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Home , Antimony tetroxide, Beryllium oxide, Germanium dioxide, Molybdenum trioxide, Niobium pentoxide, Scandium oxide

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NASA TECHNICAL NOTE NASA- -TN --0-3750 e*I

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER 1966 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM I Illill IIIII 11111 11111 11111 1111 lllll1111 Ill1 0130442 NASA TN D-3750

INFRARED SPECTRA OF VARIOUS METAL

IN THE REGION OF 2 TO 26 MICRONS

By Dean W. Sheibley and Maurice H. Fowler

Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION - For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - Price $2.50 SPECTRA OF VARIOUS METAL OXIDES IN THE REGION OF 2 TO 26 MICRONS by Dean W. Sheibley and Maurice H. Fowler* Lewis Research Center

SUMMARY

' The infrared spectra of 52 metal oxides were determined through the chloride and bromide absorption regions. These spectra include the stable rare earth oxides and are the first comprehensive collection of infrared metal spectra known to be published.

INTRODUCTION

This report presents a comprehensive set of infrared spectra of metal oxides which are of value in the identification of metal oxides by . Prior to this report, the publication of infrared spectra of the oxides of the elements was rather re- stricted. The majority of oxide spectra published previously were those af the halogens, the various oxides of , the nitrogen group, and . This work excludes these oxides except those of the metals - , , and - of the nitrogen group. It does not include oxide spectra of alkali metals and the alkaline earths. The infrared spectra (figs. 1 to 52) of various oxides of 51 elements were determined through the absorption region of sodium chloride and potassium bromide (from 2 to 26 p). The sodium chloride region, known as the rocksalt region, transmits infrared radiation in the wavelength range 2 to 16 microns. The potassium bromide region has a useful transmission range through 26 microns. The metal oxides other than rare earth oxides for which spectra were obtained are listed in the following table:

* Instructor of Chemistry, Norwalk High School, Norwalk, Ohio. Oxide Spectrum Oxide 3pectrun in fig. - in fig. -

Aluminum oxide (A1203) 1 trioxide (MOO3: 28 (Sb204) 2 monoxide (NiO) 30 Antimony oxide (Sb,j03) 3 pentoxide (Nb205) 31 Arsenous oxide (As203) 4 oxide (Sc203) 34 oxide (BeO) 5 dioxide (Se02) 35 Bismuth trioxide (Bi203) 6 dioxide (Si02) 36 oxide (B203) 7 oxide (AgZO) 37 oxide (CdO) 8 pentoxide (Ta205) 38 Chromic oxide (Cr203) 10 dioxide (Te02) 39 Cobaltic oxide (Co203) 11 Thallic oxide (Tl2O3) 41 Cupric oxide (CuO) 12 dioxide (Tho2) 42 sesquioxide (Ga203 17 Stannic oxide (Sn02) 44 dioxide (Ge02) 18 dioxide (Ti02) 45 oxide (Hf02) 19 trioxide (W03) 46 sesquioxide (In203) 21 oxide (U308) 47 Ferric oxide (Fe203) 22 pentoxide (V205) 48 monoxide (PbO) 24 oxide (Y203) 50 oxide (MgO) 26 oxide (ZnO) 51 Mercuric oxide (HgO) 27 dioxide (Zr02) 52

~

The potassium bromide (mr)pellet technique was employed to obtain these spectra. Wherever possible the paraffin oil mull technique was used to verify the spectra, since the possibility of reaction between various oxides and the KBr due to the pressure re- quired to make the pellets was not known. The spectra of the rare earths were determined by the Kl3r pellet technique only, since the predominant absorption bands for the rare earth oxides occur in the same wave- length regions as the absorption bands of the paraf- Oxide jpectrur fin oil. The rare earth oxides for which spectra in fig. - were obtained are listed in the table at the left. Ceric oxide (Ce02) 9 is not included because it has no oxide (Dy203) 13 oxide (Er203) 14 stable or long-lived isotopes. oxide (Eu203) 15 The reader should be aware of the combination oxide (Gd203) 16 of bands at 2.9 to 3.0 and 6.1 to 6.2 microns in oxide (Ho203) 20 these spectra which may be due to . The sesquioxide (La203 23 oxide (Lu203) 25 combination of bands at 4.3 and 14.3 microns oxide (Nd203) 29 should also be viewed with some suspicion since oxide (Pr6011) 32 may be present. The use of spec- oxide (Sm203) 33 trographic grade oxides did not assure the absence (Tb407) 40 oxide (Tm203) 43 of water or carbon dioxide. The KBr pellets were oxide (Yb203) 49 made under vacuum in an attempt to remove water

