DOR AND EGYPT IN THE EARLY IRON AGE: <Œ?.B*B@?*9.Œ$9.?KM.Bj›9ŒKBjœK. #.<%<Œ.9BŒK Ayelet Gilboa

Abstract '6K'' ' '! ' "'> 4'; .‹'' ' K (; '4 " other commodities that probably circulated via the +''Τ?'';'!' ' ' ›œ ' ' ' outstanding number of early Iron Age Egyptian "''+?''' 4'''"';"'!""!'6 .!"6 K' ' ‹ ™ (' Currently this is the largest such assemblage ever (ASTON ]QQ˜œ ' ! ' 4 .!" ' ™ ' ‹"'' these are tentative footsteps in a forbidding ter 6K'""'"'' '6 ' ' " + ! '' ''"' The Site ‹'!' ' + "[ 6 ' K(›'J6§[6]M^œ' these contacts entails a consideration of the other on a ridge of calcareous sandstone (locally termed + '! ' ‹' kurkar) '''"';'R ' ›œ ' ‹ ' '+?'''";'+'! ''‹'6K"'" +'''K6K' presents an attempt to understand the role of the ''!?'›'6 ?'  .!" ' ' _\\$*§ø‰\\4'(œ6' '!6+'(R" ' R ' ! +' '§ #'" ''" until the early 20th!?.+''! +'! *' ' ! ' engulfed by marshes (SIVAN, ELIYAHU and RABAN R "' ' ' (R ' ‰\\^œ6?';+;"' .!"+'''""''! the small Carmel intermontane valleys, especially 6 %''''!'˜>+6 K?'%'+'""+ Introduction and Outline '''"›+ "'"œ6!''";" In a recent paper (WAIMAN-BARAK, GILBOA and +""!"'6 GOREN ‰\]^œ; + " ' ' K (R ‹; [ ' ''! '.!"'''(R attested (RABAN-GERSTEL et al6 ‰\\Z; ' ‰§ '!6# SAPIR-HEN et al.‰\]^§BARTOSIEWICZ, LISK and ''"!7!; ™'; !"!; ' ZOHAR"œ; !%' rics and comparanda6K"'" '" '[.!"›+œ6 as a sequel to that publication, attempting to ''''' ' + "' [6 ''["›SHA- After introducing shortly the site of Tel Dor and its HACK-GROSS et al.‰\\_;]^‰Z§GILBOA, SHARON and spheres of interactions in the early Iron Age, the ZORN‰\]^;˜‰;[6]˜œ;''' Q.!"' 4' "R ' ' cycling (preliminarily GILBOA and SHARON ‰\\Z; \!6 $™! ! ' ' ]__'["6]_[œ;''' chronic perspectives of the Dor assemblage are ''`'+' " ! "' [ ' § +""'' "'+‹" es, and cultivated Muricidae ›‹œ

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+ ›NAMDAR et al.‰\][§GILBOA and NAMDAR ‰\]_œ6(R‹''' +6 K R ' ›( +' '%œ+' ' ! '" ' "6 K ' + '4 '' '' ›[6‰œ`''!tell and a large lagoon "!'6$'[ uration is rare along the southern Levantine coast, '+''"'''[; "'!"'['' 6 .‹'' ! Œ'' ' '+tell and the southern lagoon have revealed a series of quays, dated by him from the *' ›*œ '! (RABAN ]QQ_; []\M[^_œ ' (R ''; j6]*'('';' especially the southern lagoon, yielded many '‹6 ''''; '"+>;'! onstrate purple production at Dor at least from the are only of later periods (KINGSLEY and RAV EH '! 61 +; "' ]QQ˜§WACHSMANN]QQZ;‰˜_;‰S‰§ KAHANOV 2011, R '' + ' ]˜QM]Z]œ6 ''!`''!" Ancient records such as the Tale of Wenamun '!\'>'(''$ of the 11th or 10th?.› '[™6$\'> +œ'.''R'!+'Υ'> › "'! ' \' K!Sth!?.›PARPOLA and WATAN- 'œ + ' ABE ]QZZœ; ( ' › Levant, to Cyprus, and possibly to other regions as œ ! + " › 'œ

1 ''""!"''+'R›NITSCHKE, MARTIN and SHALEV 2011, ][_M][˜œ6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" ‰^Q

