gr: 22%, gr:116 27%, 26: (sh. lid -
4)
(Tbl. 14, n. 3), and B and 3), n. 14, (Tbl. , and , )
im (Tbl. 30, n. 1 n. 30, (Tbl. - impressed cordon (sh. (sh. cordon impressed T bowls oven pots 17b ypes 2a ypes
-
lids
(Tbl. 41, n. 7) n. 41, (Tbl.
(Tbl. 8, n. n. 8, (Tbl. -
2) , and 4 4 and ,
ase ase b
.
CEU eTD Collection 51%, 40gr: 43%), and bodieshaveceramic bythe fact thatmany allthe sandwich frequent by indicated be may usual than temperature higher g 9 10%, 4: (sh. surfaces sintered reddishand gr:18%), 16 13%, 5: (sh. reddish dark by shown as poorly or atmospheres reducing of evidence some is there however, 48%), chara are potsherds the (difficult to1/2mm minute tosay because thedisplayfrequent potsherds voids). calc and cleaned been has Pastes, manufacturing, firing. Cluster 4b of number the on vessels (c). based forms vessel of the (b); presence weight and (a) shards identified of number 12. Fig. r: 10%), in addition, also blackish spots as detected on 2 shards (4%, 4 gr: 4%). Firing at a a at Firing 4%). gr: 4 (4%, shards 2 on detected as spots blackish also addition, in 10%), r: In terms of manufacture, all the fragments are wheel are fragments the all manufacture, of terms In namely paste, same the to belong to appear potsherds the All Theofgr). 308and shards is thetotalnumber relevant 39(92 context is Percentages of forms and types based on the on based types and forms of Percentages
(tentatively 925 c.
trsd y ry oag, n/r cr clus s. 4 8% 4 gr: 44 88%, 34: (sh. colours ochre and/or orange, grey, by cterised ite is the basic temper; grains seem to be frequent and range from range and frequent be to seem grains temper; basic the is ite
-
980 CE)
35
14% 29%
- thrown and hard fired. Most of Most fired. hard and thrown 57% Macro Paste 2 Paste Macro
voids (fig.voids 13). - ie etos s 20: (s. sections like - controlled firing, controlled bowls lids oven pots
-
. The clay The .
c
CEU eTD Collection
Fig. 14. a often occurredrims (fig. 14). on g 17 fragments 4 (10%, in bylines/notches and33%), gr: 31 (43%,shards 17 in temper Surface 100% 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 0%
a Percentages of decoration patterns based on the number of shards (a)Percentages ofdecoration basedonthenumberweight patterns ofand (b). shards
deep combing number number of shards
were perhaps visible on all vessels. Decoration is characterised by deep combing deep by characterised is Decoration vessels. all on visible perhaps were of grains while 86%), gr: 79 88%, 34: (sh. polishing usual the displays treatment
notches/lines
weight shards of
100%
36 20% 40% 60% 80%
0% 100%
20% 40% 60% 80%
0%
c pcfc iig n h bss f the of (a); basis weight percentages ofsandwich and the (b) shards of on frequency firing specific 13. Fig.
b
deep combing
Percentages of colours indicating colours of Percentages
notches/lines
- like firing (c).
r: 18%); these18%); r:
b
CEU eTD Collection brick). 47 are frequent. very calcitegrains reach 3 mm. notwiths minerals. mm the only used, temper characterised evengrains. by frequent frequent or very Pastes (fig. manufacturing, firing. 15), gr). Cluster 5 43, n.4) 10, n.1) 3) n. 25, (Tbl. gr 32 7%, Pottery Types.
48 additional shards ( shards additional 48 47
n a euir lmn cud e h peec o presence the be could element peculiar a and
Macro Paste 3 Paste Macro 2c Paste Macro M 2 Paste Macro 1b Paste Macro 1a Paste Macro have pastes the and cleaned was clay The (781 267 is shards of number total the and 330 313, 310, are contexts relevant The 7: (sh. pots 6 namely, rims, the to according 7, is vessels of number minimum The . , tanding greyto up minerals
4 acro Paste 2a Paste acro
: 34%), and 1 jug (sh. 1: 1%, 4 gr: 4%). The latter has been classified as classified been has latter The 4%). gr: 4 1%, 1: (sh. jug 1 and 34%), : (tentatively c. 970 c.(tentatively
(Tbl. 15, n. 2) 15,n. (Tbl. , while the pots have rims from rims have pots the while ,
40
-
4 mm. 4
(sh. 24: 9%, 73 gr: 9%) (fig. 36). Calcite grains range from minute to 2 to minute from range grainsCalcite 36). (fig. 9%) gr: 73 9%, 24: (sh.
(sh. 10: 4%, 30 gr: 4%). Calcite grains range from minute to 2 to minute from range grains Calcite 4%). gr: 30 4%, 10: (sh.
gr) are not considered for this analysis because analysis this for considered not are gr)
(sh. 14: 5%, 16 gr: 2%) (fig. 39). Similar to macro paste 2, but grains grains but 2, paste macro to Similar 39). (fig. 2%) gr: 16 5%, 14: (sh. (sh. 77: 29%, 239 gr: 31%). Calcite gra Calcite 31%). gr: 239 29%, 77: (sh. (sh. 85: 32%, 317 gr: 41%) (fig. 37). Similar to macro paste 2, but but 2, paste macro to Similar 37). (fig. 41%) gr: 317 32%, 85: (sh.
, (sh. 3: 1%, 24 gr: 3%) (fig. 34). Similar to the paste above, above, paste the to Similar 34). (fig. 3%) gr: 24 1%, 3: (sh. 7
- (Tbl. 21,n.1) (Tbl. 980s CE)
4
mm
, .
7a 37
(Tbl. 22,n.1) (Tbl. T ypes 1a ypes consistent characteristics, calcite is almost is calcite characteristics, consistent oag sos caot? o grey or (chamotte?) spots orange f (2 items) (2
and a base from from base a and
they are too small (one is probably probably is (one small too are they ins range from minute to 3 to minute from range ins
(Tbl. 3, n. 7, 10) 7, n. 3, (Tbl.
T ype 17b2 , 2a2 - T 3 mm, 3 ype 9 ype
(Tbl. (Tbl. (Tbl. - 4
CEU eTD Collection the vesselcooking, only forcovers 2pi of use the to due probably patina, greyish a whilst 47%), gr: 368 (53%, potsherds 140 affect voids Extensive stains. blackish display 4%) gr: 29 (2%, shards 5 only and 31%), gr: 244 Sandwich 10%). gr: 78 (9%, shards characterise23 brown grey, dark although colours, in ochre and/or grey, orange, are them of Most 2c). paste macro from gr 8 shards, 9 (except fired hard generally Fig. 15. a but those of larger are size themajority.
w are potsherds the all techniques, manufacturing of terms In Percentages of pastes based frequencyPercentages ofpastes and (a) (b). onshard weight 40% Macro Pastes
7%
5%
11%
36% 1%
3 2c 2a 2 1b 1a
eces (1%, 5 gr:eces(1%, (fig. 1%) 16).
38
- 45% like fir like
Macro Pastes 2%
4% ing appears on 72 fragments (27%, fragments(27%, 72 on appears ing - eds, n/r lcih surfaces blackish and/or reddish,
11%
34%
4%
heel 3 2c 2a 2 1b 1a -
hon and thrown
b
CEU eTD Collection Pottery Types. Fig. 17. a 77 gr: (fig. 10%) 17). notches/lines and 13%), gr: 98 14%, 15: (sh. combing light 52%), gr: 401 52%, 138: (sh. combing deep is Decoration 65%). gr: 506 (64%, shards 171 on visible are grains to relevant (c).voids figures (a); sandwich colours atmosphere 16. Fig. 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 85% 90% 95%
A large number of fragments have been identified (around 80%). On the basis of rims, of basis the On A (around80%). identified been havefragments largeof number and 91%), gr: 707 (73%, fragments 195 on usual was polishing treatment, surface In a Percentages ofdecoration basedonshard frequency weight patterns (b).(a)and
- ecnae o oxidising of Percentages like sections (b), and percentages of of percentages and (b), sections like
combing number number of deep shards
light light combing
weight of shards
notches/lines -
s reducing vs 39
100% 20% 40% 60% 80%
0% c 100% - 20% 40% 60% 80% b
0%
100%
20% 40% 60% 80% combing 0% of shards number number deep
number number of shards
weight of shards combing
light light weight of
shards
notches/lines
(sh. 14: 13%, 14: (sh. like firing sandwich sandwich no voids no voids
-
b
CEU eTD Collection (Rome:Quasar, 381. 2001), Fontana, Federica and were Type,(Auerbergwhich 48 wheel is chamotte.shard be The could which spots red some also and quartz), the (especially mm 1 to minute from ranging grains quartz and calcite frequent being temper the late andalayer Roman from come disturbedconstruction during of the Tower 1. (3 shard brick one and gr), (7 pottery fine of fragments 3 besides Cluster 5 of shards identifiedweight and (centre) (right side). 18. Fig. as from T 2) n. 13, (Tbl. vessels) (2 2a 1 n. 2, (Tbl. Base T T from are jugs the classified is lid 18). The (fig. 1%) gr:gr: 4 1%, 4: (sh. lid 1151 and 15%), 18%, 47: (sh. jugs 4 70%), gr: 548 (58%, assigned are shards 155 which to pots, are forms three
This is att This sociated with either T 16% ypes ype 17a), 8a ype 17a), 4% Macro Paste 3a Paste Macro re was coarsewareshard one just 441,446,however are contexts The relevant Percentages of forms based on the number of vessels (left side), and on the number number the on and side), (left vessels of number the on based forms of Percentages
80%
a ested to by some 10 shards( some10 by to ested (tentatively c. 970 c. (tentatively 17a (2 vessels) (2 17a - 5)
, 3a1/2/5 (3 vessels) (3 3a1/2/5 , (Tbl. 8, n. 1, 2) 1, n. 8, (Tbl. , 1a (2 vessels) (2 1a , ersne ad h mnmm ubr f esl i 2.Seiial, 20/21 Specifically, 25. is vessels of number minimum the and represented
Iulium Carnicum. Carnicum. Iulium (Tbl. 24, n. 1) n. 24, (Tbl. ypes 1a ypes oven jugs pots
ype 1or 2)
(sh. 1, 4 gr) (fig. 41). The clay was cleaned. It is quite p quite is It cleaned. was clay The 41). (fig. gr) 4 1, (sh.
- recovered from 436, located located 436, from recovered lid
(Tbl. 38, n.1 38, (Tbl.
(Tbl. 3, n. 8; not sure if jug) if sure not 8; n. 3, (Tbl. -
980s CE) 2a1 , (Tbl. 3, n. 1, 9) 1, n. 3, (Tbl. 184 , and 9 and ,
(Tbl. 41,n.4 (Tbl. 18, n. 1 n. 18, (Tbl.
Centro Alpino tra Italia e Norico dalla Preistoria all’Età Imperiale all’Età Preistoria dalla Norico e Italia tra Alpino Centro 23% (Tbl. 9, n. 1) n. 9, (Tbl.
gr ), the majority of which belonging to two typical Roman typical two to belonging which of majority the ), 2%
- (Tbl. 25, n. 1). Pot rims are from T are rims Pot 1). n. 25, (Tbl. 2)
75% , 17a1 , 40
, 1b ,
- - 6, 8) 6, in the same area: 2 shards, shards, 2 area: same the in 3) , 2a/3 ,
(Tbl. 39, n. 1) n. 39, (Tbl. (Tbl. , 5 (2 vessels) (2 5 , oven jugs pots
, and 17b1
- (Tbl. 12, n. 1) n. 12, (Tbl. 5, n. 1) n. 5, lid , 8 ,
(Tbl. 23, n. 1) n. 23, (Tbl. , 2 (2 vessels) (2 2 ,
, 17b (4 vessels, one of whichofvessels, one17b(4 , (Tbl. 42, n. 1) (Tbl. 42,n.
(Tbl. 17, n. 1, 3). Bases are Bases 3). 1, n. 17, (Tbl. - a 4 gr) which are probably probably are which gr) 4 17% s 1% 2/4 , T
ype 14 ype 18 82%
gr
(Tbl. 16, n. 1) n. 16, (Tbl. ypes 1 ypes ); see );
(asso (Tbl. 7, n. 4, 8) 4, n. 7, (Tbl. .
(Tbl. 33, n. 33, (Tbl. 48 : eculiar, with eculiar,
oven jugs pots -
Gino Bandelli Bandelli Gino thrown and thrown
ciated with ciated (5 vessels (5
covered,
- - lid Age
, 3a ,
jar 1)
) s , ,
CEU eTD Collection any group. These are not considered in the percentages that follow (unlike the relevant chart in fig. 19). infig.19). chart therelevant (unlike follow that in the percentages not considered group. anyare These 50 fragment, 49 as used also is quartz the whether unclear gr, is it 13 shards, 4 in whereas mm, 3 (exceptional Probably inclusions. some mica m from ranging grains frequent small reachtimes 2 at they since intentional, be to appear which (mica?) minerals grey and chamotte, quartz, 3 to minute from range and frequent aregrains (chamotte?). frequent Pastes (fig. manufacturing, firing. 19), 129, 140,142and thetotalof potsherds amounts (1765 to185 gr). Cluster 7 has been as classified one Cluster 6 grains are onthe Notypological visible surface. possible. is classification sandwich a with fired hard
Paste description not available for contexts 10, 14 10, contexts for not available description Paste Odd shard (6 gr) was recovered from this layer; it is polished and light combed. It is a rim and rim a Itis combed. lightand polished is it layer; this from recovered was gr) (6 shard
pieces (not considered): 1 sha 1 considered): (not pieces Macro Paste 2 Paste Macro 1c MacroPaste 1a Paste Macro 1 Paste Macro Theall ceramic clay cleaned was in bodies. 121, 105, 102, 101, 100/107, 17, 11,15, 10, 14, 2, are contexts relevant The far.Only so available is analysis paste no which for 127, is context relevant only The
21 and ranging from minute to around 1 mm. There is scant presence of orange spots spots orange of presence scant is There mm. 1 around to minute from ranging and (eleventh century) end(c. of eleventh tenth/early century)
gr
- of painted (engobe?) ware. (engobe?) ofpainted 3 mm insize. 3 mm
T
(47: 25%, 222 gr: 13%). Calcite grains range from minute to 1 to minute from range grains Calcite 13%). gr: 222 25%, (47:
(sh. 4: 2%, 27 gr: 2%). The basic temper is calcite and grains are not are grains and calcite is temper basic The 2%). gr: 27 2%, 4: (sh. ype 3a1 (sh. 2: 1%, 10 gr: 1%) (fig. 35). The calcite temper is characterised by by characterised is temper calcite35). The (fig. gr:1%) 10 1%, 2: (sh.
s. 5 2% 42 r 2% (i. 3. act i te ai temper; basic the is Calcite 33). (fig. 24%) gr: 422 25%, 45: (sh. -
like cross like 49
rd, rd,
(pot) (Tbl. 14,n.2). (pot) (Tbl. 4
gr
- 50 of Roman fine pottery, perhaps brick scraps (a (a scraps brick pottery,perhaps fine Roman of section; the colour the section; nt t 2 mm 2 to inute
, 17, 101, 129, so that so 129, 101, 17, , 41
- 4 mm. mm. 4 Ath is element distinctive
tog gnrly es than less generally (though is grey; the body was polished and and polished was body the grey; is 10 shards, 63 gr, 63 shards, asc 10 be cannot
few grams), and 1 1 and grams), few e presence e of 123, 125, 123, 1
-
ribed to ribed 2 mm 2 mm ).
CEU eTD Collection also affects the broken cross broken the affectsalso piece: 1 of patina greyish (the purposes cooking for fire in vessels of use the to due be could 3%) gr: 46 (1%, fragments 2 on visible body,concretions the the on whereas spots black display 8%) gr: open). the in or kiln a probabl firing However,uncontrolled (whether firing the at conditions reducing indicate may which surfaces, blackish and/or reddish/brownish, grey, dark show 51%) gr: 897 (20%, fragments colours ochre and orange, Grey, (reddish) gr). Fig. 19. a mayspots represent oven an to belongs it that considering fre not veryfrequentfrequent, very to up3 from minute ranging temper). quent grains from minute uptolessthan1mm. grainsquent from minute 1% 38%
In terms of manufacture, all the potsherds are wheel are potsherds the all manufacture, of terms In Macro Paste 5 2b Paste Macro 2a Paste Macro Percentages of macro frequency pastesPercentages of (a)and onshard based weight (b). 1%
1%, 15 gr: 1%, however, seems to be due to post to due be to however, seems 1%, gr: 15 1%, 6%
26% 2% 25%
intentional temper (chamotte?).
(sh. 1: 1%, 31gr: (fig.(sh. 1:1%, 2%) 43). inclusion Almost
(sh. 67: 36%, 913 gr: 51%). Calcite is the basic temper and grains are grains and temper basic the is Calcite 51%). gr: 913 36%, 67: (sh. (sh. 2: 1%, 6 gr: 1%) gr: 6 1%, 2: (sh. 1%
- section). Interestingly,section). sandwich not not ascribed 5 2b 2a 2 1c 1a 1
y occurred to a limited extent, since 10 shards (5%, 135 135 (5%, shards 10 since extent, limited a to occurredy - lid). Calcite is almost absent and only some reddish some only and absent almost is Calcite lid).
42
characterise a good number of them, while 38 while them, of number good a characterise (fig. 38) (fig. 2%
54% 0%
4% . The temper is calcite, with not very not with calcite, is temper The .
2% - 25% - thrown and hard fired (but 1, 31 1, (but fired hard and thrown 13% - depositional conditions, since it it since conditions, depositional
like fired shards amount to 118to amount shards fired like - 4 mm.
0%
- free peculiarpaste, (a 2a 2 1c 1a 1 not not ascribed 5 2b
b
CEU eTD Collection 16 pots (sh. 97: 53%, 1213 gr: 71%) (fig. 22). The jugs are classified a classified are jugs The 22). (fig. 71%) gr: 1213 53%, 97: (sh. pots 16 namely,oven contexts, 4/5 remarka is it however, Pottery Types. Fig. 21. a even a wav and 1%), gr: 7 (1%, cordon 1 30%), gr: 526 10%, 19: sh. rims; the on (mainly notches/lines 18%), gr: 316 22%, (41: combing light 79%), gr: 1393 67%, 124: (sh. combing deep by are grains and 82%), Fig. 20. of firing probably that 800 temperatures reach didnot vessels the on voids of absence the with together which, 66%), gr: 1184 (64%, 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 60% 80% 20% 40% 0%
A large number of shards has probably been identified (113: 62%, 1431 gr: 81%), 81%), gr: 1431 62%, (113: identified been probably has shards of number large A gr: 1438 93%, (173: polished were potsherds the of most treatment, surface About Percentages of decoration patterns based on the number of shards (a)Percentages ofdecoration basedonthenumberweight patterns of and (b). shards Percentages ofsandwich number number of shards e (sh. 2: 1%, 50 gr: (fig. e 3%) 21). (sh. 1%, 2:
visible on 117 pieces (64%, c. 1423 81%). Decoration is characterised is Decoration 81%). 1423 c. (64%, pieces 117 on visible ble that the forms represented do not change compared to the other other the to compared change not do represented forms the that ble
- lids (sh. 14: 8%, 207 gr: 12%), 3 jugs (sh. 3: 2%, 19 gr: 1%), and and 1%), gr: 19 2%, 3: (sh. jugs 3 12%), gr: 207 8%, 14: (sh. lids weight shards of - like firing patterns. like firing patterns.
43
100%
20% 40% 60% 80% 0%
°
C (fig.C 20).
s T ype 9 ype , could speak speak could , a (Tbl. 26, n. 26, (Tbl. a b
CEU eTD Collection almost exclusively of calcite in the ceramic bodies of the courtyard’s vessels (as occurs in all in occurs courtyard’s(as the vessels of bodies ceramic the in calcite of exclusively almost small level the and 2 Edifice reliability ofsome data. particu in phases, some from potsherds of number scant the of awarebe emerge,should one although to seem trends different some Nevertheless, Broili. with case the is as span, chronological were which wares, coarse from Final remarks (centre) and weight Fi 3 bases belong to T base with associated 4) n. 7) n. 43, Tbl. T + items 1) 12% ype 17b2 ype 1a ypes g. 22. g.
and ,
- 3 ie nlsos (1 inclusions size 21% lar Edifice 2 and courtyard structures associated with Edifice 2, which may affect the affect may which 2, Edifice with associated structures courtyard and 2 Edifice lar
All the same, it is interesting to remark that the pastes of the pottery coming from from coming pottery the of pastes the that remark to interesting is it same, the All expected as characteristics, basic common show assemblages ceramic the of Most
9a1 (2 vessels) (2 2, since these are these since 2, Percentages of forms based on number of vessels (left hand), and of identified shards shards identified of and hand), (left vessels of number on based forms of Percentages (4 vessels, one of which associated with a base from from base a with associated which of one vessels, (4
(Tbl. 43, n. 2, 5) 2, n. 43, (Tbl. 67% (2 items) (2 , 1a1
T
(Tbl. 3, n. 4) n. 3, (Tbl. ype 17
(Tbl. 11, n. 1 11,n. (Tbl. (right hand) (right
T (Tbl. 27, n. 1 n. 27, (Tbl. ype 17b2 ype -
oven jugs pots area features tentatively linked t linked tentatively features area - m) Ulk Eiie mtras te epr os o consist not does temper the materials, 2 Edifice Unlike mm). 2
tops/ (Tbl. 37,n.1),andto one T
- lids (the first perhaps associate perhaps first (the base ,
. ) often subject to little change especially within a relative short short relative a within especially change little to subject often - 1b1
(Tbl. 18, n. 4 n. 18, (Tbl. 2) - 3% , 2) s
) 7 (Tbl. 6, n. 1) n. 6, (Tbl.