2 and carbon dioxide. However, this treatment may not have completely removed these contaminants because these bands, principally the water bands, are observed in some of the spectra. These bands could represent water vapor or carbon dioxide adsorbed on the surface of the KBr pellets. Figures 53 and 54 are composites of infrared absorption bands for the various oxide spectra presented in this report. Figure 53 lists the metal oxides exclusive of the rare earth oxides. The rare earth oxides are grouped together in figure 54 to show spectral similarities. , yttrium oxide, and are also listed with the rare earth axides in figure 54 since their spectra show marked similarities to those of the rare earths. In figures 53 and 54, the horizontal lines represent the widths of the bands, while the vertical lines indicate relative absorption of infrared radiation at the different wavelengths for a particular oxide. When observing the broad absorption bands in figures 53 and 54, the reader should remember the spectra are the result of excitation of low energy molecular vibrations and lattice vibrations. The results of the in- teractions between the molecular vibrations and the lattice vibrations are diffuse spectra. There are probably cases where large broad bands could have been resolved into several bands by further dilution of the sample with KBr. However, in most instances, if the broad bands did not tend to show significant definition after several dilutions, further di- lutions were not attempted. Before these spectra were prepared for publication, they were evaluated by Dr. Herman Syzmanski of Canisius College, Buffalo, New York.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

The instrument used was a Baird-Atomic NK- 1 double-beam recording spectrophoto- meter utilizing a cam and prism interchange to cover the wavelength region from 2 to 26 microns. With a sodium chloride prism the instrument covered the range from 2 to 16 microns; with the potassium bromide prism and cam interchange, the region from 12 to 26 microns was studied. The majority of the oxides used for the work were spectrographic standards as ob- tained from Spex Industries, Inc., Scotch Plains, N. J. The oxides were used directly from the containers. They were neither dessicated nor heated to remove water. Other oxides used were obtained from Fisher Chemical and Mallincrodt Chemical. Samples for analyses were prepared as KBr pellets and as paraffin oil mulls. The pellets were made by using spectrographic grade KBr ("-100mg) and a small amount (10 to 20 mg) of the oxide. The two compounds were ground and mixed together with a mortar and pestle. Occasionally a "Wig-L-Bug" was used to mix samples. The pellet was formed by placing a small amount of the mixture in the pellet mold. The

3 thickness was normally 0.78 millimeter. The mold was then placed in a vacuum chamber to allow the release of carbon dioxide and water vapor from the sample mixture. A pres- sure of 1.03X10 9 dynes per square centimeter was then applied with a Carver press. After 5 minutes, the pellet was removed from the mold. The pellet was then placed in the sample holder and positioned in the sample beam of the instrument, and the recorder drum was rotated manually through the region studied to determine whether the oxide con- tent d the pellet was of the proper concentration to give an acceptable absorption spec- trum. If the spectrum appeared unsatisfactory, the sample mixture was either diluted or concentrated with respect to oxide content so that an absorption spectrum was obtained which showed bands in the greatest detail. In some cases, pellets of several concentra- tions were used to provide spectra of the oxide when intensities of the bands differed greatly. In many cases, the concentration of the pellets used for the sodium chloride re- gion was not satisfactory for the best band detail in the potassium bromide region. These pellets were then placed in airtight containers until a prism and cam interchange was made, and the spectrum was determined through the longer wavelength region. Paraffin oil mulls were made by grinding the oxide in the oil with a Mullite mortar and pestle. The mull was then placed between the plates of a demountable cell, either sodium chloride or potassium bromide, depending upon the region under study. The tech- nique of hand rotating the recorder drum prior to recording the spectrum was also em- ployed with the mulls. All spectra were obtained under the same instrument operating conditions. The scanning speed was 1 micron per minute, and the slit width was set at the 1 normal posi- tion. (The slit width in the so-called normal position is actually continuously adjustable. A cam opens the slits as the recording drum rotates, and thus a constant energy level is maintained in the system throughout the wavelength range. ) Instrument suppression was set at 5, and air was used as a reference.

DISCUSSION OF SPECTRAL SIMILARITIES

Similarities existing between these spectra and spectra in the literature or between spectra of the elements of the same group are noted in this section. No attempts are made to characterize bands observed in the spectra by assigning stretching frequencies of M-0, M-0-M, or M-M (where M indicates metal and 0 indicates ).