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+.!"'9''*' ''+;+ ›'‰^\''+ ‹; ' ' " '6 ]]^\ .!" ' *'œ6 B ' '' ?.6K[']‰th century ; (R Q+'!R " + ?.!"'+'' regions rendered it a convenient stopover, or rela + ''; !›+œ6$'(.!" +'"'''""'6 '(''"" ']_\ ‹"' +; '' '' +''>"'!+ ‹"'.!"'" '!; " ‹' '(6 '>;+''' The early Iron Age sequence at Dor comprises "R !" ' ™'! ' "[! ‹''"7';' + ›CASSON]QQ_;‰Z]M‰Q]§MARCUS ‰\\‰; ^\^§ !]'‰''! + ‰\\S;]^˜'+œ6 late 12th7'!]]th'Qth!?. +;(R''›"'! (SHARON and GILBOA‰\][§WAIMAN-BARAK, GILBOA 'œ + +' +' and GOREN‰\]^;[]˜M[]Zœ6( '' +' ' ' '6 K + " tell; +' !; lagoon is partially protected by small islets, shift [; ' ' '! ' ''; '> ; '' '; "6(R'' '';+'+! ™+'>'! ‹" '; '' + +'; *'6''!+ enter the anchorage, especially under stormy con '( Υ>> ditions (CVIKEL et al6 ‰\\Z; ‰\]; ‰\_œ6 K '! "''*' '+ "+> "''! ' 9 ; ' (R entrance to the southern lagoon serve as a perma " ' '6 K + nent reminder of this danger (KINGSLEY and RAV EH "'! '; +' ]QQ˜;S˜MSS;'"Z§WACHSMAN, KAHANOV and '™'! '"' [ HALL]QQS6+‰\\]œ6 of group identities for the period and region in (R'+'''''' ™; ' '"""' '""' (R ''`'> '' "' + ';<''%Υ'' Q9'Τ6!›Q?'''Rœ ›[6]œ"'!?' ';(R9'""'"' '+' #' %> "' ' !'['?!"'' 8'!;8''!; ""$!''6K and beyond in all directions (6 ARTZY‰\\˜;_]œ6 ""''+›''"'œ ! .!"' ‹ ' $>7K4>; Dor’s Bronze and Early Iron Ages, a Short +'(›#'''œ; Synopsis inhabited some part of the southern Levantine '"'!B' $.!"'"!'(''!' "'++' *;!'+'" Œ' R ' % ' ]‰th 6 .‹'' ' ' * ! century (GILBOA‰\\_§‰\\˜M‰\\S;‰[[§SHARON minimally, in Area G at the centre of the mound, and GILBOA‰\][œ62 9' @7]‰M]]6 K! ' ' K‰_\M[\\!';(+' ][th!?.''6]‰\\M]]Q\?. '"+'.'% (STIDSING and SALMON 2011; SHARON and GILBOA terranean littoral, especially engaged in commerce ‰\][œ6K'''' +?!";++9'› *'(!;!Q$'9"R' +9œ'+'; !; ' '''!6 ‹'" 8 '! ›GILBOA, WAIMAN- '+''""'(''6]‰\\ BARAK and SHARON‰\]_+;'

2 j'+;+!!]''(['O$>P;'+›]œ+™ !9'*''R""''!"';STERN]QQ\;'+'™'[STERN ‰\][;][6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" 251

+œ6';(Τ'+.!"; that in Egypt too the types of vessels attested at focus of the current paper, are especially visible (+''!''<'!6 '!™6 B!.!"''"+'" Q9'R ; ?'';"'!'(6 ;(+ K+''›'!'œ ''6'Qth cen "!'![['.!"' !?.'""'!'>! '6 ' J; '! ' ' (R.!"'"!"'! contacts are severed (GILBOA, SHARON and BLOCH- ' '; + '+ '"; SMITH‰\]_œ'.!"'4''''! '!'"''4';'+ 6 j ' Zth century until about 650 \! 4' ' Q' 4'R6 ?.(''!''"›GIL- B' >'4' BOA and SHARON"œ6%''+ 4 '';''"'"6K Cyprus and Lebanon become very visible again fore, this pottery represents mainly a commercial .!"' "! ' ' "; + '! ‹6 Q.!"' ' "R ?''' *''!;+!"[ !"# only Egyptian administrative centres (MARTIN ‰\]]œ6 K "! ' ' .!"R + $ "! ' ''! " '+'*'!'6 ';!'"'' % "[ !" ' ( ' !;'+!6 their variety mirror those in Third Intermediate Translating the sequence described above into 9 ›K9œ^ ‹ .!"; Egyptian terms, Egyptian ceramics at Dor (disre predominance of closed over open shapes is quite th ' ][ !œ ' " the opposite of the distribution in habitation sites "+Œ'MR .!"6K''.!"'' th and the beginning of the 21 Dynasty (for dates ics reached Dor mainly as containers for some K WENTE 66; ITCHEN]QZ˜;^˜_M^˜˜§ ‰\\[; ]]˜§ 6 j' ''!; +; ' A 2009, 20 6= WAR- STON M and """[" ` BURTON‰\\˜;^Q[ et al. ‰\]\œ ' '6%"'!;!'"'' then they are attested continuously till about the a more restricted geographical distribution in nd ‰‰ (!'!6K"' .!"'+''4';+' B> R '! ›'6 ZS_7ZS‰M to ASTON›]QQ˜;]\S;[6˜`[œ'!"'K K Z_\7Z[\§ ITCHEN]QZ˜;^˜S§]QQ˜;‹‹M‹‹§‰\\˜ ='6 +§ASTON ]QZQ; ]^Q§ JANSEN-WINKELN ‰\\˜;‰^\M‰^[§HORNUNG, KRAUSS AND WARBURTON A Comparative Perspective: Egyptian ‰\\˜;^Q[œ;+''6' Containers at other Sites in the Levant +'''6 S_\ .!"' ' QR ' $ ! ' '! (R recorded in the Dor data base (mostly fragments Q.!"'4'"R"' ' ' + "7" œ; '';+" ''''6 nent data regarding Egyptian containers outside '!'!'+ ''"6 '.!"'4''6' ]Z\'+''"! Diachronic: Egyptian Jars in the Late Bronze "! ' ‰_ + " Age at Dor and Elsewhere '" ''!6 " ‹" + '' < '!6[ No marl clays As mentioned, the earliest Egyptian ceramics at +[;+"'+' ('*';''

[ QM'$!Τ'['`<‰; ^ "'"QK9R'+‰]th(!'!6K <‹+''<‹+' ' O*!'P ›JANSEN-WINKELN 2006; RITNER‰\\Q`]M˜§ §"!'<.6 SNAPE ‰\]‰œ'"!6 252 Ayelet Gilboa