; the oven the ;
12% (Tbl. 34, n. 1 n. 34, (Tbl. (Tbl. 21, n. 2) n. 21, (Tbl.
44 85%
- 5 and Tbl. 43, n. 3) n. 43, Tbl. and 5 - lids are from are lids
, 2 - 4) , and , (4 vessels) (4 ype 17a1 , d 15 o it (c. 925 (c. it o
oven jugs pots lids with either rim either with
3a1/2/5 3a1/2/5 (Tbl. 35, n. 1) n. 35, (Tbl.
- T
T ypes 13 ypes (Tbl. 39, n. 6) (Tbl. 39,n.
(Tbl. 7, n. 1 n. 7, (Tbl. ype 17b2 ype 1% . Two more bases are from are Two. bases more (2 vessels, one of which is which of one vessels, (2 -
950 CE), have relatively have CE), 950 15%
(Tbl. 32, n. 1) n. 32, (Tbl.
3a1/2/5 ; pot rims belong to belong rims pot ; ) 84%
(Tbl. 3, n. 3 n. 3, (Tbl. - 3, 7) 3,
.
or , 2a 1b1 oven jugs pots lids
, (Tbl. 8, 8, (Tbl. - 14a ), and ),
6 and and 6
- (2
CEU eTD Collection than a significant difference in chronology. differencesignificant in thana groups. other the of those and 5 Cluster from sandwich of percentage the 52 sequence). thestratigraphic givenby the impression with contrast in little a (perhaps situation following the by disturbed really not was and phase first the to closer c all is pottery its since surprising, little a is 308, context 4b, Cluster area. level the in extent great a to occurred have might which contaminations 51 sixth/seventh higher the in definitely phases, medieval early the from pottery characterise to began voids sandwich where Broili), of valley same Tower all). 1have at novoids ce the that noteworthy is it contrast, (in temperatures higher achieved have may longer,only not if firing, only,while 5 Cluster from materials the amongst 50% about to rises which wares, of surface the on voids of presence frequent the by and standardised somewhat making for purpose firing accurate more and longer of speak may 50 than less not (generally the settlement (at household, leastaristocratic, although for wares). of phases later the in 25%) (c. extent significant quite a to workshops or techniques different o idea the supporting thus century, eleventh the into well use in probably were These 1. intentionally presenceof (percenta 3 to (up grains larger even of use the whilst area, level the from pottery the in 20%) (c. extent addition, In clusters). other the
Context Context oe ht iceace bten dfc 2 n courtyard and 2 Edifice between discrepancies that Note In indirect evidence on this point comes from the church of St. Paolo (located in the in (located Paolo St. of church the from comes point this on evidence indirect In sandwich technique, firing of terms In - oriented vessels (probably used for storing in storing for (probablyused vessels oriented 308 (Cluster 4b) still represents a peculiar situation as voids are present on all ceramic bodies, whilst bodies, ceramic all on present are voids as situation peculiar a represents still 4b) (Cluster 308 e fo 5% o 0; eeal aon 60% around generally 90%; to 55% from ges - ee mnfcue o Lt Atqiy I adto, ot f h fut to fourth the of most addition, In Antiquity. Late of manufactures level - century wares from there have dark grey or blackish surfaces, thus showing an showing thus surfaces, blackish or grey dark have there from wares century - 4 mm) seems to have become almost the rule from the Motte phase onwards onwards phase Motte the from rule the almost become have to seems mm) 4
- ie cross like - crushed quartz in the temper of the pottery assemblages from Towerassemblages pottery the of temper the in quartz crushed - 60%), whereas the lower percentage from Cluster 5 (around 30%) 30%) (around 5 Cluster from percentage lower the whereas 60%), haracterised by temper grains of 1 of grains temper by haracterised 52
large - etos (40 sections - size inclusions (up to 3 mm) begin to appear to a certain a to appear to begin mm) 3 to (up inclusions size
This could be due to its intermediate stratigraphic position rather rather position stratigraphic intermediate its to due be could This - like firing and absence of or a limited number of of number limited a or of absence and firing like
- 45 50%) shows figures which appear halfway between those those between halfway appear which figures shows 50%) -
like cross like - tutrs crmc my lo e u t later to due be also may ceramics structures’ - kind taxes). This may als maytaxes). This kind ramics from the residential context of context residential the from ramics - sections occur in most of the potte the of most in occur sections - 75%). - 2 mm, therefore such a layer is possibly is layer a such therefore mm, 2 51
at oe a osre the observe can one Last,
o be indicated indicated be o - size temper size
contrast to contrast ry f CEU eTD Collection Patitucci Uggeri (Florence: (Florence: 2004 Uggeri Patitucci Giglio, del All‘Insegna (VIII ricerca di prospettive e conoscenze 55 stage. this systemat production eventual or chronologies 54 systema not appear did which outcomes for explanation best the probably is This oxygen). restricts and vessel the of side the against falls fuel when (specifically cloud firing University, European (Central 53 during theBroili of theverysettlement. period rule the almost becoming century, seventh/eighth the systematically,by not although extent, s beganto kind this of century, treatments surface Frioul, in generally while, ninth the probably until Paolo St. of church the from assemblages ceramic the significantlyin poo is combing deep since decoration, of terms in discrepancy real only the represents turn in which courtyard, the of phase first the to layer,close that of position stratigraphic the by again once 308, context in and, extent some to clusterto cluster from However,varyregion.combingdeep the ofof network percentages the production and workshop relevant the reconstruct to tries one when especially fossil,” “type patt decorative This wares. the of most characterised it that is impression the plain, left were vessels the of parts some that account into takes one if and, intentionalitywhichprobably wasBroili ataccording missing toth
Colours often represent a moot question, see: Ninina Cuomo di Caprio (2007), 122 (2007), Caprio di Cuomo Ninina see: question, moot a represent often Colours Also some diverse patterns can be noticed, but I am not able to distinguish them according to specific specific to according them distinguish to able not am I but noticed, be can patterns diverse some Also See: l atse. uh vdne s o srrsn, osdrn ta i i nt present not is it that considering surprising, not is evidence Such attested. rly Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al., al., et Siena Lusuardi Silvia A final remark concerns decoration, in particular deep combing, which is dominant is which combing, deep particular in decoration, concerns remark final A
Budapest) has turned my attention to the fact that grey colours may derive from from derive may colours grey that fact the to attention my turned has Budapest)
“ - La ceramica ceramica La IX e X e IX
are a little below average. below little a are - XI secolo), XI 46
55 altomedievale tra Lombardia e Friuli. Bilancio delle delle Bilancio Friuli. e Lombardia tra altomedievale , Fig. , 8
tically and were probably not planned. not planned. were probably and tically ” i ” - n
14. La ceramica altomedievale in Italia in altomedievale ceramica La
ern may be considered as a sort of of sort a as considered be may ern 54
This fact may be explained be may fact This e lowfigures. - 123. Prof. Judith Rasson Rasson Judith Prof. 123. pread to a certain certain a preadto 53
, ed. Stella ed. , CEU eTD Collection Siena (Udine: Del Bianco Editore, 1994), 37, n. 12 37, 1994), Editore, Bianco Del Siena(Udine: 58 57 weight chart. the monopolises heavy shards of number limited a instance, for when, as situations peculiar 56 evidence little Valley,Illegio have the from away miles of dozen a located Invillino, of phases later) even century. fifth the show thus would and (Liguria) Luni all structures found inthe areawarehouses. interpreted as with put can one therefore were found), items relevant no since material, perishable of (plausibly lid a securing for seems suitable rim the of slant The m). 0.31 to 0.13 from reconstructed: diameters mouth (4 size only. Type Rim 1 Pots 37, 556gr. T phases. some for especially types, precise form to difficult it makes also size sample small sure). but anything is groups some between boundary the (whilst subjective a rims of weight and number the on based are percentages following the Therefore uncertain). but helpful, is vessels specific to shards wall assigning at attempt previous (the quantification typological Pottery Types from Broili
he total number of diagnostic shards is 120, 1,971 gr; rims are 83, 1,415 gr, and bases are are bases and gr, 1,415 83, are rims gr; 1,971 120, is shards diagnostic of number total he Percentages based on the total of rim shards only. rim of shards theon total based Percentages It can be useful to useful be can It d esm Mnfti ’s d cnet acelgc fa ad atcià medioevo e antichità tarda fra archeologici contesti da d’uso Manufatti Mensam. Ad
57
Such a function is suggested by pots with similar rims which were quite common at common quite were which rims similar with pots by suggested is function a Such Broilirepresentativeat quite typeis This sh chapter,diagnostic this only In
(rim shards 5: 6%, 40 gr: 3%) (Table 2, n. 1 (Tablen. 3%) 2, gr: 40 6%, 5: shards (rim
58 of this type (just a few examples belonging to Type IIId), although the latter is latter the Typealthoughto IIId),belonging examples few a (just type this of
Notwithstanding, in the Frioulan region, the fourth the region, Frioulan the in Notwithstanding, nd bases, although the establishment of typological clusters is definitely definitely is clusters typological of establishment the although bases, nd
take into account into take
forward use as transport vessels; it is significant that they were were they that significant is it vessels; transport as use forward the ratio between the number and weight of shards especially in some some in especially shards of weight and number the between ratio the presence of these typologies at least from the fourth the from least at typologies these of presence ards are considered, in order to rely on more precise precise more on rely to order in considered, are ards Chapter 3 - 14.
47
and it features pots of small featuresof it pots and
- 5), found in the courtyard/level area courtyard/level the in found 5),
-
to seventh to ed. , - medium to largeto medium
- 56 Silvia Lusuardi Lusuardi Silvia century (and century
h rather The
- CEU eTD Collection (Zagreb: Institut Za (Zagreb: Institut 2010), T.Arheologiju, 168; n. 165, 27, T. (seventh n. 193 century). 30, 63 Taf.IV, A Eine48. Krottenturm. “Der Szameit, Erik 2; inBH Tulln, Zwentendorf, Niederösterreich,” bei n.Burganlage mittelalterliche 7, T. 109, 1976), Muzej, Narodni (Ljubljana: Valley]Vipava the 62 prospettived‘indagine s XII e IX fra Friuli in 61 friulana pieve una di storia e 60 n. 7. 132, Evans, Huw Szebény; at such of presence the in Gradec],” Slovenj near trg Stari from ware Frioulan trg, Stari Antique Castrum 59 rims are lessbent than T Type1a Rim by dating. radiocarbon q north in too, Torček of area the systems. manufacturing different indicate but tradition common a in Krottenturm Austria, ninth c. of matches (near Roccad’Asolo Treviso; eighth/ninth settle fortified some with extent, lesser a to case, (tenth/eleventh (eighth Savorgnano Os from century.examples the nonetheless, calculated, be eleventh/twelfth can spans chronological the and eighth the between among dated widespread quite sites became different and d’Arcano, Rive di Martino St. at instance, for as, extent certain a to appeared pots these that indeed century seventh/eighth the from periods. medieval early and Antique Late the during lands Noricum the over attested uite widespread, especially from around the ninth the around from especially widespread, uite Taj About St. Martino, St. About Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al., et Siena Lusuardi Silvia Drago Svoljšak and Timotej Knific, Timotej and Svoljšak Drago okr Bierbrauer, Volker n Skl Ivančan, Sekelj ana
Mnc: ek 18) fr ntne a. 9 n 1, n a. 4 n 1. I 14. n. 94, Taf. and 16, n. 99, Taf. instance, for 1987), Beck, (Munich:
, see: ,
(rim shards 11: 13%, 54 gr: 4%) (Tbl. 3, n. 1 n. 3, (Tbl. 4%) gr: 54 13%, 11: shards (rim - twelfth century) show a similar context in terms of manufacture, as is also the also is as manufacture, of terms in context similar a show century) twelfth iia dcrto (ep obn) is combing) (deep decoration similar
M
a see: ira Strmčnik ira Ibligo , ed. Fabio Piuzzi (Udine: Gremese, 2000), 76, n. 11.76, 2000), Gremese, (Udine: ed.Fabio Piuzzi ,
- typology in the background of early of background the in typology ecolo,“ in in ecolo,“ eleventh century come from the the Vipava from come centuryeleventh Valleyof site the and Slovenia, in - it cnuy, oibro (tenth Solimbergo century), ninth
Alessandra Negri, “La Negri, Alessandra h Ery eiea rhelg o Croatia. of Archaeology Mediaeval Early The orvn u ao Sene Vijeku Srednjem Ranom u Podravina 63 - although, at Krottenturm, the differences in surface treatment suggest suggest treatment surface differencesin the Krottenturm, at although,
, ed. Silvia Lusuardi Siena (Udine: Campanotto, 1997), 79, n. 1. 79, 1997), Campanotto, (Udine: Lusuardi Siena Silvia , ed. ype 1. Invillino in Friaul. Friaul. in Invillino
89, n. 6 n. 89, L‘incastellamento nel nord nel L‘incastellamento - Gulič, “Najnovejši podatki iz Starega Trga pri Slovenj Gradcu [Recent Data Data [Recent Gradcu Slovenj pri Trga Starega iz podatki “Najnovejši Gulič,
- 8; 94, n. 1; 77, n. 1; Marianna Mazzei, “Nuovi dati sulla ceramica grezza grezza ceramica sulla dati “Nuovi Mazzei, Marianna 1; n. 77, 1; n. 94, 8; - Vipaska Dolina. Zgodnjesrednjeveška Najdišča Najdišča Zgodnjesrednjeveška Dolina. Vipaska atr Cota wee hs ye wt dvre ains is variants) diverse (with type this where Croatia, eastern Arheološki VestnikArheološki ceramica grezza, ceramica i rmsh Seln ud a spätantik das und Siedlung römische Die - eleventh century).eleventh 48
also
Slavic and Avar territories, as emerges from burials burials from emerges as Avar and territories, Slavic 35 (1984), Taf. 2, n. 12, 28. Other examples show show examples Other 28. 12, n. 2, Taf. (1984), 35 et i tenrhr eeo ein like region, Veneto northern the in ments -
est italiano (IX italiano est - present tenth century, as may also be supported be also may as century, tenth ” i ” - Te orvn i te al Mdl Ages] Middle Early the in Podravina [The hrenh etr) ad t Daniele St. and century), thirteenth n wih s eeal pcla to peculiar generally is which , S. Martino di Rive Rive di Martino S. - 10), found in all contexts. all in found 10), 61 .. 600 A.D.
Across the Across g Alps,
Archaeologia Austriaca - XII secolo: storia della ricerca e ricerca della storia secolo: XII 62
This probably applies to applies probably This - i i is t 900 [Early
d’Arcano.Archeologia 1989), BAR, (Oxford: nteresting that that nteresting oppo and Motta di Motta and oppo
-
frühmit
60 medieval sites in sites medieval
ood ceramicood o limited No
telalterliche telalterliche in Frioul, Frioul, in 73 (1989),73
medieval
59 at Late Late at These
It is It CEU eTD Collection 67 Donaulimes norischen 91. 2010), am Zwentendorf von Vicus und 66 65 64 diameter: 0.16m. verticalAlmost andthickened rim. 1b Type Rim e and Savorgnano from come chronology similar of matches some while 1a, type of version” Illegio the Valleyin present period. medieval the until Lun (from background diameter:mouth 0.12m. ismarkedlyThis rim shaped. Type Rim 1a1 differentworkshop manufacturing extent some to other one to close which a route,ofdifferent plausibly thuskeeping maincommunication represented sites areas Ages. Middle early the throughout forms pot and/or jug the for parallels good shows it Frioul, to nearer even Croatia, of regions other too. Type1a for valid are latter fou matches the actually,ofType for and, mentioned most 1 alsoSavorgnano, from comes match striking a these morphology.For of terms in variants distant most the represent simila very is which 1) n. 3, (Tbl. one than other large, to characteristics. medium generally basic are diameters Mouth common show they whole, a as taken but, different, little a appear ven Torčekwith different (although decoration).
TajanaIvančan Sekelj Fabio Piuzzi et al. ( al. et Piuzzi Fabio Siena Lusuardi Silvia Silvia Lusuardi Siena Lusuardi Silvia t Tp 1 n rahs .7 , hra sal ie cud ee t jg ta also that jugs to refer could sizes small whereas m, 0.37 reaches and 1 Type to r No striking matches have been found. Items from Solimbergo can be be can Solimbergo from Items found. been have matches striking No Antique Late the reflects typology This jug. a or pot a is this whether uncertain is It we is group This
(rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 5, n. 1), found in the level area; mouth mouth area; level the in found 1), n. 5, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard (rim (rim shard 1: 1%, 6 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 4, n. 1); found in Towerin 1 found 1); n. 4, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 6 1%, 1: shard (rim 2003), 51, 2003), n. 2 ( ( ( 2004 2010 1994 t Zetnof atog te eoain s ifrn) bt t s not is it but different), is decoration the although Zwentendorf, to i ) l tetd t h st ad s ey iia t ye ; oe variants some 1; Type to similar very is and site the at attested ll ) ) , 89, n. 8 , 89, , T. n. 1; 1, T. 112,n. 191; 30, rimas IIIshows pot this , 37, n. 12, 14 12, n. 37, ,
- 4; 64
Tajana (2010), Ivančan Sekelj T.n. 112; 18, T. n. 37, 233.
In particular, the area of Torček is interesting, since, unlike since, interesting, Torčekis of area the particular,In s. albeit ,
- 15; Stefan Groh and Helga Sedlmayer, Helga and Groh Stefan 15;
65 h dfeet eoain atrs ol sek of speak would patterns decoration different the 49
hs dist This
67 Ven: Öst (Vienna:
66
it s oae aog h Daa River, Drava the along located is rict
At Broili it appears to be an “extremean be appearsto it Broili At erreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Institut, Archäologisches erreichisches a quite common quite a Forschungen zum Kastell zum Forschungen - related dump pit; pit; dump related
mentioned nd for the for nd type.
CEU eTD Collection 71 70 Unterrohrbach, aus in Korneuburg, VB Niederösterreich,” Ofen frühslawischer “Ein Lauermann, Ernst Unterrohrbach: at instance, for as, Austria, in Eastern A eighth/ninth at seventh/eighth also but Antique ( Late from recovered were items similar in Kranj],” of Church Parish the at 69 68 north of areas wide over period medieval early the through went It Hemmaberg,fromdifferent examples with decoration.although some in seenas orInvillino not bereconstructed. could diameter mouth vessel’s one only whilst m, 0.40 reaches that phase) (Motte 168 unit stratigraphiccomingfrom item one exceptionof the with m, 0.20/22 or generally0.14 around tipped rims. Type2 Rim appear common inthese atthat regions time. very tohavebeen althoug decoration, similar have also which Secchia, upon Concordia north in located sites some from come Broili from period. Avar medieval early the during areas Sl in especially spread necks short and rim vertical almost Antiquity,with pots while 0.15 m Type Rim 1b1 twelfth century). high (eleventh 1987
Volker Bierbrauer Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 74, n. 5; 77, n. 1 77, n. 5; 74, Siena(2004), Lusuardi Silvia MariannaMazzei Jana Horvat, “Prazgodovinske Naselbinske Najbe Pr Najbe Naselbinske “Prazgodovinske Horvat, Jana hs ye os ak t es t te a T La the to least at back goes type This - ) eivl atlis n Bzn, n as fo te ate f cafneg c ninth (c. Schaffenberg of castle the from also and Bozen), and Castelciés medieval , Taf. 86, n. 11; 109, n. 16; see also beakers at Taf. 124, n. 4, 5, 7 5, 4, n. Taf.at 124, beakers also see 16; n. 11;109, n.Taf. , 86, . ismore than This rim tilted T This type derived from Late Ant Late from derived type This well is type This driatic Region. Region. driatic A View,”critical in - hrenh etr, oprbe ih os rm seventh from pots with comparable century, thirteenth
- century Tinje, Podgorica near Černuče near Podgorica Tinje, century (rim shards 8: 10%, 406 gr: 29%) (Tbl. 7, n. 1 n. 7, (Tbl. 29%) gr: 406 10%, 8: shards (rim
(rim shard 1: 1%, 9 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 6, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 9 1%, 1: shard (rim 68 ( ( 2000 1987
) ) , 76, 76, , n.11 n. 1. 77, and , , Taf.Curta Florin 75; - tetd t rii n, n em o muh s mouth of terms in and, Broili at attested
Arheološki VestnikArheološki Arch aeologia Austriaca aeologia ype 1b. Archeologia Medievale ArcheologiaMedievale - 2. (
ique patterns as, for instance, Type IIId1 and 2 at at 2 and IIId1 Type instance, for as, patterns ique 2010
50 69
, see , i Farni Cerkvi V Cerkvi Farni i
) 34 (1983), Taf. 14, n. 20 n. 14, Taf. (1983), 34 In contrast, examples contemporary with thosewith contemporary examples Incontrast, ,314, fig. 7. é e ie n ws ut wdsra i Late in widespread quite was and time ne : Florin Curta, “The Early Slavs in the Northern and and Northern the in Slavs Early “The Curta, Florin : n. 1), found in Tower 1; mouth diameter: mouth Tower1; in found 1), n. 77 (1993), 116,(1993), 77 n. 2. - eastern Italy, like Rocca d’Asolo and and d’Asolo Rocca like Italy, eastern
37 (2010), 315, fig. 9; 321, fig. 17; and also also fig. and 17; 321, fig. 315, 9; (2010), 37
- Kranju [Prehistoric Settlement [Prehistoric Kranju - 9); further examples are, among others, others, among are, examples further 9); 8), found in all contexts. Flared contexts. all in found 8), 70 - etr phases: century
- ninth - 21; at Invillino, a few roughly roughly few a Invillino, at 21;
- atr Iay n the and Italy eastern - ti tp de not does type this h etr Oez and Oderzo century z, hs pt are pots these ize,
Volker Bierbrauer Bierbrauer Volker avic and avic Findings Findings 71 -
CEU eTD Collection 34, n. 214; n. 214; 34, T. n. 243; 39, T. n. 429. 67, 74 n. 22. n. 30; 65, 67, 2008), Giglio, del All’Insegna Carnia della Castello un inRicerche Superiore:Archeologiche Forni presso 8 n. (Verzegnis 73 in suoterritorio,” 72 and sixth/seventh seventh/eighth the Frioul; from come mostly treatment surface and morphology both Ages. Middle Early the throughout forms such of spread certain Tor the in located those mark like sites, that distant patterns more from decoration differences different somewhat or similar with either time, same the roughly at Daniele St. and Ragogna at variants diverse with attested is It account. into taken convex. Mo Rim Type2a fortified place withthe siteofBroili. that of similarities great the support again once Savorgnano from matches the particular, In horizontally the confirm would which Sacuidic, and decoration) wavy with although century, thirteenth Verzegnis) centuryeighth/ninth Savorgnano), (Osoppo, tothe latereven and at (tenth Attimis Ri di Martino (St. century seventh/eighth the from ranges mainly sites these of chronology The decorations. same the or similar display generally that ones only the Frioul, seventh the to century. back dating sites Slovenian other and Istria with parallel be to said are which of materials Vecchia, Muggiathe and (Slovenia) Sobota Murska Tabla near Nova province, former Noricum
Ibid., fig. 14; Pietro Riavez, “Ceramica da fuoco medievale proveniente da Muggia Muggia Vecchia da proveniente medievale fuoco Riavez,da “Ceramica fig. Pietro del alcuni14; Ibid., da siti e Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 89 (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 93, n. 11;94, n. 93, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia - tte ; aina azi 20) 7, . ; ageia er e al et Ferri Margherita 4; n. 77, (2000), Mazzei Marianna 9; - related dump layer; mouth mouth layer; dump related This type is quite close to Type 2 Typeto close quite is type This
72 - UD). Scoperta di un antico baluardo delle Alpi Orientali,” in Orientali,” delle Alpi baluardo antico un di Scoperta UD).