Rare Earths

The great similarity of the infrared spectra of the rare earth oxides having the gen-

4 era1 formula R203 (sesquioxides) is shown in figure 54. This similarity is particularly evident with Dy203(fig. 13), Er203 (fig. 14), Eu203 (fig. 15), Gd203 (fig. 16), Ho203 (fig. 20), La203 (fig. 23), Lu203 (fig. 25), Nd203 (fig. 29), Pr6011 (fig. 32), Sm203 (fig. 33), Tm203 (fig. 43), and Yb203 (fig. 49). Although Pr6011 is not of the R203 for- mula, the spectrum d Pr6011 (fig. 32) is similar to the spectra d the rare earth oxides. The exceptions to the similarity of spectra are Ce02 (fig. 9), in which the is in the +4 , and Tb407 (fig. 40), which is a peroxide thought to contain Tb+3 and Tb+4 in equal amounts. Scandium and yttrium, group IlIA elements d the M203 for- mula, also exhibit similar spectra, as might be expected from members of the same group. The spectral similarity of MgO, a group IIA metal, is perhaps explained by the phenomenon known as "diagonal relationship. However, relating the spectral similari- ties of MgO to the rare earth oxides is probably an overextension of the principle.

Selenium

The spectrum for (Se02, fig. 35) is similar to the spectra of am- monium selenate and selenate-pentahydrate, which have a strong band at 11.7 mi- crons (ref. l, pp. 1281-1282). The selenates of sodium and potassium have sharper bands which occur as multiple bands from 11.1 to 11.4 microns. The selenites show a strong broad band similar to that of Se02, but it is shifted from the region d 11.1 to 11.4 microns to the region of 13 to 14 microns.

S iI icon

The spectrum of (Si02, fig. 36) is quite similar to that of silica gel, Si02 - H20, reported in reference 1 (p. 1266) and the Si02 spectrum reported in refer- ence 2.

Antimony and Arsenic

The spectra of antimony oxide (Sb203, fig. 3) and arsenous oxide (As203, fig. 4) show well pronounced bands at 10.6 and 9.6 microns, respectively. These bands were recently characterized (ref. 3) as the Sb-0 and the As-0 stretching frequencies. Exam- ination of the spectra published in reference 1 (p. 1275) reveals an indication of these bands. Had the concentration of the oxides in the mulls been greater, their spectra would undoubtedly have shown these same bands.

5

I .'

The spectrum of ferric oxide (Fe203, fig. 22) does not agree with the hematite (Fe203) spectrum reported in reference 4. The latter spectrum shows a strong band at 10.2 microns, which is characterized as the Fe-0 stretching frequency. From the posi- tion of the band at 10.2 microns, the presence of sulfate impurity is indicated. Several rechecks of the infrared spectrum of pure Fe203 at different concentrations have not veri- fied this absorption band.

Boron

The spectrum of boron oxide (B203, fig. 7) was obtained from a sample prepared by heating boric at 600' C for 1 hour. The composite spectrum was obtained from a flat plate of the cooled melt and from a ribbon pulled from the molten mass to obtain vari- ous thicknesses. The lower, more defined portion of the spectrum was from a thick Sam- ple. Spectra obtained from Kl3r pellets of this material at thicknesses of 0.78, 1.2, and 1.6 millimeters showed very little absorption in the 2- to 5-micron region. The spectrum is similar to that reported in reference 5.

Mag nesi um

The spectrum of magnesium oxide (MgO, fig. 26) compares favorably with the spectrum given in reference 6 except for the band at 2.9 microns and the shoulder at 6.1 microns (in the spectrum of this investigation), which are probably due to water. The doublet at 6.8 to 7.0 microns is shown as one band in reference 6. The bands from 9.0 to 21.0 microns also are indicated in both spectra, although band positions are not in good agreement. The spectra of reference 6 were obtained by fuming thin films of MgO onto potassium chloride plates.

Gal I ium

The spectrum of gallium sesquioxide (Ga2 0 3' fig. 17) is similar to that reported in reference 5. Both spectra show the broad band from 12 to 23 microns having a shoulder at 13 microns and maximum intensity at 14.5 microns. The spectrum of reference 5 (p. 50) does not show the less intense band at 7.2 microns, probably because the sample had less gallium oxide in the pellet.