][th ! ?.6 _\ ocally attests to Egyptian presence from the 15th to + ; " '! ]\¼ the 12th?.;'''"" "›'!?!"œ6$'! .!"+"'›BARAKO‰\\S;"6"6 '!;'4'' ‰^^§MARTIN and BARAKO‰\\S;]‰Q;]^_;]^˜œ6S At amphorae (STIDSING and SALMON 2011, table 100, 8'';'.!"'+' "6[]œ6.!"''' '''.!"''' [;!"''<+J›66; blage (BURKE and LORDS ‰\]\œ;!'! ASTON et al. ]QQZ;][SM]^^œ6$'$' '''4''! ''+'6]‰_\M]‰\\?.; ['";"'! Egyptian containers progressively become more the earliest, 15th!'›BURKE and LORDS 6K!'"''> ‰\]\; ]˜; ]S; ‰_œ6ZK‹">; +(''' ++6 Egyptian administrative centres in Canaan in Even more surprising is the fact that no Egyp almost every respect (shapes, fabrics, and the pro ' 4' ' " ' " .!"' 6 .!"' $!''*';+! œ§5 and conclude that Dor must have had a ''‹'''' "' ' ' + ' ‹''+.!" '.!"][th!6K! *›BELL‰\\˜§'66MCGEOUGH‰\\S; gest similar phenomena in further sites in the Car [‰SM[‰Z+œ6.‹'"'Œ' ' M Υ>> "' ` K <'; K '; '; K K+; K J'; K ™'; '+' ' Υ>> ›STIDSING and SALMON ;$;$'"''K!6B''!; ‰\]];]SZM]SQœ6 +;'.!"''' +; ' " ! %' !; ' %'' '; '! '' 'K<'›'][th7'!]‰thœ' $'K>>'%''Palaeokastro in Cyprus, ‹'''K'+'›ARTZY possibly during LC II, but mostly during LC IIIA, ‰\\˜§ ]^th ' ][thœ;.!" the 12th!?.›"!!"" ' ' ' ‹! '66 Υ>>; 6?_!";4'!"‰§RENSON et al.‰\]^œ; ™' ' ‹' ‹7' ' ! ' + ' J ? ›"'! unclear (ARTZY‰\\˜;_\§.'%';"' *%M;DAY et al6‰\]];']œ6 'œ6 ! (; ! *' ' " Œ' K '+'; ! !R '''[*.!" ‹''; ' ‹ ]^thM][th century ' 4' ' '"' 9 >6 sequence has been unearthed in the early 20th cen Despite some stratigraphic uncertainties and evi !!Œ6#6'›BALENSI ]QZ\§ BALENSI, "; ' '' HERRERA and ARTZY]QQ[œ6.!"'"! + 9' ‰] @ [Z; + ' ' ‹! ' ›MARTIN 2011, .!"'+'''6]‰\\›MARTIN ‰[Sœ;'+"! ‰\]];]Q_M‰\\œ6%'+" + ' '7 >" ! ' ' ' ` ›'œ ' > ']Q[\6 served some sort of administrative role under the **'; Egyptians, the abundance of containers from .!"'4''!+›MARTIN‰\]];‰[_M‰^]§ Egypt should rather be attributed to its role in %;+(;""6]_˜M maritime trade (MARTIN‰\]];[6]]Q"6‰_‰œ6 ]˜]œ6K.!"''' ›œ''"'''+'; ;''''6 is clear that Egyptian containers reached Ashkelon K%;‹'";+™ '6 ]‰\\ ?.; ! !"'!

5 Contra STOCKHAMMER‰\]‰;Q[+'.!" ' >> "'; $ œ§ GOLDWASSER ]QQ\ ›K '4'*?'''+'!'.!" 8 $' 9'; $>>'œ§ GOLDWASSER '"'6 and OREN ‰\]_ ›< $'§ $ œ§ ERIKSSON]QQ_;‰\\ 6 The latter site also produced an amphora handle bearing a ›''$'K>>'?!";'$œ§ cartouche of Ramesses II, ARTZY‰\\˜;__6j<+ '+'>6 J.!"'4''+!'' S B!+'"'+['.!"'' side Egypt SEE VENTURA and SIEGELMANN‰\\^›K Z K''!8'''6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" ‰_[ earlier shapes, by a handle probably bearing a car Tell Qasile (a roughly 2 km sail from the coast up $'!'4''"'!* the Yarkon river; MAZAR]QZ_;[6^S`][§^Z`Q§ ‹6K"'*';+; ]œ ' ' "'! 4' ''6 +' " ' ™' (BEN DOR EVIAN‰\]];[6‰`^œ6%!;+; Synchronic: Egyptian Jars/Amphorae in the 4'+;'';'>6 Early Iron Age East Mediterranean Q9R!.!"' 9'‰]›9'‰\M]S;'!"'' Currently Dor is the only site outside Egypt that 9' ™ ' (œ; ' S\ .!"'7 '".!"'4'7'"' .!"' '; 4'7'" '!6K!"';!+ ';+[;+'6^\'$' '; [ ' *' 6 ‰\; [ 9 "' ]‰th century ?' ' "' ‹'" ?.6 $™! ! ; ' >+ Q › +'§ '!''9']S›"'' ZEMER]QSS;[6^œ'$™'›"' ]ù‰ ‰'œ6 '; +; 'œ6 + '! .!"' ‹'" Œ' Υ>> "' ` K 9›%'(' '+'; + + ‹" ›BALENSI]QZ\;"6 ‹'!œ"'" ]\`^§]‰`˜œ.!"'4'' Phase 21 (MARTIN 2011, 201; DANIEL MASTER, per ''‹"'!; ' 'œ6 ' " 4' "+'! +' ' "'! ‹ 9' ]Z "!'''R‹'' (BIRNEY and DOAK ‰\]]œ';'!"' ' ''! 6 Υ>>; .!"' considerations, MARTIN ›‰\]]; ‰\]œ ' 4'''"'may belong to the early Iron 4'7'"'9 ;+''! are probably not'6K'' ''! % ('R ‹'' Ashkelon is therefore ambiguous to a certain ›!'%';"''œ6 ‹6 ][>Υ>>;4'+' When considering inland sites in the early Iron )»9'!' ; ›'œ ' .!"' 4' ' (DAYAGI-MENDELS‰\\‰;[6[6Q`_œ6 '"''6K' Further north along the Levantine coast the sit Υ>>"'›KJ'œ'4' ''''*6 ly Iron Age centres that are close to Dor, such as '!$!''*'''; =™Υ' ' %6 $'!; 9'R .!"'4''>+6<;‹'"; ‹!‹'' ›K %™ +'''' .>; K $'[7@' ' ; ' published from Tyre (BIKAI]QSZœ'$'"' !'6]6_>''‰> (mainly ANDRESON]QZZœ;! ''K%œ;"'!610 >+ ' ›66; JAMIESON ‰\]]œ; Œ' %'' '` $›BORDREUIL and DOUMET-SERHAL‰\][œ6('' ?!";+;''; ''49'"+; .!"'4'*??7;' '!;''>6Q '!'!‹›*'?!" 9(+'' ' ?!"@œ; ' >+; ' "" '; .!"' 4' ' '"' ' *;.!"'4''>+' been uncovered in the Philistine temple precinct at '?"'6