However, for Broili’s vessels, the most striking connections are with pots found in found pots with are connections striking most the Broili’svessels, forHowever, -
everted rim (and vertical lip) of such types as types such of lip) vertical (and rim everted (rim shard (rim - Atti e Memorie della Società Istriana di Istriana ArcheologiaSocietà Patria della Storia e Memorie e Atti century examples of Cittanova and Eracle and Cittanova of examples century
s
5: 6%, 55 gr: 4%) (Tbl. 8, n. 1 n. 8, (Tbl. gr:4%) 55 6%, 5:
as inferred from matches coming from a good number of sites,like of good number a from coming matches from inferred as , n. 2; 86, n. 1 n. 86, 2; n. ,
imtr fo 01 t 02 m Te o o te is is rims the of top The m. 0.26 to 0.15 from diameters
n. 6 n. - 2, 4; for Verzegnis see Fabio Piuzzi, “I Ruderi di Colle Mazeit Colle di Ruderi “IVerzegnisfor Piuzzi, 4; 2, Fabio see
- , therefore , 7; Tajana Sekelj Ivančan (2010), for instance, T. 11, n. 59; T.59; T. instance, n.11, for (2010), Ivančan Tajana7; Sekelj 51
the - , Vt Qoiin a audc” in Sacuidic,” a Quotidiana “Vita ., 5); recovered from the level area level the fromrecovered 5); parallels a, near the Venetian provide the lagoon near a,
common by the twelfth century.twelfth the by common Archeologia Medievale Medievale Archeologia , ed. Sauro Gelichi et al. (Florence: (Florence: al. et Gelichi Sauro ed. ,
74 found for the latter the for found e rgo ta dsly a display that region ček
h lss prles for parallels closest The 98 (1998): 42, n. 2. 42, (1998): 98 ve d’Arcano, ve 23 (1996): 216, 216, (1996): 23
Sacuidic Sacuidic can be be can -
ninth ninth
and and 73 -
CEU eTD Collection Stari trg).Stari Austriaca Kaiserzeit. vorclaudischen 78 77 (withdecoration). no 76 inSaguì (Florence: Giglio, del All’Insegna secolo,” VII e VI tra settentrionale Italia in comune ceramica 75 the from inferred been can as Ages,Middle early the of phases later the from common quite th cover findings the where region, Torček the from come matches no that significant is it and extent great a times. prehistoric from Slovenia and Austria diameter: 0.15m. 2a2 Type Rim could haveany piercedcoveringmaterial. ofperishable made s very Type not appears rim Unlike the of type. inclination this for household forward within put function be a can so activities and context domestic a represent settlements last The i Torčekthe showing for documentedthus region, (eighth Savorgnano from come matches striking most The function. original possible the about doubts some arousing characteristic diameter: 0.15 m. lessmarked. is The slant 2a1Type Rim with (notwithstanding dating). theearlier manufactures indicate might that (eighth Savorgnano all, above and, century), (seventh/eighth 5). n. 8, Tbl. for (mostly comparison general a
Ibid., 69, n. 2 69, Ibid., See, for example, Wolfgangfor See, Ar Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 89, n. 1 and 12 [same dating?]; Fabio Piuzzi et al. al. et Piuzzi Fabio dating?]; [same 12 and 1 n. 89, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia iva uuri in (04, 8 n 4 fr itnv, e: in ito rgoo n Suo eih, “La Gelichi, Sauro and Brogiolo Pietro Gian see: Cittanova, for 4; n. 78, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia This seems to be a long a be to seems This bec 2a Type from distinguished is rim This
82 - 83 (1998 83 - 3; 3; TajanaIvančan Sekelj
(rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 9, n. 1); recovered from level area; mouth area; level from recovered 1); n. 9, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard (rim (rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 10, n. 1); found in the level area; mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 10, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard (rim e whole early medieval period. In contrast, in Frioul it seems to have been been have to seems it Frioul in contrast, In period. medieval early whole e
- 1999): 230, n. 197 n. 230, 1999):
ugaugn e Lnemsus onem 1979 Joanneum Landesmuseums des Ausgrabungen tner, “Der Frauenberg bei Leibnitz, Steiermark, in der Spätlatènezeit und in der in und Spätlatènezeit der in Steiermark, Leibnitz, bei tner,Frauenberg “Der
- lasting type, lasting
1998), 221, n. 3. 221, 1998), ( 2010 - 76 198; Mira Strmčnik Mira 198;
) , , T. n. 215. 34, ial fr upnig t wees h pitd tip pointed the whereas it, suspending for uitable
- 52 it cnuy, oee, uh fr i also is form a such however, century), ninth in the same production system of Broili Broili of system production same the in
78 since it is present in several areas from Frioul to Frioul from areas several in present is it since
All the same, its popularity may have varied to varied have popularitymay its same, the All
ts presence at sites along the Drava River.Drava the along sites at presence ts 75
pcfcly pt fud t t Martino St. at found pots Specifically,
- Gulič (1984), Taf. 6 Taf. (1984), Gulič Ceramica in Italia: VI Italia: in Ceramica ause it is much less flared, this this flared, less much is it ause -
ninth century) show similarities similarities show century) ninth - 2a pots, however, the small small the however, pots, 2a ( 2003 , n. 5 (about Late Antique Antique Late (about 5 n. , - 95” in 1985,” ) , 69, n. 1; also 43, n. 4 n. 43, also 1; n. 69, , - VII secolo VII Archaeologia , ed. ed. , Lucia 77
CEU eTD Collection 82 n. 9. 42, Riavez(1998), 81 n. 73, (1994), Siena Lusuardi Silvia 15; n. 109, Taf. (1987), Volker 1; Bierbrauer 604, in 1998), Giglio, del All’Insegna casi,” alcuni nordorientale: dell’Italia 80 n. 9. 69, (2003), 79 I mid the from come matches good Twomorphologies.very common most the amongst been have diameters:mouth 0.12 Type2a/3 Rim come from high a household, relia frommentioned. Torčekpots be cansimilar of couple a only however). Mugg and century), (radiocarbon area later, by as implied is and Verzegnis. d’Arcano Rive di Martino St. from examples with contemporary are which century, seventh/eighth the from namely IIIi), (Form ones later the are matches convincing only the diameters:m. and 0.18 0.19 Type3 Rim Sac (tenth/eleventh Daniele St. of examples llegio, but it is significant that no comparanda have been found either at the church of St. St. of church the at either found been have comparanda no that significant is it but llegio,
Tajana Ivančan Sekelj (2010), T. n. 1; 1, T.n. 103. 17, Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 94, n. 4 94, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia See, for instance, Castions di Strada (fourth Strada di Castions instance, for See, Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 89, n. 11, 15; 77, n. 2 (for Asolo); Marianna Mazzei (2000), 76, n. 4; Pietro 4; n. 76, (2000), Mazzei Marianna Asolo); (for 2 n. 77, 15; 11, n. 89, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia uidic (twelfth andcentury) and thirteenth Savorgnano (thirteenth - nce on local manufactures and it is perhaps not a case that the two vessels from Broili from vessels two the that case a not perhaps is it and manufactures local on nce
sixth 7; Fabio Piuzzi 1996, 216, n. 10. 216, 1996, Piuzzi Fabio 7; This type resembles some characteristics of Types 2a and 3, but it does not appear to appear not does it but 3, and Types2a of characteristics some resembles type This re Frioulan Late Antique the in present Although - 81
80 o mid to
- (rim shards 2: 2%, 128 gr: 9%) (Tbl. 11, n. 1 n. 11, (Tbl. 9%) gr: 128 2%, 2: shards (rim neetnl, cn eiec fr hs ye mre fo aes eod Frioul; beyond areas from emerges type this for evidence scant Interestingly, However, the presence of th of presence the However,
dated to late tenth late to dated
(rim shards 3: 4%, 59 gr: 4%) (Tbl. 12, n. 1 n. 12, (Tbl. 4%) gr: 59 4%, 3: shards (rim -
seventh a eci (eeal ery eivl eid ti wt n decoration, no with this period; medieval early (generally Vecchia ia
and 0.20m. and flaredThe rimsare than less Type 3.
good comparanda Osoppo (eighth from good -
etr pae o Oao lctd ogl tet mls from miles twenty roughly located Ovaro, of phases century -
ranking though, context. though,ranking -
early twelfth century), but also Asolo (eighth/ninth Asolo also but century), twelfth early - 8; Margherita Ferri et al. al. Margherita et 8; Ferri eaia n tla VI Italia: in Ceramica - fifth century): Maurizio Buora, “ Buora, Maurizio century): fifth s yepoal osldtdi ti geographic this in consolidated probably type is - 53 twelfth century), and the later evidence from from evidence later the and century), twelfth
(2008), 63, 12 63, (2008), gion, it is significant that at Invillino Invillino at that significant is it gion, - I secolo VII - 2); found in Tower 1 only; mouth mouth only; Tower1 in found 2); - 82 2); found in the level area only; area level the in found 2);
This supports the idea of more of idea the supports This - - Ceramica grezza dalle necropoli necropoli dalle grezza Ceramica ninth century),ninth Solimbergo 16; 65, n. 21; Fabio Piuzzi et al. al. et Piuzzi n. 21; Fabio 65, 16; , ed. Lucia Saguì (Florence: (Florence: Saguì Lucia ed. , - fourteenth century).fourteenth
- eleventh eleventh 79
al CEU eTD Collection escsrbn a Gogbr i Jutl m ar 16, in 1964,” Kanzian). Jahre im Jauntal im Georgiberg am Versuchsgrabung region) Torček Nin (for 9 n. LIX, 1 SNL, (Zagreb: century] ninth the to seventh from the Croatians Cultureof (also 4 2, n. 6 Siena Lusuardi Castelle risultati e indagine spätromisch di Metodi altomedioevo. e tardoantico südostalpinen tra territorio der Gliederung relativkronologischen zur Castelciés 86 di medioevale fortificazione Tomba).inmedievale,” fortificazione una Lodi scavo della nell’area archeologiche in Tomba,” del (Cavaso “Indagini Rigoni, Nicoletta Anna 9; 85 84 wayis under Paolo ofSt. ( osservazione 83 Type3a1 Rim terms appear ofdecoration)tobe too. at context, quite “random” within their times own c whilst type, Broili the resemble only that forms by underpinned be can This time. or region particular a to specific being without influence and background common a of speak would which variants diverse of is impression the However, only; and diameter: 0.38m. mouth 0.23 Type3a Rim of Castelciés (tenth/eleventhDaniele seventh/eighth the scant. is presence its the although Broili, for from parallel chronological a match provides Austria in Krottenturm the of site fortified whilst century), seventh the to dating examples similar of couple a wellbythe also shown is asemerges it, for time. same the of contexts have which Invillino, or Paolo Florence: -
8 (for seventh/eighth (for 8 TajanaIvančan Sekelj Silvia Lusuardi Siena (2004), 78, n. 5 n. 78, (2004), Siena Lusuardi Silvia Giacomo Gonella, “La Gonella, Giacomo Volker Bierbrauer (1987), Taf. 102, n. 5 (Late Antique/early medieval); Antique/early (Late 5 n. 102, Taf. (1987), VolkerBierbrauer t (lrne l’nen dl ilo 19) 15 n 2 fr al mdea S.Abn Mte) Silvia Matrei); Alban, St. medieval early (for 2 n. 175, 1992), Giglio, del All’Insegna (Florence: tti This type is not very different from Type 3, although documente although Type3, from different very not is type This
All
o Svrnn) Jno Belosević Janko Savorgnano); for ’ generale, Insegna
; (
in the northern in the northern Veneto region (eleventh 1994 (rim shard (rim
ia Strmčnik Mira (rim shards 4: 5%, 29 gr: 2%) (Tbl. 14, n. 1 n. 14, (Tbl. 2%) gr: 29 5%, 4: shards (rim - Ždrijac); Ždrijac); ) - , 73, n. 8 (for fifth(for n.8 73, ,
ninth century, this type is better attested to during the later period, as at St. at as period, later the during to attested century, better ninth is type this - i ” del ninth 84 ( .
Quaderni di Quaderni
2010 n cera
Giglio,
In VenetoEr if Frioul, and - Atti - twelfth century), Sacuidic (twelfth century), and also the fortified site fortified the also and century), (twelfth Sacuidic century), twelfth Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj Tajana s centur mica
) , T. Erik 1989, Szameit Taf.193; 30, 2: 2%, 14 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 13, n. 1 n. 13, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 14 2%, 2:
- del Gulič
2009), Tav. III, n. 12, 14; the 14; 12, Tav. 2009), n. III,
y Osoppo and seventh and Osoppo y grezza
V Archeologia del Veneto del Archeologia
- - Congresso 18) Taf. (1984), seventh 6; 89, n. 16; 93, n. 11; 94, n. 1 n. 94, 11;n. 93, 16; n. 89, 6;
da
alcuni
, - century St. Martino); Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia Martino); St. century aeian Klua raa d I d I Stoljeća IX do VII od Hrvata Kultura Materijalna
- Nazionale 54
documented settlements in th in settlements documented ( siti
2010 Quaderni di di ArcheologiaQuaderni del Veneto 2, n. 29; Renate Jernej, “Zum Fundmaterial aus der der aus Fundmaterial “Zum Jernej, Renate 29; n. 2,
della - ) eighth aclea and Osoppo have very similar pots for pots similar very have Osoppo and aclea , T. 17, n. 103; T. 18, n. 112; T. 37, n. 231 (for 231 n. 37, T.112; n. 18, T. 103; n. 17, T. ,
Carnia - 8 (1992): 62, n. 12 and “Castelciés (Cavaso del del (Cavaso “Castelciés and 12 n. 62, (1992): 8 di fourteenth century). study on the relevant materials from the c the from materials relevant the on study -
century Savorgnano); Fabio Piuzzi (2003), 51, 51, (2003), Piuzzi Fabio Savorgnano); century in not usually (although matches lose Archeologia Carinthia Carinthia III, 29; III,
(Friuli). - 83 - - 2); recovered from the level area level the from recovered 2); - , ed. Gianpietro Brogiolo and Lanfredo and Brogiolo Gianpietro ed. , spätantiken Gebrauchskeramik.” Gebrauchskeramik.” spätantiken 3); from level area and Tower 1; and area level from 3); 2; Margherita Ferri et al. (2008), 63, n. 63, (2008), al. et Ferri Margherita 2;
usd rol sat evidence scant Frioul, Outside
980), 980), Taf.LVII, Kašič); (for Taf.n. 6 Helgard Rodriguez, Rodriguez, Helgard
8 (93: 1, . 2 n. 111, (1993): 183 Approcci
Medievale 85 e Torček(just region d over a larger area. larger a over d
metodologici
, 9 (1993): 57, n. 10. 57, (1993): 9
ed.
Giuliano “ Bemerkungen Bemerkungen (2004), 89, n. 89, (2004), -
(o St. (for 3 e [Material
qualche 86
Volpe hurch
In
the
Il
CEU eTD Collection (2003), 69, n. 2. 69, (2003), in Ves Zelenci],” Nová Slovenská Villagein 90 89 (1997): 88 (1987), 91, Taf.Tulln(2010), Sedlmayer StefanHelga n. 1,and 5; Groh 102, Type. 87 evidence poor the (despite Ages Middle the through and epoch Roman late the from mostly Frioul, and Austria to Croatia eastern from area vast a over documented well is it as itself, diameter: 0.40m. 2/4 Type Rim from Savorgnano eleventh the of end the to dated village ins (for Frioul outside from come Broili from those cremat a is which mentioned, be can seventh (a Ages Middle early the of phases last the until later variants); T La diameters: mouth related 0.24and context; 0.25m. verticalAlmost rims. 4 Type Rim (Invillino), duringLate andAntiquity theearly period. medieval Hungary western from background cultural w together examples, more few Abelow). (see 3a1/2/5 Typeinclude also would that group larger a of variant a as regarded diameter:mouth 0.15,0.17,and
Florin Curta FlorinCurta Bertram Samonig, “Zur Wallanlage auf dem Förker Laas Förker dem auf Wallanlage “Zur Samonig, Bertram Milan Hanuliak et al., “Vrcholnostredoveká Dedina zo Slovenskej Novej Vsi a Zelenča [A High Medieval Medieval High [A Zelenča a Vsi Novej Slovenskej zo Dedina “Vrcholnostredoveká al., et Hanuliak Milan Huw Evans Evans Huw é
e r, s mre fo well from emerges as era, ne 127, n. 7. 127, The morphology seems to be between Types 2 and 4, but it is probably a specifi aprobably is it but between Typesbe4, to and 2 seems morphology The the since least at question under regions the of background the in present is type This be to too, morphology this to apply may 3a Type for made considerations The 88
oee, t os o se t hv be wdsra drn Lt niut and Antiquity Late during widespread been have to seem not does it however,
( (rim shards 2: 2%, 6 gr: 1%) ( 1%) gr: 6 2%, 2: shards (rim ( 2010
1989
(rim shard 1: 1%, 5 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 16, n. 1); found in the level area; mouth mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 16, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 5 1%, 1: shard (rim
)
in terms of bothform(seventh/eighth anddecoration in terms ) , 318, fig. 318, 10 , , 132, Pl. XIV, n. 7:3; 7:3; n. XIV, Pl. 132, ,
.
0.37 m. rim These ith some mentioned for Type 3a, show its presence in the the in presence its show 3a, Type for mentioned some ith - tetd exa attested Slovenská Archeológia Slovenská o urn). ion ia Strmčnik Mira - early twelfth century), but the best match still comes still match best the but century), twelfth early 55 Tbl. 15, n. 1 n. 15, Tbl.
( zbn) o lvna Sai r) ad Frioul and trg), (Stari Slovenia to Szebény) 89 mples from Carinthia (though with diverse diverse with (though Carinthia from mples
s are than perhaps more shaped T - oe prdc tm ruhy resembling roughly items sporadic Some Riegel in Kärnten,” in Kärnten,” in Riegel - tance, Zelenci in Slovakia in Zelenci tance, Gulič
- 56, 1 (2008): F1, n. 47; n. F1, (2008): 1 56, 18) Tf 1, . 9 Vol 19; n. 15, Taf. (1984), 2); found in level area and Motte and area level in found 2); - 87 century example from Kašic from example century
- Archaeologia Austriaca Austriaca Archaeologia ninth century). ninth
Fabio Piuzzi et al. al. et Piuzzi Fabio , specifically, a , ker Bierbrauer Bierbrauer ker ype 3a. 90 c type c
81
- CEU eTD Collection 97 in NÖ,” Pölten, St. Stadtgemeinde Pottenbrunn, aus Körpergräber “Frühmittelalterliche Friesinger, Herwig Pottenbrunn; Strmčnik 96 95 94 93 n. 3. 70, nell’arco paralleli 92 (Zwentendorf). 91 lip. shorter a with Daniele, St. and seventh the from Savorgnano,spanning Osoppo, at found been have comparanda good Frioul, In elon with form the considers one if especially areas, Austrian the characterised Edifice 0.16,0.21,0.25m. diameter: 2;mouth 5 Type Rim in terms of morphology Muggia (like Vecchia insouth tenth/eleventh networks or systems manufacturing common with identified be could Frioul from vessels of number good a workshops, same Zelenči). (Krottenturm, Broili at settlement the as time same the north and from Austria coming matches centres. manufacturing same the at made as considered being from them prevent actually would handmade are vessels some Sthat fact the Murska and decoration near Tabla Nova Ždrijac, Nin (Kašič, areas Slavic from however) necks longer (with items similar with contemporary roughly are These seventh/eighth from come mostly that IIIi andType with IIId2 are parallels Broili). from
Aonly; lip shorter with the rim resembles Late trg,Stari significantly but it from comes example Antique Volker 212, n. 13; Volker(1987), Bierbrauer Invillino Bierbrauer, di grezza “La ceramica Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. (2004), 89, n. 6 89, (2004), al. Sienaet Lusuardi Silvia n. 12 89, (2004), al. Sienaet Lusuardi Silvia ErikSzameit Belosević Janko Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Sekelj Tajana
Archaeologia Austriaca This type seems to have appeared in the later Early Middle Ages and mainly mainly and Ages Middle Early later the in appeared have to seems type This - Gulič
(rim shards 3: 4%, 48 gr: 48 4%, 3: shards (rim ( 91 18) Tf 15, Taf. (1984), 1989 -
twelfth century), whilst other pots from the same region are just comparanda just are region same the from pots other whilst century), twelfth alpino centrale e orientale (Secc. 4. (Secc. orientale e centrale alpino
( Late 1980 ) , , Taf.IV, Aal et Hanuliak Milan 54; 97 - )
niu Krhih i Crnha a a od exam good a has Carinthia in Kirchbichl Antique
, , Taf. LVII,LVIII, n. 6; Curta Florin n. 5; ( 2010 h eogtd eso ses o e tetd m attested be to seems version elongated The ) - , T. 3, n. 9 (Torček); Stefan Groh and Helga Sedlmayer Sedlmayer Helga and Groh Stefan (Torček); 9 n. 3, T. , eighth to the tenth/eleventh the to eighth
51 (1972): 188, 188, 189. (1972): 51 . 5 bsds a ac fo te seventh the from match a besides, 15; n.