6 C h romiu m

The chromic oxide (Cr203, fig. 10) spectrum is reported in reference 5 (p. 50). The spectrum in this reference shows a band at 9.0 microns which does not appear in figure 10. However, the broad band starting at 13.6 microns is present in both spectra.

AI u minu m

The spectrum of aluminum oxide (A1203, fig. 1) is reported in reference 5 (p. 50). The two spectra are similar; both show a weak band at 7.2 microns and a broad band from 9.0 to 19.5 microns.

LITERATURE SEARCH

The literature searched for this report included Chemical Abstracts and Nuclear Science Abstracts from 1950 to 1966. The bibliographies of reference 7, which covers Chemical Abstracts from 1927 to 1962, and reference 8, which covers the literature from 1950 to 1960, were used.

Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio, July 14, 1966, 000-00-00-00-22.

REFER EN CE S

1. Miller, Foil A. ; and Wilkens, Charles H. : Infrared Spectra and Characteristic Fre- quencies of Inorganic . Anal. Chem. , vol. 24, no. 8, Aug. 1952, pp. 1253- 1294. 2. Anon. : Inorganic High Resolution Spectra. Sadtler Research Labs, Philadelphia, Pa. 3. Zingaro, Ralph A. ; and Merijanian, Aspel: Fundamental M-X Stretching Frequencies in R3 MX Compounds (M=group VA Element and X=group VIA). Paper presented at the Third National Meeting of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 1964.

7 4. Hunt, John M. ; Wisherd, Mary P. ; and Bonham, Lawrence C. : Infrared Absorption Spectra of and Other Inorganic Compounds. Anal. Chem. , vol. 22, no. 12, Dec. 1950, pp. 1478-1497. 5. Brame, Edward G., Jr. ; Margrave, John L. ; and Meloche, Villiers W. : Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Solids. II. Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides, and Borides. J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem., vol. 5, 1957, pp. 48-52. 6. Momin, A. U. : The Infrared Spectrum of Magnesium Oxide Between 1 and 21 Microns. Indian Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 37A, 1953, pp. 254-259. 7. Senkin, Jean E. ; and Milliken, M. Temple: Absorption Spectra of Various Metallic Halides and Oxides, Elemental Carbon, and the Inert Gases: A Bibliography. Rep. No. UCRL-7238, Univ. of California, Lawrence Radiation Lab., Feb. 1, 1963. 8. Lawson, Katheryn E. : Infrared Absorption of Inorganic Substances. Reinhold Publ. Corp., 1961.

8 Wave number, cm-1 5000 4000 3000 2500 , 2000 I500 1400 1300 1200 1100 , 1000 900 800 700 b25 I ,,I l,,,l~l,l,lIIIII, I I I I I, I , 100 ' 11llI '"I1 I1I ' >',,,I'

.4r 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 CL Wavelength, 0 a z (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. .-2 Wave number, cm"' 666 500 400

80

60

A

40 \

20

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 Zb Wadelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 1. - Infrared spectrum of aluminum oxide (AI&). W Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625

80 /

60 / / / 40 \

20 /--.> 1’

c co 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a Wavelength, p CL d (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. c .-B Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 , 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 8 00 700 6;5 E 100 ,, ./, l,l,l,l,l~lI I I1 I c

80\

60

20

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 I8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 2. - Infrared spectrum of antimony tetroxide (Sb204). -

20 I

- IO0 I II,, I I,,I,1, ,, ,, 1 I,I,, /111,111111,111111 I I I I

I I

60 n

1 A"- .- ?

20

c EO

5 100 I ,,,I ,,I1 , . , ,,I,/lIlll,lll,,I,I,l~l,,l,l,,,I,I,!,IIII1Il1l,I,I,I1I,I I I I I I I-

80 7-J-

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 4. - Infrared spectrum of arsenous oxide (As203). 2. (a) Sodium chloride absorption region.

E Wave number. cm-l

12 I3 I4 15 Ib I7 le 20 21 22 23 25 Wavelength. II Ibl Potdsiium bromide absorption region. Figure 5. - Infrared spectrum of (Be01 c. w I

.- 50 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 OI Wavelength, p a uJ (a) Sodium chloride absorption region.