Q $; ' K! »] ›BIKAI]QSZ;"6‰^`]§ .!"'4'''›'K ]ù‰'œ'.!"'Q'4'R;' ¤' 'œ 9' "; + ''JAMIESON‰\]];[6]\`^;' ( ' "' ''6 K K ‹‹;"'!"''.!"''"'6 Qasile and Nahal Patish feature Phoenician ceramics pro 10 K‹"'"'>+ ?''›#''''>;"' 9'R ' › < œ6 'œ''K.'.!"'4'+' B ' ' 4' ' ' K .' '9'4'›" (KOCHAVI ]Q˜Q;[6][`‰œ'+'"'' [''""œ6 the Philistine temple of Nahal Patish (NAHSONI‰\\Qœ6K ‰_^ Ayelet Gilboa

Discussion There are many lacunae in our ability to char Until recently, the nature of the evidence at hand ' ' ‹' "6 K ''.!"R'+ +;'+'6 Levant during the period considered here (the ; ' .!"' 4' ' ( ' '6 Œ'7K9'‰‰nd(!'!œ ]‰_\M]‰\\; '""'! +' ]‰\\?.6(+''!"' ''!"' ' th th tions in Egyptian hegemony and the impact of *;]^ and even 15 !?.;' Υ$'9"R '''' '!'"!6+>+‹ '612 \ ›66; LECLANT]Q˜Z§REDFORD]QS[§ $'''>+ ]QZ_§ ]QQ‰; ‰^]M‰_˜; ‰ZQM‰QS; [\QM[]]§ KITCHEN regarding Dor for the period roughly paralleling !"$%#M#"%#'_6]QQZ;'"[§ [_\!'‰\th.!"'(!'! '!""!=`‰\\\§‰\\Q§MERRIL- "''"'''6 # SCHIPPER 2003œ6(' ?™! ' + '‹'.!"›KITCHEN‰\\[; ]]^M]]_œ; ' '" + ‹'"' '‹"!''*"' '! #' " ' ; ;Q'Τ+''"' 4.!"'''!! +' '''6 ' ' ' " [ .!" +;.!" ' ™' '" ' ' + '" '''" the mummy of Psusennes I, and some more lapis ™' ‹6 9''!; ' tioned, the scope of involvement of Ashkelon in '›!Q!R§KITCHEN ‹' '; !"$ $ ‰[Q; ‰^]œ6 $! that have taken into consideration a broader !!;'+ archaeological dataset to assess commerce 'Υ>>;'''''"'"' › "!œ ' '! ' ›' œ ‹'6 ?! '4' those by MUMFORD ›]QQZ§ ‰\\S; ‰_Z ' passimœ ‹'!'' and by BEN DOR EVIAN›‰\]]œ6R'R Q9'R"!.!"' ?''7Υ>>"''6 "''';+ > #' '6 ( ' "'"6 K ‹ " garding disputes as to its historicity, rationale and th7 ‰]st ''+"" ''; ‹' ' ‰\ Dynasties transition and time of composition dur .!"*''"'6 ing the 21st7‰‰nd Dynasties era (GOEDICKE]QS_§DE K''4'! SPENS]QQZ;]‰^M]‰˜§'‰\\[;]]˜§ "'‹'; SCHIPPER 2005; WINAND‰\]]œ! 4' + '! ! strates unmistakably that from an Egyptian point ''"'Σ$!'$'R +(+'>+›' this period, and in all probability constituted sec "'œ"*'6 '!'›+œ6'"' '!;+;''>"' "'+' ("6 "" .!"6K'4'; ; '! ' ' ‹ ' Possible Contents of the Jars ‹''"6Œ'!; +'!''.!"'4' Egyptian commodities bound for the Levant and '(!'[;11 but the singularity of "'>4'''"'!+ the assemblage provides at least a proportionate '!6K'!"› +` ' "; .!"R ' ' + '!œ'New Kingdom types the north in the early Iron Age are attested at Dor 4' ' ‹'" '!" inordinately more than at any other site, and most and ASTON ‰\\S›+œ`+;; !6 honey and honeycombs, resin, almonds, dom fruit,