- S. ail, oh uig h seventh/eighth the during both Daniele, (St. 8, 13; 94, n. 6. n. 6. 94, 13; 8, -
13; 94, n. 6; Pietro Riavez (1998), 42, n. 11.42, Riavez (1998), Pietro n. 6; 94, 13; 3%) (Tbl. 17, n. 1 n. 17, (Tbl. 3%) - western Slo western 56 -
7. d. C.),” in C.),” d. 7.
. (2008), F 47 (2008),
venia, which are indeed dated to roughly to dated indeed are which venia, - - easternFrioul). twelfth century, but mostly in the pots the in century,mostlytwelfth but ( Archeologia Medievale Archeologia 2010 - 3); recovered from level area and area level from recovered 3);
obota), however, differences in in differences however, obota), ) , 321, fig. 321, 14. , - 93 ihh etr i fo a uil at burial a from is century eighth 94
hs lo ple t some to applies also This In contrast, if not from the from not if contrast, In 95
il, f o almost not if ainly,
l, u a Invillino at but ple, ( - - 2010 17 (1990): 63, n. 13; n. 63, (1990): 17 century phases. century Ibligo, Friuli e i suoi Friulii suoi e Ibligo, ) gated rims. gated , 73, n. 3071/3 3071/3 n. 73, , - it and ninth Mira Mira 96 92
CEU eTD Collection n. 5; Florin Curta Curta Florin n.5; Belosevic Janko century): ninth to (seventh Dalmatia in sites some from 6; n. 94, 8; al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia century): (seventh/eighth Martino St. besides century), twelfth fifth c. centur too, Kirchbichl Volker Bierbrauer later); and century fourth/seventh 99 NÖ, Pölten, 111,11,(1993), Abb. 4; Renaten.Jernej 1, n. 4. Austriaca 98 diameter: mouth context; 0.29m. The islesstilted. swollen part 6 Type Rim terms ofparallels. diameter: mouth Motte; Double 0.18m. Type4/5 Rim belonged todifferent andeconomic social situations. presuma which contexts, Antique Late from come matches best the of some interesting parallels, represent times at might chronology and patterns decoration if and, networks i The others. the from distinct little a only and other each to close very are Tower1 from pots the although 5), and 3a1, 2, Typeswith similarities mention to (not phases different in features r these of background cultural the presencedifferentemergedindicatein sound the justaandthat sites variousvariants from long a been have to seems it times; medieval and Late Antiquity during Croatia andm. level from area; diameter 0.15to0.21 mouth Theis convex. topofthese rims Type2/3a1/5 Rim and which Kanzian, St. inturndonotmatch the deco highareatdocumented that rims shaped hook the of variant a only appears type Broili the although Alps, the across exclusively, Amongst several examples, see for instance: Volker Bierbrauer Bierbrauer Volker instance: for see examples, several Amongst Felgenhauer Sabine peso i teeoe f auatrs o ral cnetd ih pcfc production specific with connected really not manufactures of therefore is mpression It resembles something of Type 5, but it seems closer seems it but 5, Typeof something resembles It of areas several in attested well is type This 61 - 62 (1977): 288, n. 4, 7; Kurt Hetzer, “Der “Türkenkogl” von Poppendorf bei Mark bei Poppendorf von Hetzer,“Türkenkogl” Kurt “Der 7; n.4, 288, (1977): 62
rm hr 1 1, 7 r 1) Tl 2, . ) rcvrd rm Motte from recovered 1); n. 20, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 17 1%, 1: shard (rim ( ( 2010 rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 19, n. 1); probably relevant to Edifice 2 or or 2 Edifice to relevant probably 1); n. 19, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard rim
- cmet “a Fnmtra ds aseg z Giebr, Ö” in NÖ,” Gaiselberg, zu Hausbergs des Fundmaterial “Das Schmiedt, (rim shards 5: 6%, 49 gr: 4%) (Tbl. 18, n. 1 n. 18, (Tbl. 4%) gr: 49 6%, 5: shards (rim ) , 321, (Nova fig. 14 Tabla century)). Murska,near seventh
y); also some matches for T matches some also y);
egions. 99 - - tipped lip. tipped lip.
medieval medieval Gaiselberg,like sites Austrian Poppendorf, lo t rii i te aig s ogl cret it correct, roughly is dating the if Broili, at Also 57 ( 1987
ype 5 (Osoppo, Savorgnano, St. Daniele; from eighth to to Savorgnano, from eighth ype(Osoppo, Daniele; St. 5 ) , Abb. 30, n 30, Abb. ,
ration pattern of the pots here.ration of pattern thepots
Frioul, Austria, Slovenia, and even even and Slovenia, Austria, Frioul, . 13; Taf. 72, n. 10; Taf. 99, n. 14 (for (for 14 n. 99, Taf. 10; n. 72, Taf. 13; . ( 1990
to Type 4, to which I refer in refer I which to 4, Type to
- 5); recovered from Tower 1 Towerfrom recovered 5); ) 6, . 14 n. 63, ,
( 1980 ) ( , Taf. LX, n. 2; LXI, 2; n. Taf. , LX, 2004 - 15 (for Invillino; Invillino; (for 15 ersdorf, p. B. St. B. p. ersdorf, - ) lasting form form lasting , Archaeologia 89, n. 1 n. 89, 98
- related - 2, 6 2, bly bly - - CEU eTD Collection Archeologia Medievale ArcheologiaMedievale see VolkerBierbrauer Säben: from examples medieval 103 ( AFelgenhauer 116 Sabine (Krottenturm); Istrien,” in Funde ninth (for 3 n. in archeometriche,” e Vecchia:Muggia archeologiche di considerazioni 102 n.10. 101 (Saaz). 93 Nostra 100 Jugs of scattered influence ratherthan networks. production specific long another rimdiameter: and neck. Shorter narrower 0.18m. 7a Type Rim Illegio the with the church in Paolo ofSt. Valley itself. north perh deep a should as regarded fact this however, time; same the roughly at parallels morphological related diameter: mouth m. dumplayer; 0.16and0.26 Rim Type 7 provide somecomparanda interms of surface treatment. even which time, same the roughly at districts Veneto northern the of sites fortified some tenth/el the during Daniele St. at attested Roman from developed plausibly it regions Veneto and Frioulan the in Broili; of example only the is this Paolo; St. of church the at phases the by shown also 2010
Volker Bierbrauer (1990), 79, n. 6 (Säben/Sabiona); Angela Borzacconi, “I reperti ceramici rinvenuti nel sito nel rinvenuti ceramici reperti “I Borzacconi, (Säben/Sabiona); Angela 6 n. Volker79, (1990), Bierbrauer Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. (2004), 94, n. 2; 77, n. 5; Anna N 5; Anna n. 77, 2; n. 94, (2004), al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia Rnt Crn e a. “otsi tardo “Contesti al., et Curina Renata : Lidia Rupel, “Aspetti della ceramica co ceramica della “Aspetti Rupel, Lidia It is significant that no that significant is It
)
- , , T. n. 196; 31, T. n. 59, 368; T. century). eleventh the (most fromn. 410 around them of 64, eastern Italy most of the matches come from Late Antique sites or phases, as is the case the is Late as phases, from or come sites matches Antique the of Italy most eastern 59 (1988): 157, n. 53; for an example from outside Frioul see Stefan Groh and Helga Sedlmayer (2010), (2010), Sedlmayer Helga and Groh Stefan see Frioul outside from example an for 53; n. 157, (1988): 59 This is actually close to Type 7, but it has a shorter and narrower neck. It seems to be to seems It neck. narrower and shorter a has it Typebut to 7, close actually is This long the of one probably is This duri types pot common most the amongst not was This
- (rim shards 2: 2%, 105 gr: 7%) (Tbl. 21, n.1 (Tbl.gr: 7%) 2: 2%,105 shards (rim - tenth lasting type and type lasting
(rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 22, n. 1); found in the level area; mouth mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 22, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard (rim Arheoloski VestnikArheoloski - century Muggia Vecchia); Branko Marušič, “Altslawische und einige frühmittelalterliche frühmittelalterliche einige und “Altslawische Marušič, Branko Vecchia); Muggia century - rooted presence in the manufacturing tradition of these regions, since for for since regions, these of tradition manufacturing the in presence rooted 17 (1990): 17
close matches have been detected w detected been have matches close
173, n. 6. 173,
its non its 6 (1955): 130, n. 1 (early medieval Istria); Erik Szameit (1989), Ta (1989), Szameit Erik Istria); medieval (early 1 n. 130, (1955): 6 - Schmiedt Schmiedt - mune romana in Friuli: materiali da Vidulis e Coseano,” in Coseano,” e Vidulis da materiali Friuli: in romana mune nih e altomedie e antichi -
systematic presence in different places and times speaks times and differentplaces in systematicpresence - lasting types. There is good evidence in Austria for for Austria in evidence good is There types. lasting eventh ( 58 ( 1977 1990
) ) , 288, n. 2; see also for Torček, also see n. 2; ,288, , 79, n. 8; and Villa Clelia/Imola (Bologna district) (Bologna Clelia/Imola Villa and 8; n. 79, , -
wlt cnuy n, neetnl, lo at also interestingly, and, century twelfth ithin the Frioulan region; see see region; Frioulan the ithin vali dal sito di Villa Clelia (Imola, Bologna),” Bologna),” (Imola, Clelia Villa di sito dal vali
icoletta Rigoni (1992), 62, n. 12; and 1993, 57, 1993, and 12; n. 62, (1992), Rigoni icoletta 102 101
- 2); found in level area and found inlevel Tower2); 1
Antichità Alto Adriatiche Adriatiche Alto Antichità ng the early Middle is Middle as early Ages, the ng 103
- g forms. Age Tajana Ivančan Sekelj Late Antique/early Antique/early Late 100 56 (2004): 59, (2004): 56
t s well is It Aquileia Aquileia p be aps f. VIII, - , CEU eTD Collection 107 in Paolo’sSt. on studies in progress. are Church Niederösterreich,” Tulln, aus Keramik frühneuzeitliche und 106 n. 7. 218, Gelichi (1998), Sauro and Brogiolo Pietro (Nin 9 n. 17, (1997): in fondo,” sul rilievo a marchi con altomedievale e tardoantica 105 104 in attested are examples medieval high and medieval early Some size. and shape of terms times; and regionsdifferent phase;Motte diameter: mouth 0.08,0.09,and Rim Type9 the itemsfrom Sacuidic twelfth (c. century)and Tulln (c. thirteenth century). parallels,althoughscanty, in either periods later fromcomes thirteenth probably the was of building layer the by the disturbed since materials, medieval early to belongs it whether uncertain form, a such resembles item Valley, one Illegio the in Paolo St. of church the At contamination. later a is Broili at vessel this that exclude not does this century, tenth diameter: 0.15 m. 8a Type Rim and, areas, insome Lombard possibly through patterns. Slavic the from especiallyemerges jug probable this for evidence good but Invillino), from comparanda T La even and Age diameter: 0.12 m. 8 Type Rim
Wolfgang (1998 Artner Jana Horvat (1983), (1983), Horvat Jana Taf. La(Kranj; epoch). n. 13 14, Téne Silvia Lusuardi Siena (1994), 41, n. 6; Margherita Ferri et al. al. et Margherita 6;Ferri n. 41, (1994), Siena Lusuardi Silvia Volker Bierbrauer (1990), 75, n. 1 1 n. 75, (1990), Bierbrauer Volker The simplicity of this rim makes it a long a it makes rim this of simplicity The the to dated and (Tuscany) Fiesole at found jugs typical of think might one Although resemb This
regions, where the early medieval form plausibly derived from Late Antique types Late Antique from derived plausibly form medieval early the where regions,
(rim shards 3: 4%, 10 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 25, n. 1 n. 25, (Tbl. gr:1%) 10 4%, 3: shards (rim
(rim shard 1: 1%, 8 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 23, n. 1); found in the level area; mouth mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 23, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 8 1%, 1: shard (rim (rim shard 1: 1%, 12 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 24, n. 1); found in the level area; mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 24, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 12 1%, 1: shard (rim -
Ždrijac); Tajana Sekelj Ivančan (2010), T. 70, n. 448; for a typica a for 448; n. T. (2010), 70, Ivančan Tajana Ždrijac); Sekelj les types which were known over different geographic areas from Roman Roman from areas geographic different over known were which types les é
ne times. ne - 1999), 285, n. 93 (Leibnitz); n. 93 285, 1999), 107
104 notwithstanding, at Broili these items are quite standardised in standardised quite are items these Broili at notwithstanding,
(Ajdna); 76, 76, (Ajdna); In Frioul it was not among the most common vessels (no vessels common most the among not was it Frioul In
59 - . 2 n. century church. The only evidence in terms of of terms in evidence only The church. century
0.10 m. 0.10
Mira Strmčnik Mira - (rne; Massimo (Vranje); 3
- lasting form, so comparanda come from from come comparanda so form, lasting Bollettino del Gruppo Archeologico Aquileiese Gruppo del Bollettino
( 2008 rhelga Austriaca Archaeologia 105 - 3); recovered from the level area andarea level the from recovered 3);
) - , 63, n. 8; Brigitte Cech, “Mittelalterliche “Mittelalterliche Cech, Brigitte n.8; 63, , Gulič (1984), (1984), Taf.Gulič trg).(Stari n. 9 12, Frioul or nearby regions, such as as such nearbyregions,or Frioul
De Piero, “La ceramica grezza grezza ceramica “La Piero, De l Lombard l 3 (1989): 73 106
oee, t is it however,
- age jug: Gian Gian jug: age
202, C9; C9; 202,
7 CEU eTD Collection 112 n.219; T. n. 450. 71, eleventh seventh also See too. Illegio at Paolo’sChurch St. of phases Late Antique the from comes perhaps evidence Mödling, 111 Bezirk Wolfholz, 110 Flur Gebirge, 109 am n.13; T.n. 67; 12, T.n. 75;13, T.n. 324. 52, Brunn fig. von 321, 2010, Curta Florin Siedlungsreste in awarischen Niederösterreich,” der Keramik 108 layer; m. diameter: mouth 0.14 Rim Type9a1 type for probably thatwas liquids. used water orother vessel this of presence the demonstrate could which century), (eleventh/fourteenth Castelciés f the and parallels), of basis the on century, tenth/thirteenth to (dated Castle Slovenian, and likeOvaro, amAustrian PodgoricanearGebirge.and sites Brunn Črnuče, sixth/seventh some from inferred be can as neck), elongated Slavic or Slavic in common quite were which vessels from emerge similarities clear some pot), Lathe T dump layer; diameter: mouth 0.16m. the rim ismorearch rounded. The of Type9a Rim was item similar (one finds Broili recovered thesixth from the among identified be also could which beakers, refe those specifically Invillino, Late medieval from Antique/earlycome matches best Slavic through and Antique late from Slovenia (seventh Oderzo with case the is as regions, other and Frioul
Volker Bierbrauer Marianna Mazzei MariannaMazzei Tav.2009, Gonella Giacomo 1983, Horvat Jana Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia - - nlecd otxs uig h ery eivl eid gnrly etrd y an by featured (generally period medieval early the during contexts influenced oe ace hv as be fud o ltr pcs a i te ae ih Attimis with case the is as epochs, later for found been also have matches Some long a to attesting rim simple another is This ce é n ne era. ntury finds from the Torčekregion: the from finds ntury , Slovakian, ,
( rim shard 1: 1%, 11 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 26, n. 1); recovered from Tower1 from recovered 1); n. 26, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 11 1%, 1: shard rim (
(rim shards 2: 2%, 11 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 27, n. 1 n. 27, 11(Tbl. 2%, 1%)2: gr: shards (rim 110 (
( Taf.(Kranj). n. 6 14, 2000 Austriaca Archaeologia 1987
However, jug possible ifoneshape tha the (rather considers whole ofthis
) and Croatian sites where the medieval morphology possibly developed developed possibly morphology medieval the where sites Croatian and ) , 77, 77, , n.4; 10. 64, Rigoni 1992, Anna Nicoletta , , Taf. Gonella n. 3; 88, Giacomo n.n. 4; 15; 81, 79, Podgorica near Črnuče; significantly handmade); handmade); significantly Črnuče; near Podgorica - seventh ( III, 19; Florin Curta19; Florin III, 2004
) , 81, n. 3; Anna Nicoletta Rigoni 1992, 63, n. 2; Hajnalka Herold, “ Herold, Hajnalka 2; n. 63, 1992, Rigoni Nicoletta Anna 3; n. 81, , - century phases of St. Paolo’s St. century phases of Church).
- 86 (2002), 175, n. 3; Milan Hanuliak et al. 2008, 122, A1, n. 2; n. A1, 122, 2008, al. et Hanuliak Milan 3; n. 175, (2002), 86 Avar patterns (Zelenči, Torček). (Zelenči, patterns Avar Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Tajana Sekelj 60 ( 2010
) , 321, fig. 17; Hajnalka Herold 2002, 175, n. 3. Some n. 3. 175, 2002, Herold fig. Hajnalka 321, 17; , - 112 lasting form documented from at least at from documented form lasting
- ( 2); found in foundTower 2); 1 2010 - ninth century), Castelciés, and Castelciés, century), ninth )
- , T. 25, n. 152; T. 28, n. 172; T.172; 35,T. n. 152; n. 28, T. , 25,
Tajana Sekelj Ivančan 2010, T. 4, 2010, Ivančan Tajana Sekelj o eighth to ( 2009 ) 109 , , Tav.n. 3. III, 108
- l te ae the same, the All etr Fr century
ortified site of site ortified - related d related
- rring to rring ioulan, rel 111 ump ated ated Die Die -
to to n CEU eTD Collection 115 Lusuardi Siena Silvia n.216; T.it?); 34, suspending for neck; the in hole a (with 155 T.n. 85; 25, T.n. 14; 15, n. T.9; 4,n. T.56; n.3, T. 10, 114 113 thinner usually latter (the plate a than rather pan flat a to refer could They/it vessel. same 0.25m. width: Type Rim 11 Flat pans beforeonly is context certainty isthatits Edifice 2. the since item, Antique Late a of possibility the out rule not does evidence stratigraphic the Roman late known resembles it and convincing more is position concave The shape. square a have rims their however, later), little a even or century thirteenth (c. Illegio at Church Paolo’s St. of phases medieval one inner the be could side either thus, notreconstructed. size mouth TypeRim 10 Lid overin usetosomewide extent areasfrom thescantyevidence (notwithstanding Frioul). been have must type jug this that (Tuscany)show Pistoia from finds medieval early although Slove from variants different with emerges as contexts, Slavic in widespread quite were forms such time, that At seventh/eighth from significantly,comes which, IIIi, probably is type above The form. this to apply also can above remarks the of some therefore 9a, Typefrom distant not
Giacomo Gonella Giacomo 71; footnote See Volker (1987), Taf.Bierbrauer 12 Florin Curta Curta Florin s
One rim differs from the other two, this does not exclude that they all belong to the to belong all they that exclude not does this two, other the from differs rim One and, lid a likely more is it but jug, a as it drew initially I form; uncertain an is This are They liquids. different or water for either jugs be to seem definitely vessels These
- mentioned item from Ovaro is st is Ovaro from item mentioned
( (rim shard 1: 1%, 2 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 28, n. 1); recovered from pre from recovered 1); n. 28, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 2 1%, 1: shard (rim (rim shards 3: 4%, 9 4%, 3: shards (rim 2010
( 2009 ) , 318, fig. 10; Janko Belosevic Belosevic Janko 10; fig. 318, , in n Cota cnet (ai, ijn Donje Biljane (Kašič, contexts Croatian and nian
) , , Tav.4. I, ( 1994
) -
, 40, n. 8. n. 8. 40, , A
ge examples, as, for instance, that found at Ovaro; at found that instance, for as, examples, ge 6 gr: 7%) (Tbl. 29, n. 1 n. 29, (Tbl. 7%) gr: 6
. Some ceramic covers were found among the the among found were covers ceramic Some . 61 3, n. 1, 3; 3, ill a good match, while, at Invillino, the closest the Invillino, at while, match, good a ill (
1980 )
, Taf. LVIII, n. 3, 5; 5; 3, Taf.LVIII, , n.