5 100 I .,,., . , , ,,I,,,, I!!I.l, ,, ,,,,, , ,,,,, ,,, ,I m,,,, 111,1,1, I, I, I I I I +

60

40

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 --7K __26 Wavelength, ~1 (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 6. - Infrared spectrum of bismuth trioxide (Bi203). 80 , A

---_. J' -

""Y I

40 I --./---.--.--...-. i

20

0 12 13 14 I5 16 I17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, IJ (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 7. - Infrared spectrum of boron oxide (e&). IO0 l,II. , , ~ll~IIIIIII.I1/II1lIIII~illllllII~~,/II11~111~1'11lIIII'~' I,

80

40

5 100 1 I,II, I lllllllllll I I I I /,I ,I,I/!, ,~,~,~,~,,,l,~,//j/, j, 1, 1, I , , I , 1 , I , c

80

20

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 8. - Infrared spectrum of (CdO). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 , 1100 IO00 900 SO? 700 b25 8, 100 'I'll 'IIIl 111 I ',','1,,'' ' 'l'llLq,,',,i "" " " ' " I,',,,/ I..,!, r---.\ 80 V

,-. bO

1

40

26

I c 50 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 ! 5.0 Ib.0 B Wavelength, p d z2 la) Sodium chloride absorption region. E Wave number, cm-' 5 666 500 400 I-

80

60 W I

40 I

20

I

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p lb) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 9. - Infrared spectrum of ceric oxide ICeO2). Wave number, cm-* 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 l5pO I400 1300 I200 1100 I000 I,,,!, ! I I I,, 11I I I I . I, ,I<,I I I,I, I I l9? ! , I , I

80 T

60

40

c E 0- , , I I

5

2orlIE&Tzr'Y0I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Wavelength,19 p 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

(b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 10. - Infrared spectrum of chromic oxide (CrF3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 zoo0 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 625 :I,,, 1 I,,I ILL,,,,, , ,,,,,, 100'11111 I'll1 /I" I(' ,", ' " "' I, ,

80 --

60 I

~

40

20

c 50 y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 al n Wavelength, p d mc (a) Sadium chloride absorption region. c .- Wave number, cm" 666 500 400

80

60

40

20

0 12 I3 I4 15 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 11. - Infrared spectrum of cobaltic oxide (CozO3). h3 0

I, Ill., I,,,I,,/,, ,I,,, ,,,, ,l,l,II ,l/lllll,l!/ I I1 I I IO0 I

- 50 Y 2.0 3 .O 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 CL Wavelength, za- (a) Sodium chloride absorption region.

5 100 lL1/l,11l~I,lII,,l,l,,/ ,,,,,,,1,l,.,1,/,/,~,l,~,~, I I c I I

20

0 12 13 I4 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 12. - Infrared spectrum of cupric oxide (CuO). Wave number, cm'l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 625 900 890 , I I IO0 I I ,'W, I , I I I

80 A

60 v -

u- t 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a Wavelength, p d c (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. .-I 5 Wave number, cm-' 666 500 400 c5

e" L, ~'.,\.

I

40 ~

12 13 14 15 I6 17 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 13. - Infrared spectrum of dysprosium oxide (Dy93). N N

,;;oa ,;;oa 4000 moo zjoo 2000 , 1500 1400 1300 8: 1, . I,I,I,I,I,I,I, , , ,

80 I I I I I

I

40'20 7&5 /----- /-- * c 50 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 P.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

6 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 14. - Infrared spectrum of erbium oxide (Er93). Wave number, cm‘l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 8?0 700 b25 IO0 I l,l,I.l,l,IIII

80

20 \I -

80 -

20 I

I I LwI I 1 I I I ,',,,l,~l.lllll/llIIIII I I I I IO0

80

60 -- -

.l

c_ 40 V ----.,-I 20

c 50 2 2.0 3.0

I-

--.

60

40

0 I2 13 I4 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (bl Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 16. - Infrared spectrum of gadolinium oxide (Gdfl31. Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 IO0 l,l,l,l,i,l,l I>l,//II I I I, I I

I c 50

80

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 17. - infrared spectrum of gallium sesquioxide (Ga&). 20

c 50 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 m Wavelength, p CL a- ? (a) Sodium chloride absorption region,

0 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 18. - Infrared spectrum of (GeOZ). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 b25 I ,,,, ,, , I""inn-J--LLL 1 11 I

c m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 Wavelength, p d F- (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. .-B 5 Wave number, cm-' IOV bbb 500 400 +

i r 807 .