11 For this problem see MANNING and HULIN‰\\_;‰Z[M‰Z^ 12 ;>"* + ; "'! CLINEΤ ›]QQ^œ +>§ BELL .!"'4'"]‰_\?.6 2006, passim6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" 255

;;';';\;';'' .!"'['+' 6 ; ' (; + ' ! *' " + (; ' '+ ' ' ; K'+''7Υ>>6$;+; + \ '6 .!"' 4' ' ' '; [ "'! Lacking direct data emanating from residue analy reached these sites in sacks or baskets and this 6; ' " ! "'!+''+'!!+'" realm of speculation, I highlight some substances ed on the boats themselves, in addition to large +"'''' ""!'>>616 Large '‹''6 ™' [; "'> baskets First are Egyptian Nile perch, since they are the +!$'K'#' !'4.!"'"( +! '! early Iron Age, consumed despite the abundance '4)'>'''6j '[›66;RABAN-GERSTEL et al6 ‰\\Z§ ; > ' ' + BARTOSIEWICZ, LISK and ZOHARœ6K .!"'4''[6 '' + .!"' 4' ' [ ' * ' ' " !6 ' "' ' '' $' %'‰\sacks +' Tekke (ERIKKSON]QQ_;‰\\œ;'BEN DOR EVIAN ship sent from Egypt to Wenamun and presented ›‰\]]; ]]]œ ' .!"' 4' >!›‰;^]œ6K› *'[6 '![œ''!'" Doubtlessly, throughout the Iron Age, and at and may provide another glimpse of the realia of '^th;.!"'[;"' ''[+.!"'*'6 '!<";+'! ;"''"+ *' ' '' ""'>'4'; and inland sites (ARNDT et al6‰\\[§VAN NEER et '4'.!"ASTON‰\\S;]S6]S al6‰\\^§LERNAU‰\\˜+œ6K!+ *'!; '6 K ' + probably transported in salted or dried state '""'!'!' (RABAN-GERSTEL et al6 ‰\\Z; ^‰œ6][ At Dor, it has containers such as sacks (GARDINER ]Q^]; ‰\ ' '! ' ' '! [ + passim§6MONROE‰\\S;Sœ;4''''! "'!""+›''!'' >!"6''+' 'œ6 $' + ' ' ‰' '+'4';‹'"'( '[4'6‹''' %']Zth Dynasty (ASTON ‰\\S; + 4' ' [ +' ; ]Sœ'''<+JK9‹' [6$''[;'› %›MUMFORD‰\\S;‰^Qœ6'; ';JANSSEN]Q˜];‰Z;Z[œ ‹'' [ 4' ' ' '''4'6]^ outside the Theban region (BRUYERE ]Q_[;Q]œ;' .!"' [ therefore the grains must have been transported in Levant does not +'4'6 6 '! [ ' >+ ‹'" Furthermore, maritime transport of grains in % 8 '!; ' [_> 4'›dnœ'!'!%; inland from Dor (LERNAU‰\\˜œ;'J ''‹'' $' @' ›THOMSEN ‰\]\; S‰; ›Œ$]Z6\[]ÁPRU__QÁKTU‰6[Zœ6K+' '˜œ615 It is logical to assume that the consump >K!''+

][ j!7'[;"!.!";' '! ''! " ‹ < Iron Age from Philistia to Assyria, see ELAT]QSZ;][˜; "'K$'[7@'§LEV-TOV‰\]‰6 ][Z;‰^Z;‰_[M‰_^6 16 For commodities shipped in sacks and baskets, recorded at ]^ A recent study (SISMA-VENTURA et al6‰\]_œ'+' Ugarit, see also MCGEOUGH‰\]];]S˜ (R''"'!' ]S Coincidentally or not, a very large concentration of lentils ' ' ''+ ' $'; ›'!œ+''(' 4'<R9''6j'" "'! ‹ ›"'! "`77646 +'+4';JANSSEN]Q˜];‰^6 '67(+'7‰\\˜Ë(_ˌ"6"œ§''! 15 Evidence from Ashkelon, ‘Akko and other sites in the '.!"'4'6 Levant is unavailable, though among Philistine sites, pre 256 Ayelet Gilboa a Ugaritic ship sent to Egypt (MONROE ‰\\Q; SZ; '' ! ‹" ' ›WARBURTON QZMQQ§''' ]QQS;[[[M[[^+œ6Œ'!; the term dnœ6 % ' ' + of the evidence relates to the 11th Qth centuries >+"''' ?.;"'7"''™ ''+'4'›‰\\S;Qœ6 Egyptian grains in some parts of the Levant in this $ ]Q˜\R ' ' ' " [! ' "! ›'! MUM- ' ™' ?. +' FORD‰\\S;‰^Qœ620 marked by successive years of drought and famine '%''›'' Other Possible Commodities in Egypto- KIRLEIS HERLES ROHLING ences in and ‰\\S§ et al6 Levantine early Iron Age Maritime Trade ‰\\Q§!KANIEWSKY et al.‰\]\§‰\][§ROB- ERTS et al6‰\]];66]_[;]_Z;[6‰;[§LITT et al. ;+>++'4' 2012; LANGGUT et al6 ‰\]^œ6 K ' ''+'‹ ''4'*'" +'.!"*'‹'! (DREWS]QQ[;SSMZ^§SINGER‰\\\;‰^§COHEN and ;+!+4"!'> =$_‰\]^;]^‰M]^S+œ ships carrying much more important merchandise and the background for the several urgent requests (ARTZY]QQS;_œ6?''';;\'‹; '"'][th!?.6]Z papyrus, beer and indeed grains (`_!""!$ .!"R ' ' ' GUBEL 2009, 334œ'!‹'" "+ Q'"R'.!"R‹" !';".!"+' *';!‹'' ‹"` '; inter alia resulting trinkets such as amulets, scarabs and beads (sum + < \+; ' ! ' ‹! MUMFORD ]QQZ§ ‰\\S§ 6 (BERNHARDT et al6 ‰\]‰; ˜]S ' § ASH]QQQ§''BEN-BASAT‰\]]œ6 BUTZER ‰\]‰; + ' "' ' "" ; +; ' ''+][\\M]]\\?.§YEAKEL et al6 + '' › ' ' ' ‰\]^œ6;'Œ''"'! ""œ;;+;;!; ' Œ' ; ‹' ' resins and resinous products, spices, garments, famine, accompanied or caused by a partial loss of ""! ‹ ' +; ' ' +> !'7"'''"!\ + '""'! ' ' ating grain prices (5!!"##']Q_˜;‰SQM dise supplied by the Levant (!""!#- ‰Z\§ ?!"$!"#_6]QZ˜;‰^˜§RED- !""!M!'_6!""!#"M% FORD]QQ‰;‰Z^§ANTOINE ‰\\Q'œ6' #!M#!# !%%"_%" ''+'+' !"pl!=`"#####$ *';.!"'''7' HOMSY-GOTTWALLES 2009œ6K!' Canaan,]Q+'!'''' !‹"'!'.!"' '6 ships returning to Egypt (apparently from Leba ; +; ' ' ' œ; % Œ'' " ''.!"'!6 the 12th Dynasty (MARCUS‰\\Sœ6*'+ Among other consequences, the state of affairs ''"'>;';';[' described above resulted in the development of a ; ; '' ' competitive grain market and oscillating supply beyond metal and metal artifacts, various minerals and demand and the stresses of competition could ' '621 This recalls Papyrus Anastasi IV:

]Z For the frequent allusions at Ugarit to grain shipped by sea ''6j''$!';‹'";KANIEWSKY ›' œ ROUTLEDGE and et al.›‰\\Z§‰\]\œ'"' MCGEOUGH‰\\Q;‰^6 Qth century, but dating the end is usually not precise ]Q 9'"'‹"[!'' ' 6 "‹ '4'6 '' +'! ' " + 20 K ' '! [ ' "+'›'œ' ™Q''R'›'œ stresses (RIEHL et al6‰\]^œ6 '"'7'![6 21 j Q$!'R ' <+ J; 66; RED- j";[' FORD]QZ_;]Q^;6[S6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" ‰_S

O="'J''+' ' *' ' ! ‹ 'P›MONROE‰\\Q; '! 6 # '; S[œ6<';+;'K9 Q9'>R4'+ and therefore I discuss here again only commodi determined by fabric analysis to have been pro +!;+; duced either on the southern Lebanese coast or in can be singled out as having been shipped to the ‘Akko plain, or on the Carmel coast (WAIMAN- Egypt from or through the Carmel coast in the BARAK;"''œ6 '!6 K; ' (R ' + .!" %"'';""4'6( '!.!"'4';'' *; Q?'''R 4' + ™ "[ [' "' Q?'''79'R .!"›66;ASTON ‰\\^œ6j'''!+ '›'œK9.!"+" ' ' ''! › ''; "!?''6K"‹" %"'œ;4'"?' '!';!+!"' el coast and its immediate vicinity (including the ! " 4' " .!" " $'"'œ+''(BOURRIAU et al. ';Q9'R !!_ et al6‰\\[§SMITH et al6‰\\^§OWN- ‹" .!" + "'! BY and SMITH‰\]]§6SERPICO 1999œ6B' ™'!'""'6 ''! ' ' 4' K"'›''œ tained mostly Pistacia›‹'" Egypt cannot be overestimated and generally the [œ;++''' centrality of these substances (both Pistacia and ""?''4' œ ' %'' ' Uluburun ship (STERN et al6 ‰\\[§ ‰\\Z§ GOREN '! ›LORET]Q^Q§ ‰\][§ ' +' +; MCGOVERN JACOBSEN, BRYANT and JONES ]QQZ§ SERPICO and and HALL ‰\]_œ6BQ?'''R4''% WHITE]QQZ§` ‰\\Z; ‰Q_§ " ' '' ' + '""'! " GOREN ‰\][œ6 K '! ' '›œ"'!!› assume that resins did not circulate any more after references above; ASTON‰\\S;]SM]Zœ6 ][th!6$'!*;K9 Q?'''R 4' .!" + '+;!'' Ramesside times and specimens dating to the 20th '>Q9'Τ4'6Œ Dynasty, especially to its latter part, are not + ' "'! '; numerous (ASTON ‰\\^;]Z\M]Z^œ6$; mainly as incense, and for a variety of more secu K9''>+;' '""''>4' "" ' *+ .!" ' ASTON ›]QQ˜; [6 (STEFFY ]QQ^§ STERN et al6 ‰\\[§ ˜^`^\\§ ]]\` »*7]\_§ ]]]7 »*7‰^˜§ ]˜Z` 8œ FABRE ‰\\^7‰\\_;]\Qœ6K!+' ' ‹'" %"; '' ' treatment of mummies at least from the TIP K;"!6KR'!' +'›SERPICO and WHITE]QQZ;]\^[M]\^^œ622 '4''>›KAWA NISHI, TSUJIMURA K""?' AND HANASAKA ‰\]\; œ§ ¤' ›LAEM- '4''!'› MEL ‰\\Z; "6]‰; ] ˜œ§ ' ' " %'' ' œ6 $ ; (LÓPEZ GRANDE, QUESADA SANZ AND MOLINERO rather limited in scope for the time being, suggest POLO;]QQ_;"6*»œ6!'"4'' '''79' Σ9'Τ;Σ9'R'! ›' ' ‹ 8'œ; ' ' *'6 ' *'; ''4'›WELTER- 4' + ‹! " SCHULTES‰\\Zœ§''!+'7 Q>> "' ; ' K J'; ' " $!'7+ 8'; ' " cially on the Carmel coast, most notably at Dor, analysis (JACOBSEN, BRYANT and JONES ]QQZ; Z\œ6 +'''"'! The chemical compositions of some of the Ulubu Iron Age (GILBOA, SHARON and BOARETTO‰\\Z§ + "'' ‹' GILBOA, WAIMAN-BARAK and SHARON ‰\]_6 K' "'"'!''' 4' '" + " Q?'''R4''›STERN et al.‰\\Z; '' $!'; '' 9'; '! ‰]Q^œ6+'"›