- 2); found in pre in found 2); Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Ivančan TajanaSekelj - century phases only. phases century - eoaa Torček), Begovača, - Edifice 2 context; 2 Edifice - Edifice 2 phase; phase; 2 Edifice 115
besides, ( 2010 114 ), as as ),
113 )
,
CEU eTD Collection matching the Broili form; Giacomo Gonella Gonella form; Giacomo Broili the matching body the h of presence the since interesting being latter the BS; Casaloldo, and MN, Coriano, di Pieve MO, 120 Kr from withthe those case the as isalso 119 n.(Vidulis); 26 151, n. 6. 215, (1988), LidiaRupel (1996), Piuzzi Fabio 118 117 Jernej lamps); Renate be could size 116 12a Type Rim Bowls speak ofcultural influence onlocal thanreal products rather exchange. plausibly would comparison morphological any therefore activities, household to relevant tenth the during used widely was that vessel common a to attesting pastes, possibly and treatment, surface types, Broili the match regions. Slavic oven the although shapes, similar show Broili as time same the roughly to dating Kanzian St. from Items Middle Ages. bakin oven or bowls/basins either as used vessels with associated be significantly at Verzegnis.piece early medieval emergesan instance, from Light/Red Antique diameter: 0.37m. mouth 0.36and Type12 Rim Basins Latebut alsoattested during andAntiquity early medieval (a times onwards, century eleventh the from Region Liguria the in especially widespread quite were fire. on use prolonged a indicate would paste burnt the
Renate Jernej RenateJernej n. 11. 49, Siena(1994), Lusuardi Silvia medieval dis be whatcould of examples See Silvia Lusuardi Siena (1994), 46, 48, Tav. 9, n. 4 Tav.n. 48, 9, 46, (1994), Siena Lusuardi Silvia Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia bed, hc sra, seily n h north the in especially spread, which bread), g
Bowls with inwardly with Bowls
distinguish
(rim shards 2: 2%, 11 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 30, n. 1 n. 30, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 11 2%, 2: shards (rim (
1993 119 (rim shard 1: 1%, 4 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 31, n. 1) n. 31, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 4 1%, 1: shard (rim es
The closest parallels are from eastern Lombardy and Veneto, which often Veneto,which and Lombardy eastern from are parallels closest The - )
Slip , 11 , ais rm oven from basins
6, n. 6, 7 - Ware ( - 2004 lid form does not seem to have been popular in the A the in popular been have to seem not does form lid - - 8. These could be bowls or bowlsor be 8. could These turned rim were widespread from prehistoric times. Some Late Some times. prehistoric from widespread were rim turned
(
forms might have been a pattern for later development, as, for for as, development, later for pattern a been have might forms 1993 ) , 73, n. 2 n. 73, ,
ottenturm; Erik Szameit Szameit Erik ottenturm; )
- , 116, , n. 4 is. e as Oao o seventh for Ovaro also See lids). ( 2009 - hes - 3 (St. Benedetto Po, MN); 74, n. 6 n. 74, MN); Po, Benedetto (St. 3 lvnh etr. Certain century. eleventh ) , , Tav. from St. Kanzian (called Deckel [ Deckel (called Kanzian St. from - 62 - 5. 5; Volker Bierbrauer (1987), Abb. 38, Volker Abb. (1987), 5; Bierbrauer
IV,1 - dishes, notwithstanding, the author calls them lids, lids, them calls author the notwithstanding, dishes, 2. 2. - (
116 atr aes f tl, rm h Early the from Italy, of areas eastern 1989
One thinks of items for baking that baking for items of thinks One - ) 2); recovered from the level area; level the from recovered 2); , , Taf.B9. B6, IX, ; related to Motte phase; mouth mouth phase; Motte to related ; 118
This type,however,This morecan - eighth ly, they were items mostly mostly items were they ly, s at Luni). s at - 9 (Concordia upon Secchia, Secchia, upon (Concordia 9 120 lid - etr oven century ]
, whereas those of small small thosewhereasof ,
- lids (probably for for (probably lids
117 n. 12 n.
- 13 (Invillino); (Invillino); 13 - oles lids roughly roughly lids ustrian or ustrian
through through CEU eTD Collection Viain Pascoli,” Padana. Pianura della castello un di evoluzione ed in “Insediamento castle a at forms al. et come match A good difference). important Gonella Giacomo Ovaro; from vessel 123 L’Erma Bianchi (Rome: Santoro Bretschneider,C2122. di 73, 1992), 122 121 diameter: 0.17m. 14 Type Rim any to Alps the across regions the significantextent. in feature not did which influences, cultural only north from exclusively almost coming Parallels, networks. exchange of out them kept have may only,which contexts household in used probably were cou rim diameter: c.mouth 0.42m. 0.35and Rim Type13 Oven epochs. long another be fifth/sixth from example Antiqu Late in present were closely, quite Broili from one too. type this to apply may latter the for found comparanda some Type from differentand very 12a not is form This seventh of those resembles roughly rim the although lid, diameter: 0.14 m. Th
Giacomo Gonella Giacomo smlr al mdea example medieval early similar A Claudia ( - 2004 lids (basinlids Despite a rim shape matching ov matching shape rim a Despite oven an as usuallyregarded is form This oven an it considering from prevent would size small the since bowl, a be must This 122 ld also indicate another function, such as a basin. As pointed out above, such vessels vessels such above, out pointed basin. As a as such function, another indicate also ld ), 90, n. 7; see also also see 7; n. 90, ), oiz. “ Covizzi.
Archeologia Medievale (rim shards 2: 2%, 11 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 32, n. 1 11n. 2%, 32, 2: shards (Tbl. gr:1%)(rim
rm hr 1 1, g: % (b. 3 n 1; on i te ee ae; mouth area; level the in found 1); n. 33, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 1 1%, 1: shard (rim - - lasting type that characterised the Frioulan context and beyond in different in beyond and context Frioulan the characterised that type lasting like vesse
( 123
2009 a eaia rza l morfologia la grezza: ceramica La the Po Valley between c. the ninth and thirteenth century); Fabio Saggioro et al., al., et Saggioro Fabio century); thirteenth and ninth the c. between Valley Po the
e top lip ismore lip roundede than top T
) 121 , , Tav.IV, especiallyn. 1. -
century Castelraimondo (of same size), therefore this form seems to seems form this therefore size), same (of Castelraimondo century It is interesting to note that bowls of this kind, even matching the matching even kind, this of bowls that note to interesting is It ls used as for covers baking) the
site of Bovolone (near Verona), which attests to a sound prese sound a to attests which Verona), (near Bovolone of site
comes from St. Paolo Church Paolo St. from comes 31 (2004): 1 (2004): 31 ( 2009 s from Osoppo (seventh/eighth Osoppo from s
, a. I, . 1 (although 31 n. III, Tav. ), en - 63 - 2, 4 2, lids from Bovolone and St. Paolo’s Church, the Church, Paolo’s St. and Bovolone from lids
- 5; 182, n. 9. 5; 182, , - ” lid, although the decoration on the top of theof top the on decoration the although lid,
i n ype 12. Castelraimondo Castelraimondo Bovolone VR Bovolone
-
- 2); found in foundTower 2); area; leveland 1 eighth prob , - eastern Italy,th eastern would
- sts a i te ae ih an with case the is as sites, e ninth century); Silvia Lusuardi Siena Siena Lusuardi Silvia century); ninth by f ogl te ae ti same the roughly of ably h salr ie f b of size smaller the - century vessels century – (1995
Scavi 1988 Scavi - 2002), località Crosare e Crosare località 2002), - 1990
from Ovaro. from us underpin underpin us t mrs an marks oth 2 ed. 2, , nce of such of nce e as me Sara
a - CEU eTD Collection 128 Taf 127 Editrice n. 7 Grappa: 163, 2004), ArtisticaBassano, 126 125 Taf. Tav. (2009), GiacomoGonella 2; 71, (ø m. 215, 11;1 III, 0.012). (1996), Piuzzi Fabio 124 of phases medieval early the from those probably are comparanda best the therefore walls, vessels). Frioulan match to said are which Torcello(Venicefrom Lagoon; examples with case the also is as too), decoration, Invilli from Large wererecovered present). basins (when beingholes forms two distinguishingthe feature layer; diameter: mouth 0.32m. c. Vertical wall. 15 Type Rim tenth century),andKrottenturm even in Austria (tenth (tenth Solimbergo instance, for like, sites, of number ninth formthe same attests tothis in place, evidence later north the in used be to began t to close either. reconstructed not is size its but decoration, sixth from item An vessel. more squared than Type14. 1 Type Rim 14a with the early medieval case the is as lid, a perhaps or Ovaro), and Invillino, Coseano, instance, (for sites medieval early and Antique Late different at documented those like bowl a suggests width limited -
) fud n oe 1 Tower in found 4); Volker (1987), Taf.Bierbrauer n. 22; 99 n.n. 17;16; 86, 84, Giacomo Gonella (2009), (2009), Gonella Tav. Giacomo 33. III, Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. (2004), 90, n. 3; Fabio Saggioro et al. al. et Saggioro Fabio 3; n. 90, (2004), al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia . X, C11. X, . 92 165, (1988), Rupel Lidia 9; 7, 182, 2; 181, (2004), al. et Saggioro Fabio ln Petten Elena hs a b a ai, oehls, t a as hv be ue a a oven an as used been have also may it nonetheless, basin, a be may This two These he top, which was a typical and functional characteristic of such specimens, which specimens, such of characteristic functional and typical a was which top, he
no in layers dating back to Late Antiquity or the early Middle Ages (with similar (with AgesMiddle early the or Late Antiquity to back dating layers in no
ò, ò,
(rim shard 1: 1%, 12 gr: 1%) (Tbl. 35, n. 1); found in T in found 1); n. 35, (Tbl. 1%) gr: 12 1%, 1: shard (rim (rim shards 2: 2%, 57 gr: 4% + top shards 2, 47 gr, one with hole) (Tbl. 34, n. n. 34, (Tbl. hole) with gr, one 47 2, shards top + 4% gr: 57 2%, 2: shards (rim Nelle campagne della Rosa: dieci anni di ricerche archeologiche a Rosà Rosà a archeologiche ricerche di anni dieci Rosa: della campagne Nelle fragments of oven of fragments
item from VerzegnisFrioul). (in - related dump layer; mouth diameter not reconstructed. The rim is is rim The reconstructed. not diameter mouth layer; dump related
- - seventh easternmost parts of Italy by the sixth the Italyby of parts easternmost
128
- - oee, hi bd gnrly a (lgty inc (slightly) has generally body their However, lids are quite similar and may even belong to the same same the to belong even may and similar quite are lids century Ovaro matches them in terms of shape and and shape of terms in them matches Ovaro century
64
125 -
eleventh century).eleventh Stefania Spagnol ( Spagnol Stefania - n xml fo Rs sos hole a shows Rosà from example An hrenh etr) Bvln (ninth Bovolone century), thirteenth 124 - eleventh century,eleventh
(2004), 181, n. 7 n. 181, (2004),
- - seventh century. seventh 95; Volker Bierbrauer (1987), Volker Bierbrauer 95; 2007), 122, n. 35. 122, 2007), ower 1 ower 127 - 8; Erik Szameit (1989), (1989), Szameit Erik 8;
as also occurs at aas at alsooccurs
- related dump related (Bassano del del (Bassano 126
- lid, the the lid,
At theAt lined - CEU eTD Collection ascertain some trends, it would be by be would it trends, some ascertain S of of terms In progress). in still manufacture Paol 132 131 in Bastia”,” di “Mura in località castello is them of 130 most of profile The m). 129 0.20 one (except 0.15 to 0.09 m. diameter: bottom 2 TypeBase17a diameter: 0.13m. featureThe isthicker isthatthe base than main walls. thevessel Type17 Base chronologicalgeographic context. and limited a within even ascertain difficultto are which techniques, manufacturing specific mark Base ( ( el (mostly Krottenturm of site fortified the medieval a considered be could in represented well is type at Austriadefinition. This type a for waiting paste,still amphora,perhaps fine almost its to according even which, form, Onigo). Castelciés, (Asolo, Region Venetonorthern the of sites fortified medieval high some from recovered belly swollen and diameter: 0.13 m. 16 Type Rim Jars Verzegnis (although smaller), and ninth Graphittonkeramik Vorratsgefaß -
Anna Nicoletta Rigoni (1992), 33, n. 5; 37, n. 7 n. 37, 5; n. 33, (1992), Rigoni Nicoletta Anna Erik Szameit ErikSzameit n. 1 215, (1996), Piuzzi Fabio Wh (220=244) and Motte and (220=244) t. Paolo), and and Paolo), t. ’ Cuc, which Church, o’s
s of vessels s of en I approach pots’ bases, I always keep in mind the drawing I ma I drawing the mind in keep always pots’ I approach bases, I en ae ae tentat are Bases neck narrow a featuring vessels with associated be can jar this whether uncertain is It ; the remarks I make I remarks the ;
i asmlgs hc ae hrceie b graphite by characterised are which assemblages in )
( (rim shard 1: 1%, 119 gr: 8%) (Tbl. 36, n. 1); from level area (314); mouth (314); area level from 1); n. 36, (Tbl. 8%) gr: 119 1%, 1: shard (rim (base shard 1: 3%, 18 gr: 3%) (Tbl. 37 (Tbl. 3%) gr: 18 3%, 1: shard (base 1989
(base shards 10: 27%, 216 gr: 38%) (Tbl. 38, n. 1 n. 38, (Tbl. 38%) gr: 216 27%, 10: shards (base medieval sites which could date to date could which sites medieval
) , , Taf. XI, 147. and ) that was typical) that quite from theninthcentury ofCarinthia onwards. show
vl dvdd no ifrn cutr acrig o etrs ht may that features to according clusters different into divided ively this - ed related contexts related
- analytical study, I mainly consider evidence from the Illegio ValleyIllegio thefrom evidence study, consider mainlyanalytical I ( 2, eventually 5 too; Fabio Saggioro et al. (2004), 181, n. 7, 10; 182, n. 8. n. 7, 182, 181, 10; (2004), al. et Saggioro Fabio too; 5 eventually 2, w fil dfeet profi different fairly two are thus to b to thus are
narrowing the comparative basis the comparative narrowing Quaderni di di ArcheologiaQuaderni del Veneto
130 132
e read critically read e - hv htet fud n found hitherto have I tenth
(206, 168), and the level area (444, 360, 310, 428); 310, 360, (444, area level the and 168), (206,
- eventh century); it is regarded as a storage vessel storage a as regarded is it century); eventh 12; 62, n. 6 n. 62, 12; 65
- roughly centuryBovolone.
e (nesadbe ned ae on based indeed (understandable les , also because the work on St. Paolo’s materials is Paolo’smaterials St. on work the because also ,
the - 8, 10; Anna Nicoletta Rigoni, “Onigo: scavi nel nel scavi “Onigo: Rigoni, Nicoletta 10; Anna 8, , n. 1); found in Tower 1 (123); bottom (123); Tower1 in found 1); n. ,
sam
as much as possible. muchas possible. as e time as Broili, since, if one could ever ever could one if since, Broili, as time e de of a complete vessel’sbase complete a of de 11 42,(1995): n. 10. 129 mths n rol o this for Frioul in matches o - 9); recovered from Edifice Edifice from recovered 9);
- clay pottery pottery clay
pre the church the - industr
from St. from 131
ial
CEU eTD Collection sites. Type 17 has only one specimen, whereas it is well represented in the Late Antique Antique Late the in represented well is it whereas specimen, one only has 17 Type sites. Frioul medieval from published bases few the of light the in also concerned, regions the know general or system workshop/production Edifice 2phase (the m 0.13 to 0.09 diameter: base 125); 107, 17, 308, 204, (421, contexts 17b2 Type Rim size). Thick andslight joints heel. similar of perhaps uncertain, other (the 0.09 m. diameter: base (310); area level and (204) Type Rim 17b1 wall profile. external convex generally the is feature main The m). 0.08 (c. uncertain two 0.13); them of Motte also and 428), 330, (310, area Type17b Base relatedbase only 0.11, layer (168); diameter: Irregular m,and0.14. 0.13 profiles. 17a2 Type Base self more of impression the giving thus angular, less and smoother are profiles wall and Joins could be0.09). (one m 0.13 to 0.11 diameter: base (248); (?) phase Motte also and (100/107), Tower428), 1 17a1 Type Base courtyard which wasmuch more trampledcontexts). thanother on the from come mainly they (although point that above just cracked have them certain a between joins the of whereas weakness wheel), slow a on throwing of result the (perhaps irregular somewhat - confidence or a confidence or t s ifcl t acran hte a ie tcnqe ees o specific a to refers technique given a whether ascertain to difficult is It
(base shards 8: 22%, 65 gr: 12%) (Tbl. 41, n. 1 n. 41, (Tbl. 12%) gr: 65 22%, 8: shards (base 0.17 (base shards 2: 5%, 2: shards (base
bs sad 7 1% 10 r 3% (b. 3 n 1 n. 43, (Tbl. 33%) gr: 180 19%, 7: shards (base (base shards 6: 16%, 53 gr: 10%) (Tb 10%) gr: 53 16%, 6: shards (base bs sad 3 8, 4 r 3) Tl 4, . 1 n. 40, (Tbl. 3%) gr: 14 8%, 3: shards (base
faster wheel.faster m ). Heeled). bases,althoughdifferently shaped. the walls and bases can be inferred from the fact that most of most that fact the from inferred be can bases and walls the
10 gr: 2%) (Tbl. 42, n. 1 n. 42, (Tbl. 2%) gr: 10 - related layer (168); base diameter: 0.10 to 0.15 m (most m 0.15 to 0.10 diameter: base (168); layer related 66 -
how present in the material culture practices of of practices culture material the in present how l. 39, n. 1 n. 39, l.
- 2); recovered from Motte phase phase Motte from recovered 2); - 8); re 8); - ) rcvrd rm Motte from recovered 3);
- 6); from level area (412, (412, area level from 6); - ) re 7); covered from the level level the from covered covered from all all from covered n fo pre from one
an an - - CEU eTD Collection However, note the absence of anyHowever,pot of the note absence in Siedlungsgeschichte,” mittelalterliche die Mitscha Herbert al. et Hanuliak (Torček);Milan 287 n. 46, T. 412; 411, medieval several at common Siena 136 mean not would standardisation therefore items, “household” 135 Szameit from missing is feature this 134 Grabker awarenzeitlichen 133 St. of phases Late Antique the from marks the about impression My elsewhere. and Broili at the of most over ninth the during concerned here regions circle, a in enclosed sometimes crosses, usually are signs These base. Pot warehouses were situated). a for used and made systematically vessels of speak may manufacture of terms in 17b Type from emerges that i and, phase), Motte the to relevant probably is that 168 layer dump the including 17b, 17a2, (17a, context this only from recovered were types Some St. size. large of often from were which area, level the recovered from coming pots among vessels evident particularly the from diverging this widths, mouth the beingexamples, althougharerule twothey ateither). notthe Broili inst base concaveand/orheel [slight] (the extent certain a to least at groups, Broili the amongst parallels some early are there the and later) from even (or church period medieval aforesaid the of assemblages ceramic the Zwölfaxing). characterise however, (Unterrohrbach, epochs Avar and Slavic early the during Paolo’ssome St. in ofphases commonvery been havetoseems also Church; it areas Austrian (1993): Lauermann Ernst The question is dealt with for Frioul by Frioul Negri for with Alessandra dealt is question The Heeled pots mostly come from Tower 1 which is a residential context, whereas it whereas context, residential a is which 1 Towerfrom come mostly pots Heeled oehls, t is sgt te type the sight, first at Nonetheless, ter’s ( 1994 ( Two pot bases from contexts 204 and 168 have potmarks on the exterior under the the under exterior the on potmarks have 168 and 204 contexts from bases pot Two to compared Broili at bases pot of diameter small usually the is remark interesting An 1989 ma ) , 98 , rks ) , 137 , - - Märheim, “Das karolingische Gräberfeld von Si von Gräberfeld karolingische “Das Märheim,
fo
ll.; Tav. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7. Simple 7. 5, 4, 3, Tav.1, ll.; - 166. 166.
amik,” inamik,” specific purpose (they were (they purpose specific
the Austrian the
sites of roughly of sites 1, . 6 n. 117, 135
Archaeologia Austriaca
ter’s
- fortified site of Krottenturm that dates that Krottenturm of site fortified 7 bss o o apa t b o bte qaiy hn te more other than quality better of be to appear not do bases 17b mark - ; w Felr t l, Birg zr omnnwcln der Formenentwicklung zur “Beiträge al., et Fiedler Uwe 7;
the Archaeologia Austriaca Austriaca Archaeologia sat - eleventh century.eleventh
cross and wheel patterns, at times besides other variants, are are variants, other besides times at patterns, wheel and cross same time as Broili; Broili; as time same
Krottenturm; Erik Szameit Szameit Erik Krottenturm; 67
( 2008 77 (1993): 77 ( a found where the structures interpreted as as interpreted structures the where found 1994 ) , 124 (Zelenči); there is evidence in Austria too; Austria in evidence is there (Zelenči); 124 , higher standard in case. this standard higher eghartskirchen, N. eghartskirchen, ) n particular, a certain standardisation certain particular,a n , 82, 136
generally 41. Abb. -
Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Sekelj Tajana foll.; Tav. Lusuardi Silviaand 13; 12, 2, Diverse variants are doc are variants Diverse 3 (1953): 13 ead of a flat external bottom external flat a of ead ( 1989 134
to roughly the same time; Erik Erik time; same the roughly to
-
) für Bedeutung seine und Ö, , , 137 3 n 1b 2, b. 13. Abb. 29, 11b; n. 23, is perhaps significant that that significant perhaps is
-
166. 166. 133
al. hs is This Paolo.