0 12 13 14 I5 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (bl Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 19. - Infrared spectrum of hafnium oxide (Hf02). lo~i)O 4000 ~ 3000 ,2500 , , 2OiO , , , ,

80

60 \-

e

40

c

!= Wave number, cm-1 5000 4000 2000 900 800 700 625

,/,.I ~ I ' ' ' I ' '

80

60

\. 40 -.. k.., ---- k.. .. . J v 4. __ .- -, 20

c 50 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 Wavelength, p 0- (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. rmc 5 Wave number, cm-l 666 500 400

60

2ok0I2 I3 14 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 21. - Infrared spectrum of indium sesquioxide (lnp,). w 0

, ,//,,I I,,' ,,, ,,, . . , ,, /,1,/,111,1111 IO0

I , , ,

c

I

-

20

0 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2b Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 22. - Infrared spectrum of ferric oxide (Fe203). Wave number, cm-1 5000 400: 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625

100 ' ',I1'''I ' " '

60

40 fJ

20 / / I I L zo 1 g 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 0 Wavelength, p a- c (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. .-2 5 Wave number, cm-l E 666 500 400 &-

60 1

20 -4- U c 50 Y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 % Wavelength, p d r la) Sodium chloride absorption region.

625

I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2b Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 24. - Infrared spectrum of lead monoxide (PbO). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 ID00 900 , 800 700 625 100 ~?I,I/,I I I I I % I I I s I ,

60 I

J

1 I I I : 07 I ,u 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Ib.0 a. Wavelength, p aJ- C (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. -m 2z 5 Wave number, cm-l 5 1~83 666 500 400 e

I n I 12 13 14 15 14 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (bl Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 25. - Infrared spectrum of lutetium oxide (Lufl3). 1

80 iT5

I-

0 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, I.I (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 26. - Infrared spectrum of magnesium oxide (MgO). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 I100 1000 900 800 700 625

100 ',I!' !,,I' " " "' "'

80

60

.-.-- .._ 40 \, ._

+ 2.0 y50 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 n0) Wavelength, p d (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. c .-2 Wdve numher, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 100 ' 'I1' ''I,, c

80

h ----

20 I \ J -

0 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 27. - Infrared spectrum of mercuric oxide IHgO). IO0

I 80

I-

/

0 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption rqion. Figure 28. - Infrared spectrum of (Ma$ Wave number, cm-l 5000 40pO 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625

100 I 'Ill I 'Ill1 1' ' 1 I I , , , , ,Il,,,,I,,,, I, ,, ,,, , , ,,, ,, I, I,

80

-- I 1 \ /

I

.d EO 2 2.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 m 3.0 13.0 0 Wavelength, p m- e (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. E .-- Wave number, cm-l E 108~ 666 500 400 c

A 60 i

40

20

0 I2 I3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 29. - Infrared spectrum of neodymium oxide (Nd$13). rf IO0 I . . , , ,,,,,.I1 .,,I,I 11 I,,,#,I I ,,.,. , !,I,!,,,,,,, !,/,,,/,~,l,l,l,~,l,l, --

80 __J I I

60

i I I 20 / /’ I

I, ,, ,,I,,, , , ,ll,,,lll,,! 11 ,,I I,/,,, ,,, I,,,!, ~l,,,l,!,/,/,I,I,I,II1,III, 2c 100

20 I I I I I Ill1 0 I I I I 12 19 I4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 3. - Infrared spectrum of nickel monoxide (NiOl. Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 I ,I: 100 I" I " ' '

80

60

40

- /------

20

c 50 1 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 k Wavelength, IJ oi (a) Sodium chloride absorption region, mc -.-.b. Wave number, cm-l E 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 900 800 7nn 625 ',/I , , / I /

..- --

I Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 I500 I400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625 , ,;,Ill,, I,,, ,,,',,l,l,,, ,,,,l,I,l, ,I,/,I,I, I, I, I , 1 , IO0

80

60 N

* 50 E 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a 0. Wavelength, p a- C (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. B .- Wave number, cm-l 666 500 400

60

40

20 /-I

0 '\\

12 I3 14 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 32. - Infrared spectrum of praseodymium oxide (Pr6011). Wave number, cm-1 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 100- 1 1: ' , I/,',,,,, ,

v , c

I I

Figure 33. - Infrared spectrum of samarium oxide (SmF3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 700 625 IO0 I,III,I I I I I I I I I I

/’ 80 \q, I 1 I 1 -v bo>- A >-’

I 50 m2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 CL Wavelensth.- .. u m- mc (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. I