22 Where both Pistacia'''7""+[6 ‰_Z Ayelet Gilboa also MILLS and WHITE]QZQ§HAIRFIELD and HAIR- ;+!*'' FIELD]QQ\œ;"!' Q>>"';?''''4 .!" + ! " 6('' the southern Levant, and shipped through port main producers of such containers; fabric analysis +!?'6‰[ "'!?!"+' %>!;+;?'' Q9'R'+" !!'''" K!$ ?' ' ' '™ +; ' ' ' (in equal numbers; GILBOA and GOREN‰\]_œ6 '"6B' K 4 ' '*Pistacia resins, P. atlanti- >+; ' ''! ' ca and P. lenticus›++'P. palaes- \'>;'!(';' tinaœ ' " ' ™›œ+';'!+ ?'';'+'™!›+ +*''?!"6 a lesser representation of P. atlantica in the Car ! >! ' ›' œ ‹ mel area; see conveniently "`77+++6+\+6 commodities provide the raison d’être for the 677; also ZOHARY]Q˜‰;'""6]]‰§ "\'>.!"'+›GILBOA ]QS[§ ]QZ\; '" "6 ]S\§ LIPHSCHITZ‰\\S;‰_; and NAMDAR‰\]_œ625 Probably not accidentally, the ‰SM‰Z;[SM^‰;^Q;6'‰6]\œ6‰^ ' ' ' J'R In addition, the Carmel could have also sup ries earlier chose to depict one of the Canaanite plied coniferous resin, especially the plentiful res '''?'''4'' in of Pinus Halepensis (Aleppo pine; for its distri ' ' ' \'> ›DAV I ES and ?';+;6‰˜œ6 FAULKNER]Q^S;"6Zœ6 K+'".!"BJ !'"™›'"! times at least till the 25th Dynasty (BARDINET ‰\\Z; " œ ( ' "" ]\SM]\Q;]]]M]][;]Q\;‰^[œ6%'!;; .!"+''!";" Carmel should be considered as one of the main cured in the immediate vicinity (quite probably oil '"".!"R'› ' ' !œ; ' ' the same vein, STERN et al6‰\\[§‰\\Z+ +6'''4""% '"'œ'' '' " '! +' ''!*'" "'! '; [' "' "'!'"'6 *'; "'! '' $!'; ' !9''"4';K9 7' ' ! Egypt also produced smaller Phoenician contain 626j‹'";$''?'+ ; "'! 9' 4 ' among the most accessible regions that could have '\'>›66ASTON]QQ˜;[6[_` "'+'" ' + +§ ^^`]_§ LAEMELL ‰\\Z;]Z^M "; ‹ ' ' " ]Z_'6S[§"6]‰`Q;]\œ6' ™'!'''' +‹!"'9 K>"'9''";+4! ' ' *' ?' ' '!+ (GILBOA, SHARON and BOARETTO ‰\\Zœ6 $ '6 K "' " ?' ' '''!.!"+ !"+'>'9' """‹' oak (Quercus calliprinosœ ' % K' '>

‰[ It is yet unclear if the southern Levantine snails and pollen ‰^ Though LIPHSCHITZ›‰\\S;]]Zœ>'P. lenticus+' ' "['! ?'' +"'?''6 '4';'"'' 25 '+" '?'4'$!''*' ›!'œ'9'›@'' '"!>!6'!; <''‰\]_;‰S_M‰S˜§"!+ "''!'''79'" .!"6 amphorae retrieved from the Dor south lagoon suggests 26 Also, importantly, along the Carmel coast, the commer that they contained terebinth resin (and pine pitch; JONES, cially active Tel Nami has disappeared in the beginning of BRYANT and WEINSTEIN]QQZœ;++ the 12th!6 ""('6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" ‰_Q