( 2010 Ot
e types, her ) umented , T. 64, n. 64, T. , CEU eTD Collection this stage,this given thesmallsample. especially Broil at (since delivery before is This ecclesiastical). time some for place specific a in or stored were pots marked that fact the even and secular hypothetical (either institution empowered some to directed be to Broili, at them of number possible a IllegioValley the such scanty,therefore from is marks potter’s of evidence periods, medieval within purpose accountancy some to However,of Aquileia. patriarchate referred the by managed structures ecclesiastical have may they that is Church Paolo’s ucin a have may function
one might think of a small a of think might one i they both come from Motte from come both they i
hne or changed
en ot lentvl, codn t te limited the to according Alternatively, lost. been 68
amount of taxes (much less than a tithe) a than less (much taxes of amount - related layers) is too uncertain at uncertain too is layers) related for the following the for CEU eTD Collection support useless. useless. support 137 a same someobservations are noteworthy. groups. existing the of the three or All two after arenamed which emerges clusters them from difficulty the whilst another, one to close fairly are which items about real especially arise might Doubts reflect workshops. and/or manufactures not of terms in differences may or may actually which groups typological in division conventional interpretation. any about cautious be should one therefore shards, few a or single a on relies frequency cases, several rims gr) (1,415 83 namely, gr), (1,971 120 many, not are potsherds diagnostic These erroneous. be may association any as separate, kept are theyTable 1);2, Chapter (see identified phases the for considered are bases and rims particular, In exact. be not may vessels specific to fragments the of most assigning by wares of number the reconstruct to 2 Chapter in attempt the since shards, diagnostic on based archaeologicalThe Broili of context the light pottery in of evidence.
Charts have not been done for clusters in which the presence of one or two forms and/or types makes visual visual makes types and/or forms two or one of presence the which in clusters for done been not have Charts The charts below (fig. 23 (fig. below charts The 17% and 37 bases (556 gr), however, the sample is not insignificant. Nonetheless, in Nonetheless, insignificant. not is sample the however, gr), (556 bases 37 and
4% 32%
3%
4%
7% Cluster 4
137
9% Another point to take into account is the subjective a subjective the is account into take to point Another 8% displaying the frequency of ceramic forms and types in each of of each in types and forms ceramic of frequency the displaying
16%
- 31) summarise the summarise 31)
Bowl 12a Type 9 Jug Type Pot Type 4/5 Pot Type 6 Pot Type 5 Pot Type 4 Pot Type 3a1 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 Chapter 4
69
frequency of pottery types, exclusively types, pottery of frequency
in distinguishing some of some distinguishing in
nd at times at nd CEU eTD Collection frequency and (a) (b). weight 24. Fig. a weightand of number (b) rims. (a) Fig.23. 20% 10% 10% 10% 10% Cluster4
lse 4 Cluster
10%
10% 10% 30% Cluster 4
20% (Motte phase; c. 950 c.phase; (Motte
10% Mte hs; . 950 c. phase; (Motte Cluster 4
10% 20%
10%
10%
17b2 Base Type 17b1 Base Type 17b Base Type 17a2 Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a Base Type
- Bowl 12a Type 9 Jug Type Pot Type 4/5 Pot Type 6 Pot Type 5 Pot Type 4 Pot Type 3a1 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 980 CE). 980 - 980). 70
Percentages of forms and types based of the typesofbasedand forms of Percentages ecnae o bs tps ae o shard on based types base of Percentages
57%
b
9% Cluster 4
3% 6% 15% 10%
Base Type 17b2 Base Type 17b1 Base Type 17b Base Type 17a2 Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a Base Type
b
CEU eTD Collection on theweightand (b)rims. (a) number of 25. Fig. 12% 22% Cluster 4a Cluster
10% 22% 11% 55%
3% 11% Cluster 4a (courtyard; tentatively c. 950 c. tentatively (courtyard; Cluster 4a
12%
23% 11%
8%
Oven Bowl 12 Type Pot Type 2a/3 Pot Type 3a1 Pot Type 3a Pot Type 2a Oven Bowl 12 Type Pot Type 2a/3 Pot Type 3a1 Pot Type 3a Pot Type 2a
- - 71 Lid Type 13 Type Lid Lid Type 13 Type Lid
-
980
). Percentages of forms and types based based types and forms of Percentages ). b
a
CEU eTD Collection on rimfrequencyweight and (a) (b). 27. Fig. a shardweight frequency(a)and 26. Fig. a 14% 14% Cluster 4b Cluster 4a Cluster
50% 14% 17%
14%
Cluster 4a Cluster 4b 15%
(courtyard; tentatively c. 925 c. tentatively(courtyard;
29% (courtyard; tentatively c. 950 c. tentatively (courtyard; 33%
(b). (b). Pot Pot Type 7a Pot Type 7 Pot Type 4 Pot Type 2a2 Pot Type 1a 9 Jug Type 17b Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a Base Type
72
- 980 - 21% 980 26% 9% ). Percentages of forms and types basedtypes and forms of Percentages ).
). 12%
12% Percentages 5%
Cluster 4a Cluster 4b
28% 18% 69%
of base types based on based types base of
Pot Pot Type 7a Pot Type 7 Pot Type 4 Pot Type 2a2 Pot Type 1a 9 Jug Type 17b Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a Base Type
b b
CEU eTD Collection frequency and (a) (b). weight belong c.925 phases, tothe previous Fig. 5 28.Cluster 9% 11% 2% 3% 8%
6% 5%
2% 4% 4%
5%
4% 4%
(courtyard; tentatively c. 970
7% 4% 4% 2%
4% 4% 1%
21%
Cluster 5
Cluster 5 8%
- 980). Percentages of forms and types basedand Percentages offormstypes onrim 980). 19% 23% 7%
73
7%
4% 5% - 980, but most ofthematerials butmost probably980, 11%
2%
Oven 9 Jug Type 8a Jug Type 8 Jug Type Pot Type 2/3a1/5 Pot Type 5 Pot Type 2/4 Pot Type 2a/3 Pot Type 3a Pot Type 2a1 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 Pot Type 1b 1a Pot/Jug Type Pot Type 1 Oven 9 Jug Type 8a Jug Type 8 Jug Type Pot Type 2/3a1/5 Pot Type 5 Pot Type 2/4 Pot Type 2a/3 Pot Type 3a Pot Type 2a1 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 Pot Type 1b 1a Pot/Jug Type Pot Type 1 - - Lid Type 14 Type Lid Lid Type 14 Type Lid
b
a
CEU eTD Collection (a)weight and (b). 925 c. phases, previousfrom come 29 Fig. a Cutr 5 Cluster . 60% 10%
4% 7% Cluster 5 7% 4%
20%
cutad tnaiey . 970 c. tentatively (courtyard; 7% 10%
7%
4% 4%
4%
Base Type 17b1 Base Type 17b Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a - 980).
Cluster 7
18%
Percentages of base types based on shard frequencyshard on basedtypes Percentages base of 26% 74
4% 4% 46%
-
8, but 980,
6%
Cluster 5 most of the materials probably probably materials the of most 14% 34%
Pot Pot Type n.a. Oven Oven Oven 9a1 Jug Type Pot Type 7 Pot Type 2/3a1/5 Pot Type 3 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 Pot Type 1b1 Pot Type 1a1 Pot Type 1a - - - Lid Type 15 Type Lid 14a Type Lid 13 Type Lid
17b1 Base Type 17b Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17a Base Type
a b
CEU eTD Collection frequency and (a) (b). weight 31. Fig. a frequen Fig. 7 30.Cluster
22% cy and (a) weight. 45% lse 7 Cluster
11% Cluster 7 5% 1% 12%
11% 11%
(Tower 1,eleventh(Tower and Percentages century). offormstypes based onrim 1% 16% Twr ; lvnh century). eleventh 1; (Tower
1%
7% 2%
Type 14a Oven 17b2 Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17 Base Type n.a. Base Type
1%
- Lid BaseLid
4%
1%
Cluster 7
1%
75
48%
32%
Percentages of base types based on shard shard on based types base of Percentages
37% 13% Cluster 7
12%
Pot Pot Type n.a. Oven Oven Oven 9a1 Jug Type Pot Type 7 Pot Type 2/3a1/5 Pot Type 3 Pot Type 2a Pot Type 2 Pot Type 1b1 Pot Type 1a1 Pot Type 1a 6%
- - - Lid Type 15 Type Lid 14a Type Lid 13 Type Lid
Type 14a Oven 17b2 Base Type 17a1 Base Type 17 Base Type n.a. Base Type
- Lid BaseLid
b
b
CEU eTD Collection amongst material from the later stages of the settlement (in the residential palace) may just just may palace) residential the (in settlement the of stages later the from material amongst T resemble does morphology been systematically recorded). 2a; and 2 Types (especially fire the over “special particular any display not do addition, in which, of rims the and 7a), 7, i.e., concerned; regions the of background the long as regarded be times at may which wares by characterised often Towerfrom itself retrieved1 pottery The 1). 127 context from comes instance, know and tradition common a than cookingand/or no of pots with together hypothesis, a such back also would bowls of presence b may Tower1 as time same the at use in perhaps space living a indicate may silos the and/or structure round large the either with connected floor the obliterated it that daily excavation the during formed impression the supporting thus area), (Cluster 428 context from come also vessels situa layers dump in found generally were that bones animal all, above and, pieces, gaming and namely, chess evidence, other by indicated also as 7, (Cluster Tower1 from recovered eighth c. of phases the in pots, with along form, only the represent they Illegio, at Paolo St. of site the at onwards; period medieval early the - ie ciiis Stratigraph activities. life te horizontal the e A further remark concerns type concerns remark Afurther Oven - lids, probably used for baking, characterised (not only) north only) (not characterised baking, for used probably lids, having meal?), the types of which do not speak of specificmanufacturof speak not do typesthe which of meal?), having - obn dcrto pten se ocuin font 183). footnote Conclusion, see pattern, decoration combing p 1 hwvr i i nt h sm, hrfr, t presence its therefore, same, the not is it however, 1, ype cly ti ws u b te hut the by cut was this ically,
(Cluster 6), (Cluster isation” other than a certain suitability for hanging the pot the hanging for suitability certain a than other isation” - how with other assemblages from the site (Type 3a1, for for (Type3a1, site the from assemblages other with how fig. 30 fig. - 1a wares, which were also found in found also were which wares, 1a
albeit spots albeit - 76 31), (Cluster 7, fig. 7, (Cluster
4a too, which is one of the earliest stage of Towerof stage earliest the of one is which too,
, which seems to have been a dwelling place, dwelling a been have to seems which
- fig. 25 fig. ninth century. At Broil century.At ninth
on the surface of the vessels have not have vessels the of surface the on ted just outside the building. These These building. the outside just ted - 26 ), located in the courtyard (level courtyard the in located ), 30 - - and 31) -
ec pae bt h fact the but phase, fence shows a similar situation, situation, similar a shows
that this was remains of remains was this that - lasting types (rooted in in (rooted types lasting (hints at a late stage stage late a at (hints i, they were mostly were they i, - eastern Italy from from Italy eastern Tower 1; thi Tower1; rmal size (for size rmal es other es
s rim s The CEU eTD Collection On t On oven an as classified rim the since 5, and 4b Clusters from come pots thesethan other forms no from drinking?), besides activities these extent some to emerge to what from assemblages.Apart seem this for clues network; manufacturing and production standardised a quite in made presumably containers of supply systematic ( commodities storing for area pa normal a times three or twice as much (as m 0.40 to up diameters mouth with pre the discovered 2/Motte) Edifice and 1 (Tower warescomingfrom area. the level 2 Edifice of corner northwestern b the around layer (dump 168 context from recovered containers largesome the of size by interactionmayindicated an Such be situation. function the in between difference a by explained be may this discrepancies, chronological to owing area level the from those to close particularly not are is bowl single a of find (the extent conclusive a to least at place, dwelling a of impression the give not does building the since shardscluster from the relevant of size sample small The context. Motte the from recovered been have 1a or 1 Type either This perhapsapplies tothevesselphasewhereasearliest also from of theofEdifice nopots 2, havin without possibly tradition, manufacturing a indicate lnig o h Mot the to elonging rticular Cluster 5, fig. 28 fig. 5, Cluster rticular he other hand, these pot types vary to a lesser extent compared with other clusters and and clusters other with compared extent lesser a to vary types pot these hand, other he The excavation of the open space between the two main buildings of the settlement the of buildings main two the between space open the of excavation The Motte the with associated materials The
dfc ad h cutad atog te poal itrce wti te same the within interacted probably they although courtyard, the and edifice e hs, lse 4 fg 23 fig. 4, Cluster phase, te - 29), evidence that has been interpreted as due to the use of this of use the to due as interpreted been has that evidence 29),
perhaps in perhaps s (3and 4) are probably jugs (to hold water or other liquid necessary for necessary liquid other or water hold (to jugs probably are
- not really a counter a really not lid (Type 14) is rather a lid according to its limited size. limited its to according lid a rather is 14) (Type lid - kind taxes). Such a function would have required a required have would function a Such taxes). kind
must bemust stressed, 77
(Cluster 4, fig. 23 fig. 4, (Cluster - 24 sence of a good number of large vessels vessels large of number good a of sence ),
- ( proof), nonetheless, the ceramic types types ceramic the nonetheless, proof), which is a striking peculiarity of the the of peculiarity striking a is which Clusters 4a, 4b, 5, fig. 25 fig. 5, 4b, 4a, Clusters g any real functional specialisation. functional real any g
however. - 24)
raise some questions, some raise - size pot) size - 29)
probably .
If not not If
(in CEU eTD Collection explained in this light (if the two stages were ever characterised by different manufactures). by manufactures). different characterised wereever stages two (ifthe light this in explained intermediate and/or discrepancies Some (Clus courtyard. 308 examplefrom emerge,for times at which values the in place took that activities two first the as interpreted structures previous the from inferred 138 be can as stage, later a at only vertically turned probably was that rim bent (slightly) a show Broili from pots these all although beyond, and Frioul from century, that phase onwards. Motte the from least at inclusions temper selected but large of use widespread the Towersome in some from apart o frequency significant the (as moreover,contexts some from emerging peculiarities possible); was analysis physical/chemical (no research of the of one to belonged manufactures. have thus may and frequent quite is 17b as classified one the 29) (fig. bases the about Besides, concerned. contexts the of specialisation certain a of speak 1/1a Types of percentages the same, the All ware. storage as served plausibly vessels, large characterising 7), and 4 instance (for types other conversely, hanging; for suitable seem only pots relevant specifi a indicate may which similar), of such possibly and/or “standardised” purpose small/medi in moreover, appears t some also it (however, vessel the carrying and top the typedescription, suitable as appearsfor forward2 put tobe which, intheChapter is1, sealing contexts. these from recovered rims) thirty (about potsherds of number larger much the account into takes one if especially information, of piece significant a is this
It must be remembered that most of the potsherds found in the level area come from features which cut the the cut which features from come area level the in found potsherds the of most that remembered be must It of A final remark is about the possible “evolution possible the about is remark final A well Another Type
2 138 - and 2/2a (and also 2/3a1/5) added together total up to 50 to up total together added 2/3a1/5) also (and 2/2a and and 2a (Tables 7 (Tables 2a and 1 ware), there are trends which are common to most of the assemblages, like assemblages, the of most to common are which trends are there ware), 1
and mixed up the older materials; therefore ceramics mainly represent both the phases phases the both represent mainly ceramics therefore materials; older the up mixed and It is hard to identify any standardised paste, however, especially at this stage however,this paste, at standardised anyespecially identify to Ithard is ype - -
attested group is that composed of Types 2 and 2a (also 2/3a1/5 is quite is 2/3a1/5 (also 2a Typesand of 2 composed that is group attested 1a rims from these assemblagesthese from rims 1a
- 8) ,
which resembles typical vessels of the eleventh/twelfth the of vessels typical resembles which c use, although that is difficult to ascertain as the the as ascertain to difficult is that although use, c 78
- oriented containers maybeoveroriented well 20%. ter 3b), either in terms of types or pastes, may then be be maythen pastes, or types of terms in either 3b), ter
are very close to close Typeveryare figurethe thus 1, ” of some morphologies, specifically morphologies, some of ” The most represented most The - f intentional quartz intentional f 60% and this may may this and 60%
um - ie wares); size
se se ,
CEU eTD Collection finds refer to the typical the typical to findsrefer type. Austrian 140 from appeared theeleventh have to seems type this Ovaro at Illegio, with Along century). twelfth eleventh/early late the to 139 a such However, region). Torček the in those but like rivers, Frioul Sava and fromDrava the along far located quite sites from coming evidence important pottery the from besides, inferred (as area period); Roman the with contacts ofdifferenfavoured example, communication routes have might for contrast, (in structures standardised less with contexts in especially ages, the through types ceramic some of success consi a had actually use certain a for form a of suitability the Traditionand system. manufacturing same the of products being than rather background common a show Framing the historical context o Broili hook few (incontrast, the evidencetheatforpoor explanation the be early cannot chronologythereforean Krottenturm, fre a (with settlements Austrian medieval hook the particular,In types. some about pottery, discrepancies ofstriking termsalso in but Broili with certainly which too, Krottenburg, of site the Austrian at pots of course the pres its indicate would 70 ± CE 1039 to dating thermoluminescence the instance, Solimber (at places some in earlier developed really type this unless manufactures), Daniele St. for proposed those (tenth/eleventh like spans chronological some perspective, this From cent eleventh the of end the than later no abandoned being settlement Broili the of idea the supporting for evidence further maybe this and century twelfth the of turn the occurredat evidence pottery
Silvia Lusuardi Siena, et al. al. et Siena, Lusuardi Silvia One can well think of different production systems and th and systems production differentof think well can One The last remark raises the question about the meaning of similar wares which only which wares similar of meaning the about question the raises remark last The - hpd rim shaped - twelfth century, twelfth Tav.2009, Gonella Giacomo see: V,n. 1. the eleventh century). eleventh the - twelfth century) may be checked or even reduced (at least for such such for least (at reduced even or checked be may century) twelfth
from the nearby church of St. Paolo. The transitional period must have have must period transitional The Paolo. St. of church nearby the from
Tp 5 Tbe 17) Table 5, (Type (2004), 88, 93 (note that the relevant context from St. Daniele was in was Daniele St. from context relevant the that (note 93 88, (2004),
- shaped rims founddonotcomeshaped from thelater phases).
f Broilif 139
Alate
hc caatrsd ot i nt l, f h high the of all, not if most, characterised which 79 - uny p o 0) s h dmnn oe at one dominant the is 80%) to up quency eleventh
is applies to the whole Frioul, since relatively scant scant relatively since Frioul, whole the to applies is - century chronology may hold for these for hold may chronology century
shows some common influence common some shows t kinds longer and over a wide a wide and over longer t kinds derable role in the in role derable ence of it in it of ence itially dated dated itially go, for for go, 140
ury. - CEU eTD Collection 144 143 142 141 lip, folded a by characterised pots with Osoppo at occurred as century, eighth the by types period. quartz and/or calcite selected O about out pointed also poorly(as inclusions of consisting temper by characterised generally production of terms in seventh/eighth b pattern decorative a such and century. ninth eighth the to dated roughly phases the from recovered assemblages the amongst rare is there not was and tenth the during Paolo extent great any to occupied St. that is impression My type. settlement different very a definitely was Paolo St. of church ea the therefore sites, specific amongst only circulated have may production network. distinctive a indicates of element likely which pattern, decorative a such show Broili from vessels deep by characterised not generally are which area the from those with materials Broili the compares one if clearly quite emerge to seems fact a different.Such were geo and/or chronological significance poor or no backgroundhas common
Silvia Lusuardi Siena et al. al. Sienaet Lusuardi Silvia Silvia in: examples See 6 isaround It Muggia instance, for See, Vecchia42. Riavez (1998), Pietro Frioul: southern in 144 These eighth/ninth These that types pottery of evidence no is there research, of state current the to According
In specific workshops, and thus represents a starting point to detect the range of the the of range the detect to point starting a represents thus and workshops, specific addition, such a renovation was marked by the introduction of new forms and forms new of introduction the by marked was renovation a such addition, - 7% (however,7% workprogress). in - ninth century,ninth useprobably systematic comingcentury. into by thetenth 142
may represent a comparative basis comparative a represent may
AIllegio the occurredafterwards changehave atin must least Valleyand
Lusuardi Siena et al. (2004), Fig. 8 (2004), al. Sienaet Lusuardi
and management, which featured more standardised pastes that were were that pastes standardised more featured which management, and s situated beyond the Alps (and, to some extent, in southern Frioul), Frioul), southern in extent, some to (and, the Alps beyond situated s graphic context when it is evident is it when context graphic (2004), 84, 91. 91. 84, (2004), - century manufactures were associat were manufactures century egan to be used more often in other areas of Frioul from the the from Frioul of areas other in often more used be to egan
soppo), becoming more standardis more becoming soppo),
80
-
for reconstructing the economy of a specific specific a of economy the reconstructing for obd wares. combed eleventh century.eleventh Deep - 14. 14.