I-

80

0 I I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 Wavelength, (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 34. - Infrared spectrum of scandium oxide (ScF3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625

loo--'' loo--'' "" I I1 ,

,---. \, 60 \, + / \/ '? i -,.,.< ,,. \ / 1 \ .-. -.. ', ,/*' I .LdLji * 1, / 40 I /v \. i 'L/ 1' ._I.. 20 - I 580

--

0 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 35. - Infrared spectrum of selenium dioxide ISeOZ). -'\

"" .. . % '. '..I i 1

20

c $0 2 2.0 3 .O 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 0. Wavelength, 1 d mc (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. t: ._ Wave number, cm-l b66 500 400 +

I I I 80 I 1

60

40 . h

I2 13 14 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, w (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 36. - Infrared spectrum of silicon dioxide CSiO$. Wave number, cm-l 5000 40p9 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 625

100 ' 1111'111 Ill' ,''lJ1,,," ,I,,' '

80 # 1.

60 ,

40

3.0 4.0 5.0 b.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Ib.0 Wavelength, CI oi (a1 Sodium chloride absorption region. C .-E Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 E 100 ' I I,"' , I-

40 I

20

0 12 13 14 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (bl Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 37. - Infrared spectrum of (Agfl1. Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 700 625 IO00 900 , I , I , , I , I , , !I .,,,; I. I,,, .Y,, , , IO0

I I 80 I I I I I I

20 /

I 50 / Y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a Wavelength, p - la) Sodium chloride absorption region. z Wave number, cm-l $ 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300, 1200 1100 1000 , 9?0 , 800 700 625 I I,, ,l,,l' ,I,, ,,,,,,.II ,,,,~,l,,/ll,llllllllllIIIIIiI I I I +E 100

I

12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 38. - Infrared spectrum of (TaF5). Wave number, cm-' 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625

80

60 r

40 \ I

'i, 20 - v L. / I '>. -_- /'

L

1 1 I I

(b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 39. - Infrared spectrum of (TeOp). ,I I, ,,,,, /I,I, 1111111111111 1, I I IO0

80

-Eo Y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a Wavelength, p

c

I

0 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (bl Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 40. - Infrared spectrum of terbium peroxide (Tb4071. Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625 I00 ,, ,I I I,I,I-

80

60

40

/

- E 0.I y 2.0 3.0 4.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a, 5.0 6.0 8.0 0 Wavelength, p d (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. mC ._-I Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 I500 1400 1300 1200 I IO0 IO00 900 800 700 625 100 , ,,,,, ,, III,I,I I\l,l,i,t, I I I, L

A (0 60

40

20

4- /' 50 y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 m 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 CL Wavelength, p a- la) Sodium chloride absorption region. mc -c Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 , 900 800 700 625 2 100 I, , , , ,,l,,llI,/IIl, ,I, I ,,,,,,,I ,,., /,1,1,,11,111,11111/ I I I I c

80 c

60

20 n 0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 I8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 42. - Infrared spectrum of (Tho*). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 , 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625 I, 8, 100 ' '

80

I I 1

80

60 *.

40 1,

/.A \--- 20

0 I I I2 13 I4 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 43. - infrared spectrum of thulium oxide (TmpO3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 I500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 6:5 1,1,11111 I1 I 100, !

I 80

60

+

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, IJ. (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 44. - Infrared spectrum of stannic oxide (Sn02), Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625

60 \

.-

a- (a) Sodium chloride absorption reyion. m[3 r Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 I,# ,#,,,I ,,., 1, 5 too I '11 I 'Io3 " ' " " /. /I I- / '

I2 I3 14 15 I6 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 2s 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 45. - Infrared spectrum of (Ti02). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 615 100, lLIII,,II,

I 80

0: 2 0: Y 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 0. Wavelength, IJ. a- (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. mc .--4- Wave number, cm-l 5 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 ;100 I,,,!, , , ~,,,,,, ,J!,!,,,l,l,l,1, 1, 1, , , I-

80

20 - /---- 0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, IJ. (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 46. - Infrared spectrum of (WOg) Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625

80

60

40

-1 I 1 I 1 I I

. .. 20

I I 1 I I I I

en en IO0 1,1111111,

I 80

1co g 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 m Wavelength, ~1 (I ud (a) Sodium chloride absorption region.

,, 5 100 I ,,IIj,‘,, I! ,IIll /II ! ,,, 1, I,!, ,#,!.I,!,,,,,I,,,,,,, I,], I, 1, I , I , , , I , L

20

0 12 13 ‘4. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 48. - Infrared spectrum of vanadium pentoxide lV205), Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 I200 I100 IO00 900 800 700 625 IO0 I 11111,1,1,1,1,

80

60

40 E' / L- 20

ru" 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 aJCL Wdvelength, p 0- mt (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. ..-+ ._ WAVE NUMBERS IN CM-' Wave number, cm-l 10133 6bb 500 400 cz b- ,-- '.\, -, 80,

\.\\ \.\\ --..,. ..--- .. . +------7 l-.. 1, /''---- -7- 60 \. \\, '~-.--. \-. 40 7 \ '\, 20

01 12 13 14 15 16 17 I8 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region.

Figure 49. - Infrared spectrum of ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 I IO0 IO00 900 800 700 625 IO0 /,1,11111111 I

I 80

60 __

20

Ico 0 ; 2.0 3 .O 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 a, Wavelength, p CL (a) Sodium chloride absorption region. Wave number, cm-l 666 500 400 E I-

I 80 I I I

0 I2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, p (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 50. - Infrared spectrum of yttrium oxide CUP3). Wave number, cm-l 5000 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 IO00 900 800 700 625 IO0 I I,I,I,I,l,I,I,

J

40

- I I I

I2 13 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Wavelength, 1-1 (b) Potassium bromide absorption region. Figure 51. - Infrared spectrum of (ZnO). cn W aa 0

IO0 I I~I#II/,,II, I I I I

I I

20

88 5 I00 l,l!.l I #,I ,I, I~,~I/Il,,,l,l,l,lI I I I3 I I I , + ,"'\ I -. 'i \. -7 80'. 80'. \ Aluminum oxide (AIzO3) I Antimony tetroxide (S$04) I Antimony oxide ISbzO3) T Arsenous oxide (As2O3) I Beryllium oxide (Be01 I Bismuth trioxide I BizO3) I Boron oxide (B2O3) L Cadmium oxide (CdO) 1 Chromic oxide (CrzO3) I Cobaltic oxide (C903) I Cupric oxide (CuO) I Gallium sesquioxide IGa2O3) Germanium dioxide (Ge02) f Hafnium oxide (Hf02) Indium sesquioxide IlnzO3) 1 Ferric oxide (FezO3) i Lead monoxide ( PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) I Mercuric oxide (HgO) lL MolyWen u m trioxide (Moo3) I Nickel monoxide (NiO) (N$05) i Scandium oxide (SczO3) I Selenium dioxide (Se02) L Silicon dioxide (SiOz) I Silver oxide (AgzO) I Tantalum pentoxide (Ta205) I Tellurium dioxide (TeOZ) I Thallic oxide (Tlz03) I Thorium dioxide (Thoz) I Stannic oxide (SnOZ) I Titanium dioxide (TiOZ) I Tungsten trioxide W03) I Uranium oxide (U308) I Vanadium pentoxide (VzO5) T Yttrium oxide (YzO3) I Zinc oxide (ZnO) I I (Zr02) I Wavelength, p Figure 53. - Absorption regions of metal oxides other than rare earth oxides. Horizontal lines represent band widths; vertical lines indicate relative absorption of infrared radiation.

61 Ceric oxide (Ce02) Dysprosium oxide (Dy203) Erbium oxide (Er2O3) Europium oxide (EuzO3) Gadolinium oxide (Gd203) Holmium oxide (HozO3) Lanthanum sesquioxide (La2O3) Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) Neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) Praseodymium oxide (Pr6Ol1) Samarium oxide (Sm203) Terbium peroxide (Tb407) Thulium oxide (TmzO3) Ytterbium oxide (Y$O3)

Magnesium oxide (MgO) Scandium oxide (SczO3) Yttrium oxide (YzO3)

2 6 -_ Wavelength, IJ

Figure 54. - Absorption regions of rare earth oxides. Horizontal lines represent band widths; vertical lines indicate relative absorption of infrared radiation. (Magnesium oxide, scandium 0: de, and yttrium oxide shown because of similarity to rare earth oxides. )

62 NASA-Langley, 1966 E-3488 rfTheaeroiiazrtical atid space activities of the United States shall be conducted so as fa cotitribrite . . . to the expansion of hzrman Raowl- edge of phenomena in the atmosphere atid space. The Administration shall provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissetninatioti of information concerning its activities atid the reszrlts thereof .”

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