for those coming from Broili, which which Broili, from coming those for
that the manufacturing workshops workshops manufacturing the that ed with a renovation in Frioul in renovation a with ed rly medieval wares from the the from wares medieval rly 141
ot i nt l, f the of all, not if Most, - combing decoration combing ed in the following the in ed 143
CEU eTD Collection sure), Ampezzo, Ampezzo, sure), Gelichi, Sauro and Brogiolo Pietro 147 Gian see: towns, italiano:archeologia storia e Medioevo nell’alto for especially revised, been has perspective, 146 145 th with case Illegio Valley,the of area geographic the in were them the also is as region, Carnia the is, that of some but uncertain, times at is monastery this to charter donation 762 the in mentioned Mary (St. Reghena al Sesto monasteries, particular in institutions, ecclesiastical to either properties fiscal transferring or private of phenomenon the specifically Age, Lombard late the in tendencies 774 (from rule Carolingian the with change interms ofmanufacture. pottery of rest the somewhat ValleyIllegio the and between point still common the same, the pastes. All Broili (although the in selected) size larger a show that inclusions temper minute and frequent eighth/ninth the of most evolution. later attest would turn in which Broili, at missing are shapes such contrast, In decoration. of eighth/ninth the resemble shards wall eighth/ninth the from recovered was rim one only Church, Paolo’s St. At surface. their on combing deep (long older of presence besides elsewhere century. twelfth and eleventh the between wares transitional the horizont the whereas
About the sites possibly si possibly sites the About frominstance,Solimbergo). for come, examples thefor later types,good (also 88 83, Ibid., lhuh h rl o mnseis n h eooi rcvr o th of recovery economic the in monasteries of role the Although h aoead eighth aforesaid The
Frioul is the transition from roughly the ninth to the tenth century as marking a a marking as century tenth the to ninth the roughly from transition the is Frioul - e properties given by given properties e etr pae wih ace te folded the matches which phases century Ramaceto Nevertheless, the situation with the pastes appears the other way round, since since round, way other the appears pastes the with situation the Nevertheless,
Osoppo, usually have cordons and finger and cordons have usually Osoppo, in Sylvis in
ally
(not sure), sure), (not - tuated in Carnia, the charter of 762 mentions Carnia (in general), general), (in Carnia mentions 762 of charter the Carnia, in tuated - atn) ye i as atse, ih containe with attested, also is types lasting) - flared rim took place took rim flared etr crmc ois rm t Poo r caatrsd y very by characterised are Paolo St. from bodies ceramic century ) being th being ) - etr pouto rognsto i Fiu my e associated be may Frioul in reorganisation production century
Vincaretum D ux ux - e most important example. important most e - century types century Massellio and CE) 776
(Rome: Laterza, 1998), 160. 160. 1998), (Rome:Laterza, (perhaps Incarojo, upon the Canal del Ferro [Iron Canal!]), Canal!]), [Iron Ferro del Canal the upon Incarojo, (perhaps 81
in the later period, as mentioned above a above mentioned as period, later the in
in 778. in
found at Osoppo and elsewhere in terms terms in elsewhere and Osoppo at found vn ih oe oil n economic and social some with even - i pten i adto, h several the addition, in pattern; rim 147
The latter document specifies the specifies document latter The egt cnuy i nt u bc into back put not if century, eighth e - impressed decoration, while the while decoration, impressed 145 146
The location of the placesthe of location The These new v new These s eeal displaying generally rs
Graciolaco essels, found essels, La città città La
bout
to a to (not (not CEU eTD Collection medioevo: 2 medioevo: in Friuli,” del castelli sui “Ricerche Piuzzi, Fabio also: see 132; 2000), Giglio, (Florence: del Brogiolo All’Insegna Pietro Gian (IX archeologici dati recenti di luce alla 152 F the along the route through theregion penetrated Magyars, the unlike Avars, the since Frioul, of area northeastern the in existed have must structures (2 151 150 149 the mentions 148 particular in 778 of charter Forno dicitur The 65. (2010), Zanin Luigi Carnia: of south Jahrhunderts zehnten des Ende zum bis fünften and a quite in probably and courses water two of junction the at placed although road, important any to linked been have to not seems Savorgnano, di century, Motta seventh/eighth the from sites. these at structures institutional of terms in evidence substantial no detected has implemented, where archaeology,as assumed, be can Lombard Age the with continuity no but castles, as sources castra time. the at fortification any on rely not did Illegio) from miles few Zuglio(a near Pietro St. at presence Lombard the since Gemona, of north network a such is there but unidentified, still probably is Ibligo, castles, these of One Roman the and River Tagliamento the along situated 610), in well the b it of south indicated is system defensive andorganisational an whereas time, that at Frioul of part this in management land any with associated be can who figures secular only the then not do turn mention any over relevant territorial in that sources Age Lombard in appear which places Frioulan northernmost owner(s); previous the or monastery the either about inferred be can kind this of activities so and mines copper and iron of possession 1) 17 mnin te rsne f h Lmad a S. ito f ulo Al h sm, oe defensive some same, the All Zuglio. of Pietro St. at Lombards the of presence the mentions 157, 010),
Ibid., 19. Ibid., 28 Ibid., 67. (2010), Zanin Luigi Fabio Piuzzi, “Contributo per lo studio dell’incastellamento nel nord nel dell’incastellamento studio lo per “Contributo Piuzzi, Fabio The hypothesis that Ibligo was at Invillino is not convincing, see: Volker Bierbrauer (1987). Luigi Zanin Zanin Luigi (1987). Bierbrauer Volker see: convincing, not is Invillino at was Ibligo that hypothesis The Daunino Oop, eoa Nms ad aon) are Ragogna) and Nimis, Gemona, (Osoppo, Duke - known -
29. nd
(not sure); Harald Krahwinkler, Harald sure); (not
(to be identified with Forni di Sopra): Harald Krahwinkler (1992), 107. 107. (1992), Krahwinkler Harald with Sopra): Forni di identified (to be Convegno archeologico Convegno Garda del Le fortificazioni del Garda e I sistemi di difesa dell’Italia settentrionale tra settentrionale dell’Italia difesa di sistemi I e Garda del fortificazioni Le
152 Massellio
castra In addition, one addition, In
listed by Paul the Deacon (when telling of the Avar raid that occurred the that Avarof raid telling (when Deacon the Paul by listed
and the three aristocratic Lombard brothers of the other charter are charter other the of brothers Lombard aristocratic three the and ella Stream (the main water course east of Illegio), see: ibid., 159. 159. see: ibid., Illegio), east of water course main (the Stream ella - of the few castles investigated in Frioul with phases dating phases with Frioul in investigated castles few the of XII secolo),” in secolo),” XII - arching institution. Friaul im Frühmittela im Friaul 148 , ed. , (Vienna: Böhlau, 1992), 92. Luigi Zanin places places Zanin Luigi 92. 1992), Böhlau, (Vienna:
82 furthermore, these sites, as far as I kn I as far as sites, these furthermore, Gianpietro Brogiolo (Mantua:SAP, Brogiolo Gianpietro 1999).
II
Congr etoe i eleventh/twelfth in mentioned esso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale Archeologia di Nazionale esso 149 lter: Geschichte einer Region vom Ende des Ende vom Region einer Geschichte lter:
- est italiano. Le strutture protofeudali protofeudali strutture Le italiano. est
- g od “ road Age 151
However, some of these of some However,
hitherto no evidence of of evidence no hitherto
Iulia uts ei/il q regia/villa curtis
tardo antico e alto e antico tardo
Augusta ow, are the are ow, Daunino
- century .
, ed. , ” just just
150 ui y
CEU eTD Collection jurisdictional matters) is sporadic in the documents until the tenth century,tenth until the in the documents 12 matters)is sporadic see: ibid., jurisdictional 156 155 UD). thinkSt. that Vito (Tolmezzo,name. original notwas the Illegio di Vito 487 2009), Giglio, S. del All’Insegna (Florence: Favia Volpe Pasquale La di and CarGiuliano chiesa Alpi della nelle scavo carolingia “Lo al., “Eigenkirche” et Amoretti Valeria see: Illegio, at Karantaniens 154 153 828/830 c. period: (ruling Eberhard management,although land of terms in stressed been hasCarolingian counts (s class Lombard ruling former the for leeway the limit to and/or Bulgars) even and Byzantines, Slavs, namely, neighbours, Frioul’s account into taking kingdom, Avar the of collapse the after have to either lordship, local time. that at territory this on exerted have to seems pressure economic real no valley,the thus from comes frameworks Illegio’s of founder presumed the with case the be may (that area this to appointed been have might Illegio.from matche also Vitus St. to dedication the where 828, c. and century eighth late the between span the in especially Carinthia, in parallels interesting has which community) the of custom Caro common a to attests likely he Rather, 2). Edifice before building specific a was 4 Edifice (unless Broili of site the with connected be hardly can he century,therefore indi dating radiocarbon the at buried person the is time that for presence institutional populated d
TimothyReuter, Fabio Piuzzi (2000), 142. (2000), Piuzzi Fabio ug Znn 21) 2, 5 l te ae te rsne of presence the same, the All 55. 28, (2010), Zanin Luigi Stefan Eichert, Eichert, Stefan lingian epoch, that is, the foundation of private churches (even for serving the local local the serving for (even churches private of foundation the is, that epoch, lingian fe 8788 te ac o Fiu ws eraie ad oe aoiga officials Carolingian some and reorganised was Frioul of march the 827/828, After possible only the research, of state current the to according Valley, Illegio the In Eigenkirche
istrict (a situation thatresemblesistrict (a thatofBroili). situation (Klagenfurt am Wörthersee: Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, 2012), 44, 74 44, 2012), Kärnten, für Geschichtsverein Wörthersee: am (Klagenfurt 154
il well till Germany in e in the Germany Archäologie und Geschichte zu Studien Ostalpenraum: im Strukturen Frümittelalterliche - 866) was the first of them to live in Fri in live to them of first the was 866)
; ht owtsadn, o eviden no notwithstanding, that ); tenth early very the and eighth the of end the between range a cates - 155 salse land established
The Frankish central power tried to prevent the rise of any strong any of rise the prevent to tried power central Frankish The
better control over land that was strategically important (even (even important strategically was that land over control better arly Middle 800 Middle c. arly Ages, niche,” in in niche,”
- owners). 83 Cnrso ainl d Acelga Medievale Archeologia di Nazionale Congresso V
- 156 1056 missi dominici dominici missi
eetees te or oe f the of role poor the Nevertheless, ce of substantial political and social social and political substantial of ce
(London: Longman, 1991), 79. 1991), (London: Longman, oul almost permanently,whereas almost oul 153
Eigenkirche atog mr cnend with concerned more (although - 491. 491. - 4 75; for St. Vito’sSt. for 75; Church - 125. 125. There is no reason to reason no is There
f t Vt; the Vito; St. of s the example the s
ed. , Una a CEU eTD Collection 161 160 159 158 157 they that is impression My activity. managed and planned strictly more a reflecting (silos) de a just represent or change economic and/or political a mark Motte) the or 2 Edifice either with associated and century tenth the to dated (tentatively courtyard the of phases warehouse two the whether determine Late Antique constructed generally were centres new these of century). eighth owned the by (specifically, alreadytime that before well tower he a of existence the properties detected has archaeology the fortifying of privilege the granted was exampl good A management. land of toterms in presence institutional certain a consolidated right probably fortify the castles; of building the confirmed or allowed Berengar by issued documents al Magyars, the with truce the these of most that note to Berengar’secclesiastical). “faithful were liegemen” significant perhaps is it point, this to Charlemagne; of time Fri for point reference a considered been had which Aquileia, of patriarchate the region, the of land institution strong other local the with compromising of rise the favouring so grant by Frioul in network alliance an established rule, central King son, his Berengar. with associated be can organisation economic and social in point turning
Ibid., 142. Ibid., 134. (2000), Piuzzi Fabio 149. Ibid., 147 28, Ibid., 44. Ibid., It is currently not possible to identify the m the identify to possible not currently is It The 924), latter officially (d. rather, (or subject Saxon) related) (and tothe Carolingian 157
castra - 148. e comes from the site of Savorgnano in central Frioul, where a priest, Peter, priest, a where Frioul, central in Savorgnano of site the from comes e 160
This situation seems to match the one at Broili, also considering that most that considering also Broili, at one the match to seems situation This . 161
velopment of the production organisation, with the later context context later the with organisation, production the of velopment
so used as an excuse rather than a triggering event), several event), triggering a than rather excuse an as used so - based powers (certainly in connection and/or and/or connection in (certainly powers based 84
ex novo ex 158 anager(s) of the Broili structures, nor to nor structures, Broili the of anager(s) oul by the Frankish authorities since the since authorities Frankish the by oul
In the period soon after 919 (theof end Inafter soon theperiod or, in any event, not in the place of place the in not event, any in or, ing rights to loyal people and and people loyal to rights ing
n 2, and 922, in 159
CEU eTD Collection und Marken: vom Ungarnsturm bis ins 12. Jahrhundert, 907 12. ins bis vom Ungarnsturm Marken: und Brunner, Karl see: Alps, the beyond area Germanic the in scale general more a on observed Luigi been see: systematically), quite do to taxes exact started to bishops probably the they for (what right the meant that onwards Berengar of time the from patriarch the to granted see 762, of charter donation patriarch the to 163 II Otto by 162 granted/confirmed were 983, of document a to according (properly) been not central in castles five the far,specifically so have published or investigated sites “strategic” some Savorgnano, from apart Nevertheless, and Broili between wares of circulation a underpin may pottery of terms in parallels the question, the on light shed can analyses petrographic only while elsewhere; carried be likely,to meant also have may which breaks), required, aand supplycertain interacted in, ona network scale. considerable with times at although Antiquity, Late as early instance, (for patriarchate the to connected somehow institutions ecclesiastical contrast, in Broili; at levied (in of collection a justify to consequence some of demand reason). other some or Magyars] the [against strategy defensive a for (either policy planned a than rather reward a as intended were they if as granted, place the about caring really not of impression the give usuallyfo once) atby(even Berengarseveral issued charters of situation the in least (at he he lands the on live to expected was who lord local a of instead official an of presence cooking of evidence poor the by judging place, dwelling (permanent) a been have to seem not does phase, Motte the position two the (if reasons two for network Berengar’s than patriarch the with connected more were
Ibid., 147 Ibid., Circulation of stocks between the monastery of Sesto’s properties can be inferred, for example, from the the from example, for inferred, be can properties Sesto’s of monastery the between stocks of Circulation The vessels from Broili sug Broili from vessels The s were ever distinct to any significant extent). First, Edifice 2, in both the early and early the both in 2, Edifice First, extent). significant any to distinct ever were s - a good number of Frioulan places (for instance, Savorgnano, Osoppo, St. Daniele). St. Savorgnano,Osoppo, instance, (for places Frioulan of goodnumber a 148. monasteries) plausibly relied on more sound frameworks (often established as established (often frameworks sound more on relied plausibly monasteries)
162
n h latter the In Hrl Kawnlr 19) 18 n nraig ubr f ulc ihs were rights public of number increasing An 108. (1992), Krahwinkler Harald : - ae n sal id gnrly ti sget te “oc the suggests this generally; finds small and ware
rol y h ery et cnuy. eody te concession the Secondly, century). tenth early the by Frioul gest that large quantities of commodities were collected, were commodities of quantities large that gest
ae ny tee ol eetal hv be a fiscal a been have eventually would there only, case 85
- 1156 (Vienna:Ueberreuter, 42. 38, 1994), Zanin (2010), 128. A similar situation has has situation similar A128. (2010), Zanin llow a common fixed patternand fixed common a llow - id txs ie hs probably those like taxes kind) 163
- northern Friou northern Herzogtümer Herzogtümer casional” l which, l
ld CEU eTD Collection placitis placitis of frequency increased the period; previous the of donations large the with compared reluctant mentio charter 983 the with case the in (as patriarch 167 166 stillbelon 165 thecentury). tenth 164 about remarked been has it what match may situation the extent, some to and, emerges therefore nearby land the on pressure economic real of evidence No missing. almost vessels (table eating and cooking of presence the suggests only pottery the but building, the within kept been have may stocks Some commodities). storing for (warehouses which ceas residence, probably (permanent) aristocratic the was archaeology) to according transition, of any ofany patternarea was that typical Germanic beyond the Alps. introdu the with associated be really cannot traumatic) not (apparently phase Motte the to 2 Edifice from transition structural the whilst century), tenth the of end the by (constructed reflec be may events stem powers, local limiting and controlling at aiming network, vassalage the reorganise and areas Ottos’po the considering also but 976, inCarinthia to then and Bavaria952 to in Frioul marchof the of annexation the of light the in indicate the of increasingof power thepatriarchate Aquil 967. in himself patriarch the to I Otto by granted been have to Valley,Illegio seems the near junction river flo (Tagliamento)also course that water a with connected Forni, although Udine). and [?], Gruagno/Croang Fagagna, Buia, (Brazzacco,
Luigi Zanin (2010), 128. 128. (2010), Zanin Luigi Ibid., 124. In particular, it has been remarked that the Ottonian emperors did give/confirm some castles to the the to castles some give/confirm did emperors Ottonian the that remarked been hasparticular, Init 124. Ibid., of Forni same the is it If 133. (2000), Piuzzi Fabio F abio Piuzzi (2000), 132; Luigi Zanin (2010), 173 (Savorgnano was also held by the patriarch by the end of end the by patriarch the by held also was (Savorgnano 173 (2010), Zanin Luigi 132; (2000), Piuzzi abio - dukes, as well as Otto II’s cousin, Duke Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. of Quarrelsome the Henry Duke cousin, II’s Otto as well as dukes, between 976 and 995 may indicate a stronger presence of the central imperial authority, imperial ofthe central presence stronger 125. a may995 and see: ibid., indicate 976 between The main characteristic of Tower 1 (which still does not represent a traumatic traumatic a represent not does still (which 1 Tower of characteristic main The century,tenth only late not the during extent some to changed have may situation The ged to the monastery of Sesto upon Reghena at that time. that at uponReghena ofSesto monastery the to ged ed to use the courtyard for the same purposes as in the previous period period previous the in as purposes same the for courtyard the use to ed 165
h ae o Bol my hs ae en at f sse wih would which system a of part been have thus may Broili of area The
e i te vlto o te rii eteet seiial i Twr 1 Tower in specifically settlement, Broili the of evolution the in ted
licy in these decades. They were trying to keep fiscal keep to trying were They decades. these in licy 86 Massellio ned
above), however, they seem to have been somewhat somewhat been have to seem they however, above), ’s charter, it was probably not a fortified site and and site fortified a ’s not probably was charter,it
eia over wide regions ofFrioul.regions eia wide over 164
They are all south of Illegio, of south all are They
- ware), with large with ware), ws eastwards to the the to eastwards ws missi dominici missi 167
These 166 ction - size
in
CEU eTD Collection 172 171 thebuilding. of phase last the to related are finds small and frames the all almost since drawn be can conclusions no moment, 170 169 168 su may century) or century), button a eleventh where as Solimbergo, early as enlarged perhaps was tower fortified (the Savorgnano Cari to Frioul of annexation the of result possible a as bishops, Germanic of presence stronger acentury, eleventh besides early and tenth late the by region the in appeared counts new “reorganisation,” Ottonian the structu other or bishops through (either areas wide centr whole the over 1016 grantedin was he century,rights publictenth the the example, for while, the with thehistorical ofthatwithin iseven time context harder. phases, abandonment of speak political archaeology by detected breaks is the it dwellers; whether of generations uncertain four or three seen have may which 1, Tower of evolution purcha for system manufacturing same the to referred plausibly they same, the (all dating radiocarbon by indicated as ±70, CE 1039 namely, 1, Tower as period same the covered which of phase first the Solimbergo, of economic for containers term ceramic in similarities strong the of of regardless purposes, circulation real any forward put to possible not is territorial forming a specific feud any of centres not were they particular, In time. that of castles Frioulan
Ibid., 124. 8, Ibid., 128. 123, (2010), Zanin Luigi 140. see: ibid., Savorgnano, the dating For of Cammarosano. Paolo quotes who 132, (2000), Piuzzi Fabio The dilapidation of plaster, for examp for plaster, of dilapidation The al woodland of Frioul Frioul of woodland al The patriarch of Aquileia represented an increasing institutional power as, together together as, power institutional increasing an represented Aquileia of patriarch The - missi dominici missi social changes, or just refurbishment of the a the of refurbishment just or changes, social
ggest, if not the identity of the dweller(s), then contacts with eastern (Slavic) (Slavic) eastern with contacts then dweller(s), the of identity the not if ggest,
, he began to appear in the the in appear to began he ,
nthia. probabl districtus - hpd uke yia o te ötah utr (ninth Culture Köttlach the of typical buckle shaped
172 igtencsay vessels). necessary the sing le, may have occurred in a few years or even more; however, at the at however, more; even or years few a in occurred have may le,
y New figures may thus have taken have thus may figures New . allowed him to exert a certain economic pressure on on pressure economic certain a exert to him allowed 168
In addition, according to the “household” context, context, In “household” accordingit tothe addition, 87
placitis
res). s of wares with, for instance, the castle castle the instance, for with, wares of s bode.
171
170 quite systema quite That notwithstanding, along with along notwithstanding, That
169 Any attempt at framing the sitethe framing at attempt Any
It is difficult to follow any follow to difficult is It
charge of either ofcharge tically by the end of of end the by tically al organisation al - eleventh Broili, CEU eTD Collection 177 1122, ( Piuzzi before see: Fabio by Eppensteins the held have been to result which 176 175 174 173 were holdings autonomous such any and extent conclusive more a to region (northern) ex to begun have may he 1077, in Frioul whole the to rights public developed. have certainly may independence toward tendencies some and privatisation of phenomenon certain a of consequence a was century (1029 mid the in “advocate” patriarch’s the was who Eppenstein, III Marquard the (1019 Poppo Patriarch by favoured was power their that account into taking adversaries, patriarch’s the considered Fri in century). themselves twelfth early the by Venzone, of north just gates lock the of possession the and Moggio of abbey the through particular in traffic, such V Illegio the to close junction so the and mines copper and found in Toweralready the of light can inthe seen be 1,which specifically I network. circulation a of centre the at been have may activities however,other the Alps, across estates their between contacts significant century. eleventh early the by Frioul well also were Carinthia, in holdings large with and entourage imperial the areas.
Luigi Zanin (2010), 8. (2010), Zanin Luigi 159. Ibid., 216. 178, (2010), Zanin Luigi Piuzz Fabio Ibid., 9, 216. From this perspective one can see the possession of the castles of Ragogna and Solimbergo, Solimbergo, and Ragogna of castles the of possession the see can one perspective this From 216. 9, Ibid.,
ihp my ae ersne a itrsig aer prospec career interesting an represented have may bishop) 173 - 1076). All the same, such an appearance of new counts from the late tenth late the from counts new appearanceof an such same, the All to linked Eppensteins, the WarientCount like thanesof thator like families Important
i (2000), 140. 134, i (2000), 176
u b te mid the by oul
- 1042) himself; moreover, the moreover, himself; 1042)
- called iron route that, along the Fella the along that, route iron called
alley (on the other hand, the patriarch seems to have managed managed have to seems patriarch the hand, other the (on alley - eleventh century, but they should not necessarily be be necessarily not should they but century, eleventh 174
The ceramic evidence does not support the idea of idea the support not does evidence ceramic The 88
advocatia vescovili advocatia 177
175
s h ptirh a gatd the granted was patriarch the As refer to the kiln for iron working iron for kiln the to refer
h Epntis consolidated Eppensteins The - mentioned exploitation ofironexploitation mentioned ad srkn eape is example striking a and t
Stream, reached the river river the reached Stream, 2000), 133. 2000), tend his power over the over power his tend
(office on behalf of behalf on (office and earlyeleventh and - lvnh century eleventh
- es alse in tablished CEU eTD Collection 178 Broili. ( abandonment the about probability of peak dating’s radiocarbon tolerated. longer no probably
Fabio Piuzzi (2000), 138. (2000), Piuzzi Fabio
178
t s ehp sgiiat ht hs er ace the matches year this that significant perhaps is It 89
destruction) of the site of of site the of destruction) CEU eTD Collection
90
CEU eTD Collection of shards have turned out to be of some consequence, especially in the light of a thorough thorough a of light the in especially consequence, some of be to out turned have shards of percentages/quantification and pastes of clustering approach, methodological the and pottery reorgani represent quem ante terminus link allowed (TowerE buildings 1, main the between chronology,radiocarbon after being thelate the limit which out, ruled be cannot (which early Church’s Paolo’s St. of pottery terms and in of pastes Broili to justifywith medieval thediscrepancies inorder phases dating the back pushed have probably would I addition, manufactures exam (for Frioul with of sites other from coming parallels the to according especially century, eighth/ninth the within has tocontext made possible it providedreliablerelative chronology, a dating outcomes, which,with some together scientific has situation archaeological exact quite a Broili, of case the In period. longer a over success functio specific a for type or form certain a of suitability the to according and frameworks production standardised less with epochs in especially ages, a to the through change little underwent times at namely,artefacts,which ofcoarseware, category applies certainly requirement a Such finds. small and structures framing for working base precise achievefairlya to order in relyon to sequence accurate stratigraphic Apart from interpretations that may be incorrect, the lack of stratigraphic contacts contacts stratigraphic of lack the incorrect, be may that interpretations from Apart probably would I dating, radiocarbon Without an of importance the is study this from indirectly emerges that point main The
ing
hm oehr precisely, together them sation work that mixed up the materials of the previous contexts. About contexts. previous the of materials the up mixed that work sation (a chronological “limit before which”) for the items recovered,they since items beforethe which”)for chronological“limit (a ualise thesettlement a to certain extent.
oee, ic tee hss r bsd ny o only based are phases these since however, difice 2/Motte) and the courtyard (level area) has not not has area) (level courtyard the and 2/Motte) difice Conclusion and 91 ple, Osoppo, Ragogna, and even Savorgnano). In Savorgnano). even and Ragogna, Osoppo, ple,
some layers (Cluster 5) can only indicate a a indicate only can 5) (Cluster layers some
ae rmd h ptey rm Broili from pottery the framed have n that may have brought about its its about brought have may that n sixth century).sixth
n relative relative n pa rticular rticular CEU eTD Collection contextualise them within a given situation. givenwithina them contextualise to crucial is it therefore structures, standardised within use their of possibility the out rule not does types lasting long any 180 the pre possible a being (this 4 Edifice and 2 Edifice between relationship the on light some shed might which available, be will legum of pound a of 179 recovery (the perspective into back put be may phase large a on stored were supplies no that fact neither noticed was that evidence ceramic the by highlighted been has point one however, phase; extent, lesser a to and, commodities chronological a to due difference, ofwares may think one is discrepancy the (unless situated presumably were structures purpose more the from differ they since workshops, (local?) distinct suggest may 25%) (c. 1 Tower intentionally from assemblages of frequency good the addition, In interpretation). with it T Base some elaborat data at least thelarger T inst (for confidence certain a with done be can step, next the be to planned are which analyses, physical and/or future. chemical next for pastes/shards the of in selection team the my particular, by out carried be to expected is that site the of study ype 1 would be the first candidates, considering that they may have been transport vessels, transport been have may they that considering candidates, first the be would 1 ype
The second part (checking parallels) is rather a working tool, which can be quite useful in helping figure out out figure helping in useful quite be can which tool, working a rather is parallels) (checking part second The analyses radiocarbon missing still some when particular, in and, investigations field of conclusion the After Eigenkirche - ie esl wr fud hr) therefore there), found were vessels size seemingly minor minor seemingly has that fact a 5, Cluster in 17b ype - h ptey s pottery The stage this at drawn been have conclusions preliminary some same, the All during the excavation nor in the analysis of the stratigraphic data. Specifically, the the Specifically, data. stratigraphic the of analysis the in nor excavation the during “standa lasting types and g and types lasting ed
ofSt. Vito).
dsd mnfcue, osby T possibly manufactures, rdised” in the first p first the in - size ones). size
- existi pot te nepeain f h cutad en ue fr sto for used being courtyard the of interpretation the upports aspects would not have been observed been have not would aspects eneral manufacturing know manufacturing eneral
ng building that, in such an event, could be connected with the person buried in buried person the with connected be could event, an such in that, building ng
art of C of art
- retd esl fud n h cutad wee storage where courtyard, the in found vessels oriented from represent 2 hapter for large systematic production networks).systematic a more intensive activity of this kind in the second the in kind this of activity intensive more a made it possible it made 92 scale within Tower1 within scale
- , how and background. However, the presence of long of presence the However, background. and how
ype 1 (regardless the exactness of such an an such of exactness the (regardless 1 ype n hptei aot tax about hypothesis any s
a good working bas working good a
to put forward the association of of association the forward put to , such as the concentration of concentration the as such , - related comtexts related - crushed quartz in the the in quartz crushed
- ance, shards fro shards ance, is c leto i that in ollection . 180 s o being not es
Specifically,
specifically specifically , (since no (since
too 179 ; r
ing
the In m - CEU eTD Collection the materials from Tower 1. On the other hand, one should determine what such a presumed persistence of of persistence deep of percentage small a just presumed a such what determine should one th for means hand, tradition previous other the On 1. Tower from materials in the dominant is decoration slanting the since pattern, horizontal the of scale) certain a (on introduction the after deep oblique the of persistence 8 fig. (2004), al. et Siena Lusuardi Silvia see: rule, Dani St. perhaps Savorgnano, Osoppo, Martino, St. century,at example, for as, well (seventh/eighth periods which previous characterise to combing seems combing deep deep slanting a horizontal whilst Solimbergo, from a have indeed, number tenth/eleventh instance, small for matches, a vessels, Some points. the summarise 183 at whatoccurred Towerunlike building, first in the detected 1. havebeen (violent)destruction in abandonment, previous a supporting evidence only The phase. 1 Tower the during 182 at is military remark or activities. a fire such natural to (either objection event main sudden the However, the either. perhaps detected layer dump relevant the from comes them 181 compared be can 1 Tower(only situations similar of think certainly may One investigated. (properly) been have that places few the amongst are these that fact the to due be may it albeit Solimbergo, of site Savorgna of castle the with instance, for drawn, be can parallels Striking range geographic limited different indicate may chrono which patterns diverse the yet distinguished not have I although assumed have conclusion). use different the be ( courtyard the in found those fromdivergent somewhat be times at may asso been have which phase, Motte itself 1 Tower of different settlement a represents building the by stressed also is that change (a extent it but used, been proof).significant
It must be stressed that stratigraphy would not contrast with the hypothesis of Edifice 2/Motte being occupied being occupied 2/Motte Edifice of with the hypothesis not contrast would stratigraphy that muststressed It be It was not possible to focus on it at this stage, but the matter might result in interesting outcomes. I briefly briefly I outcomes. interesting in result might matter the but stage, this at it on focus to possible not was It co remark One logy and/or production situations. production and/or logy About
182 exchange
that uld be that they were at some point removed for cleaning purposes, although no evidence of evidence no although purposes, cleaning for removed point some at were they that be uld does 181
the typical deep typical the with Solimbergo), however, i however,Solimbergo), with
A s lternatively, other containers, perhaps of perishable material, may havemay lternatively, material, perishable perhapsof containers, other
underpin a certain change in change certain a underpin
f h to etr, u te iie sml peet a reliable a prevents sample limited the but sectors, two the of of wares of - e Illegio Illegio Valleye eighth/ninth the as of - combed shards. shards. combed combing pattern amongst household or anyway less anyway or household amongst pattern combing
circulation of circulation
- twe structure
and/or manufacturing systems common to a wider area, I area, wider a to common systems manufacturing and/or lfth ciated with the exploitation of the level area, as the wares the as area, level the of exploitation the with ciated - combing decoration decoration combing - century items from St. Daniele and tenth/eleventh and Daniele St. from items century 183 ). Some uncertainty remains about Edifice 2 and the the and 2 Edifice about remains uncertainty Some ).
- such wares, p wares, such 14). This fact may suggest not only an evolution, but also a also but evolution, an only not suggest may fact This 14).
93
If th If
is t is difficult to connect the context of Broili Broili of context the connect to difficult is t
tack) that would not have allowed many planned planned many allowed have not would that tack) idea is idea management, albeit not to a conclusive conclusive a to not albeit management, - century contexts of St. Paolo’syielded St. of Church contexts century erhaps i correct s a marker of specific workshops, specific of marker a s
not , one can one , ele itself), although this is not the the not is this although itself), ele
even - standardised manufact standardised o
fact, is that no traces of traces no that is fact, in in no and the fortified the and no n expect e the
which , explanation explanation
whole - etr wares century a relatively a
actually Frioul. - ninth ninth may ures
CEU eTD Collection comparative scenario. comparative Zan [Luigi century mid/late by Carinthia the to annexation the of consequence a as Frioul Veneto and between integration presumed the Even 185 north the from far 216, 57 Zanin(2010), Luigi Carnia,see: not possibly Carinthia, and region Cadore the between somewhere located Carinth 184 itself. lo the by locally the within competitive highly was systems feudal of economy the which to according theory Epstein’s supporting rather perspective, perishabl or sacks distances. considerable over and scale certain a on produce surplus of transport place original their from away far regions a family, or lord same the by estates of possession archaeology. and The sources literary the through political andsocial 1 Tower of sequence stratigraphic the in breaks the all, above and, phase Motte the to 2 Edifice from transition moreover,the powers; specific to
Stephan R. Epstein, R. Stephan Timothy Reuter (1991), 229 (1991), Reuter Timothy 185 ia apart from Frioul; it is also interesting that Otto II gave the bishop of Freising some mountains in 974, 974, in mountains some Freising of bishop the gave II Otto that interesting also is it Frioul; from apart ia is clearly emerge to seems What
rd concerned, this be this concerned, rd
e materials were used for for used were materials e changes thatcannotcomprehended be at stage. this The late medieval crisis as an “integration crisis” “integration an as crisis medieval late The
- 230. One thinks, for instance, of the Eppensteins, who held large properties in in properties large held who Eppensteins, the of instance, for thinks, One 230. in (2010), 44] does not really emerge in economic terms from the pottery pottery the from terms economic in emerge really not does 44] (2010), in
s well as the movement of rulers and high and rulers of movement the as well s ing . .
at the same time a strong and weak point for the system the for point weak and strong a time same the at
a
94 discrepancy between some information achieved information some between discrepancy to
tak transport - e based market managed and/or supervised supervised and/or managed market based
that archaeology detected may represent represent may detected archaeology that n hl a ofc, ut ae implied have must office, an hold and acaooy ol put would archaeology ,
(Routledge, 2000), computer file, 34 file, computer 2000), (Routledge,
in
- fairly distant lands distant fairly ranking people to to people ranking - western part of of part western 184 this
Unless
into . CEU eTD Collection
Cagnana, Aurora. Cagnana,Aurora. Aurora, Cagnana, Bur, Michel. dell’Itnecropoli dalle grezza“Ceramica Maurizio. Buora, Karl. Brunner, Vecchia: Muggia di and sito Pietro, Gian Brogiolo, nel rinvenuti ceramici reperti “I Angela. Borzacconi, ___ Volker. Bierbrauer, Belosević Bayeux Tapestry. Federica. Fontana, and Gino, Bandelli, Wolfgang. Artner, Valeria, Amoretti, della fortificati insediamenti degli quadro nel torri e “Caseforti Giuseppe. Albertoni, _____ P Cristian per Venezia iBeniArcheologici Friuli Giulia del fortificazioni “Le del Gi VI Italia: in Ceramica 1156 Florence: All’I I secolo.” VII e VI (2004) cons centrale frühmittelalterliche Castrum S Zagreb: century]. ninth the L to seventh the from Croatians Imperiale Preistoriaall’Età dalla 1979 Kaiserzeit. vorclaudischen der Volpe andFavia Pasquale Carniche. Alpi Eigenkirche Una Udine), (Tolmezzo, Illegio di Vito San di chiesa Cherasco,InternazionaleI Italy: sugli diStudi Centro XII I tendenza.” di line secoli nei Adige e Inn tra regione adana iber , Janko. Janko. , . “La ceramica grezza di Invillino di grezza ceramica “La . - XV) iderazioni . - Le château , 1980. 1985. glio, 1998 Vienna: Ueberreuter, 1994. : 53 Herzogtümer und Marken: vom Ungarnsturm bis ins 12. Jahrhundert, 907 Jahrhundert, 12. ins bis Ungarnsturm vom Marken: und Herzogtümer , 2011. E . izzazione rurale nel Territorio di Aquileia di Territorio nel rurale izzazione e orientale (Secc. 4. e orientale(Secc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry Lo scavo di San Martino di Ovaro (UD) (sec. V (sec.V (UD) Ovaro di Martino San di scavo Lo Andrea Cavallo Andrea - Materijalna Kultura Hrvata od VII do IX Stoljeća IX do VII od Hrvata Kultura Materijalna Aurora Cagnana Aurora “Der Frauenberg bei Leibnitz, Steiermark, in der Spätlatènezeit und in und Spätlatènezeit der in Steiermark, Leibnitz, bei Frauenberg “Der . iad Cma Fran Comba, Rinaldo d. 66 ”
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- Scavi 1988 Scavi 23 . E . critical A . Sacuidic Sacuidic
59 , d. Gi d. nsegna nsegna ritish . E . - - 70 27, an
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azi Mran. Noi ai ul crmc grezza ceramica sulla dati “Nuovi Marianna. Mazzei, frühmi einige und “Altslawische Branko. Marušič, Siena, Lusuardi Silvia. Siena, Lusuardi Ofen frühslawischer “Ein Ernst. Lauermann, Sabin Ladstätter, Materia the on Studies Things? Noble “Just Christof. Krauskopf, Harald. Krahwinkler, Jaunta im Georgiberg am Versuchsgrabung der aus Fundmaterial “Zum Renate. Jernej, “ Jana. Horvat, Ma bei Poppendorf von “Türkenkogl” “Der Kurt. Hetzer, vo Siedlungsreste awarischen der Keramik “Die Hajnalka. Herold, Milan, Hanuliak, and Stefan, Groh, Approcci (Friuli). Carnia della siti alcuni da grezza ceramica “La Giacomo. Gonella, prospettive d L‘incastellamento Arheoloski Vestnik 102 XI secolo). di Bilancio prospettive Lombardia delleconoscenze Friuli.e e eantichità medioevo Niederösterreich. vom Hemmaberg/Kärnten. spätantikender und Pilgerheiligtum frühcristlichen dem aus Mörtelproben E. McNeill Peuplement et Château I Nobility.” Century biszumEndefünften des zehnten Jahrhunderts Jahre 140 Settlement Archaeologia Austriaca (2002) B Wolfholz, Flur Zelenci]. Village Medieval High [A Zelenča a Vsi Novej Slovenskej 2010. Donaulimes norischen am Giglio, 2009 Medievale Archeologia di metodologici . Florence: - 218
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Bun m Gebirge, am Brunn n - ricerca(VIII .
328 Kranju [Prehistoric Kranju B Korneuburg, VB .
nsegna del del nsegna 34 (1983) 34 th
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osi, Stefano, Roascio, ______medioevale fortificazione della nell’area archeologiche “Indagini Nicoletta. Anna Rigoni, alc da e Vecchia Muggia da proveniente medievale fuoco da “Ceramica Pietro. Riavez, na Mot Timothy. Reuter, Obstoja Vrprašanje in Razvanju v Gomila “Kosova Katarina. Predovnik, Fabio, Piuzzi, ______(Verzegnis Mazeit Colle di Ruderi “I Fabio. Piuzzi, Elena. Pettenò, Olcese, “La Alessandra. Negri, Mitscha - 216 Archeologici Beni i per Soprintendenza della sc di campagna seconda Illegio, (UD): Archeologia del Veneto Quaderni Archeologia di del Veneto 60 C di Patria delsuoterritorio.”siti 1991. the territory ofSlovenia] Mo of presence of question the and Gomila [Kosova Ozemlju” Slovenskem di ricerche italiano Savorgnano: di Motta della ident fasi delle periodizzata Brancati Cristina All’I Medievale Archeologia di Nazionale da recenti di luce alla protofeudali 2 medioevo: alto e archeologico del Garda antico tardo tra settentrionale dell’Italia difesa delle Alpi Orientali. Bassano Grappa: Editrice del Bassano, Artistica 2004. Carmine del Giglio, 1993. dell’area materiali sui archeometrica 1997. friulana pieve una di storia Austriaca mitte die für Bedeutung seine und ähi, ebr. Ds aoigsh Gäefl vn igatkrhn N. Sieghartskirchen, von Gräberfeld karolingische “Das Herbert. Märheim, Gloria. Gloria. “ng: cv nl castel nel scavi “Onigo: . scavo Lo Tomba). del (Cavaso “Castelciés . dell’incastellame studio lo per “Contributo . “R . - 67 - astelciés (Cavaso del Tomba.” del (Cavaso astelciés 217 nsegna del Giglio, del 2000 nsegna
. crh u atlidl rui” I Friuli.” del castelli sui icerche
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ceramica grezza. ceramica : 39 , ” : 21 - aina Mazzei Marianna 55 Archeologia MedievaleArcheologia
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ificate (anni 1997 (anni ificate . , Gianpietro Brogiolo - 70 icm Gonella Giacomo d. Silvia Lusuardi Siena Lusuardi Silvia d. o n oaià Mr d Bastia”. di “Mura località in lo . Florence: All’Insegna del2003. Giglio, ” I ” 98 : 41 ti archeologici (IX archeologici ti
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, - : 54 Marchese Giulia rhooi mdeae e nord nel medievale archeologia 23 (1996) 23 UD). Scoperta di un antic un di Scoperta UD). - nto nel nord nel nto 99 del Friuli Venezia Giulia Venezia Friuli del and , ac Vignola Marco - , 155 i n friiain medievale. fortificazione una di Archeologia del Veneto del Archeologia - 59
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Luigi. Zanin, Enrico. Zanini, Wickham, Chris. Zwentend bei Burganlage mittelalterliche Eine Krottenturm. “Der Erik. Szameit, Drago,andSvoljšak, Strmčnik Stefania. Spagnol, Tajana. Ivančan, Sekelj Bertram. Samonig, Fabio, Saggioro, Friuli: in romana comune ceramica della “Aspetti Lidia. Rupel, Helgard. Rodriguez, 2010. patriarcale signoria della nascita alla carolingio (last access: March 2013) http://www.treccani.it/enci Niederösterreich.Tulln, medieval inthe VipavaLjubljana: sites Valley]. 1976. Muzej, Narodni Data fromS Stari trg near Mantua: Società ArcheologicaPad CER.AM.IS Studio di Incontro altomedioevo e antichitá tarda tra nell’Adriatico ceramiche delle circolazione Ages]. Middle Archaeologia Austriaca 31 (2004) (1995 VR Bovolone Anastasio Coseano. Lanfredoand Castelletti risultati e indagine di Metodi altomedioevo. e tardoantico spätromisch südostalpinen - Gulič, Mira. “Najnovejši podatki iz Starega Trga pri Slovenj Gradcu [Recent [Recent Gradcu Slovenj pri Trga Starega iz podatki “Najnovejši Mira. Gulič,
’vlzoe e ptr d tp pblc nla ac filn dl periodo dal friulana marca nella pubblico tipo di poteri dei L’evoluzione ” Framing theEarly Middle Ages : 169 “neimno d vlzoe i n atlo el Paua Padana. Pianura della castello un di evoluzione ed “Insediamento . Aquileia Nostra Aquileia Nostra Alberto Crmc cmue gre commune “Ceramica Timotej Knific Timotej “ Zr W “Zur Palazzo - Zagreb: Institut ZaZagreb:Institut Arheologiju, 2010. 186 Podravina u Ranom Srednjem Vijeku Vijeku Srednjem Ranom u Podravina “ Bemerkungen zur relativkronologischen Gliederung der der Gliederung relativkronologischen zur Bemerkungen
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101
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102
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103
CEU eTD Collection
104
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105
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106
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107
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108
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109
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110
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111
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112
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113
CEU eTD Collection Fig. 36. Fig. 34. Fig. 32. Paste Samples Macro Paste 2 (C. 330; Cl. 5) 330;Cl. PasteMacro 2(C. 5) 310;Cl. PasteMacro 1b(C. 428;Cl. PasteMacro 1(C.
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Fig. 33. Fig. 35.
Fig. 37. Macro Paste 1a (C. 107; Cl. 7) (C. Paste107;Cl. Macro 1a Macro Paste 1c PasteMacro 1c Macro Paste 2a 5) (C.310; Paste Cl. Macro (C. 107; Cl. 7) (C. 107;Cl.
CEU eTD Collection Fig. 42. Fig. 40. Fig. 38. Macro Paste 4 (C. 314; Cl. 3a) 314;Cl. PasteMacro 4(C. 3a) 347;Cl. PasteMacro 3(C. 7) 2;Cl. PasteMacro 2b(C.
115
Fig. 41. Fig. 43. Fig. 39. Macro Paste 3a (C. 441; Cl. 5a) 441;Cl. Macro (C. Paste 3a Macro Paste 5 (C. 105; Cl. 7) (C. 105;Cl. PasteMacro 5 Macro Paste 2c 5) (C. Paste 330;Cl. Macro