(Quercus ithaburensisœ;''‹ K ?' Σ>> "' ' '4' "" "6‰S Among these probably the most +8'!'+ "'''™'!+7 early Iron Age silver hoards are best attested, at +'>>9'B'>6 Σ>>;KJ';Σ.;('%6 Today most trees of this species reach only about The Dor hoard is one of the largest Iron Age silver [M^›LIPHSCHITZ‰\\S;]]˜œ;"" hoards ever found (!6# '; ' '' THOMPSON and SKAGGS ‰\][§ESHEL‰\]^œ6 (LIPHSCHITZ‰\\S;‰_œ;'''; To sum up, Table 1 lists the commodities ' '6 S ' ' ]_ '6‰Z Pinus ‹' + .!" ' ?' ' halepensis, though under favourable conditions + ' "'"; ' '‰\;+'"'!‹"'! ' ‹' + ›'œ'+6 ''6 '>;('".!"+ " " K']%''+.!"'?' !'%' '"'"6 ''6K'"""'( Through from the early Iron Age to the early Hellenistic From Egypt From the Carmel region to Dor to period has already been mentioned above and such to Dor Egypt Egypt production in the early Iron Age is attested by pur ple stains on inner surfaces of ceramic vats also at Fish, mainly 9''4'§ Resins; '!$™'‰Q''KJ'Σ>> Nile perch 4'§!4'§ silver (but not in "™'\'> Plain (PEUCH ]QZ\;‰‰˜M‰‰Sœ6K+'" 4'œ§§ ›+'œ§+ SCHNEIDER " › ' ""! +§ ‰\]]œ grains '`9''>;%6 +'!""!'!> K''>;"""§"" Lebanese centres but from southern Phoenicia as !‹ +6 *'! 6 K ' "! + ' ' Interim Summary: Just a Stop-over? .!"K9'! assessed by CLAUS JURMAN›‰\]_œ6#' $' ! (' *' +' ' ›œ ' '! possible at times and could have been achieved in a %''';9' + '! ›MARCUS‰\\S;]^˜œ6+;+' + "' ' 6 not usually a preferable option, due to the prevail

‰S j?''$' ";''!"++';'" ›"'!$'œ" construction (GALE et al6 ‰\\\§ GERISCH, MANZANO and "'‹"'' ZAZZARO‰\\S§WARD and ZAZZARO‰\\S§CREASMAN‰\]^'§ ‹'" ZOHARI ]QS[§ ]QZ\§ HOROWITZ]QSQ§GALILI and ‰\]^ + § KUNIHOLM et al6 ‰\]^; _Q^œ6 K WEINSTEIN EVRON]QZ_§ LIPHSCHITZ, LEV-YADUN and GOPHNA '›™œ"''> ]QZS§ LEV-YADUN et al.]QQ˜§WEINSTEN-EVRON and LEV- '!''![!' YADUN 2000; KADOSH et al.‰\\^§' 6 $; 9' '>; % K' '> ' "" others in Israel see also LIPHSCHITZ‰\\S;‰_;‰SM‰Z;[SM^[; pine are attested, usually postulated to come from Leba ^Q; 6 ' ‰6]\§ BARDINET‰\\Z;]\Sœ6+; ›66; GERISCH, MANZANO and ZAZZARO‰\\S;]Z‰œ6 '' '™! "['! %6 K' '> ' @'! "'>; ' ; ' +' Aleppo pine in the vicinity of the Carmel is a debated ' .' %'' + ' issue, see LIPHSCHITZ ‰\\S;]]Z§'‹"'; variety of tree species (WACHSMANN ]QQZ; ‰]S; ‰‰˜M‰‰Sœ; LIPHSCHITZ treats Aleppo pine in archaeological sites in 9' '>; % K' '> '; ; ''Q"R6 Aleppo pine (=!""%!#M!'_66- ‰Z $ "`77+++6+\+6677"'6'"ª(Á˜_Q6 ANOV and HALL ]QQS; S§ ‹'" "' (''''!"+.!"; !'œ6';'!'! "'!"™'‹ '!‹6 ; ‹ ' ''! ' ‰Q =";''!+9'*™ clearly that beyond local species (mainly Acacia nilotica ?''"!!<6$>>6 ' "'œ ' ' ' 260 Ayelet Gilboa

j6_K"'?''›'>œ']]>'''!+'' !6

+!+"'% ?'; +; +' ' ranean (Mediterranean Pilot V; '' ]6]_]6]M >!;'+'+'""' ]6_^6^§+'"œ6$' tions and rulers, as vividly illustrated by Wena (›'7'' R'(›'ALTMAN]QZZ§ *'œ+'!''6B TAMMUZ‰\\_;]_˜;]˜\œ6$'.!" .!"'!+ Lebanon, therefore, posed grave dilemmas (but, in ' ! ›Mediterranean Pilot, contrast, voyaging directly from Lebanon to Egypt ^˜;']6]S_œ'''[M_'' +'';CVIKEL et al6‰\]^œ6 6[\ Then, once out in open sea, %';;"' +++'(6$' (' *' ' [ ' .!"+'('' '''(+'6 ' ' + ' + K+; +; + [ '' ! +'! " + .!" ' ''""'+'6 *';'+''" $'(++ '' '' +'6 ; +;+';+;"6*'( after leaving the Delta there are no mountains !''7'!+ ''''>'+;+' ' ' '! ›Mediterra- vague (GALILI, ROSEN and ZVIELY‰\\Q;[˜^M[˜_œ6 nean Pilot;_S;_Z;66;']6]Z˜§MARCUS]QQZ; K+" Q_œ;'''++'>'' ?'›'''+Q ' ' + + + ›66; >R;Q?'R§[6^;_œ Mediterranean Pilot;66']6]Z˜œ '_''( '[ shore, to a more northerly anchorage (though at prominent land mark visible from the sea (similar times one could also cast anchor a short distance ly MARCUS ‰\\‰; Q˜œ6 K ' ' ' 'œ§'' (+''''6[] "›œ'*'6

[\ j".!"+!' [] For ships sailing in the opposite direction, after leaving $''9''' *'[''>" '!'!§6MARCUS‰\\‰;]\‰M]\[§" ?'§6MANNING and HULIN‰\\_;[6]]6]6 '$''($R mony, cited in FABRE‰\\^7_;‰_6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" 261

';+;! stemming from royal initiative. One of the most '''(R"'!"' >›'!'œ'' ' .!" +' ›!œ ' ' " '+'! ! ' '! Q! R ›6 MARCUS that spices from the Far East reached Phoenicia for ‰\\‰;^\Qœ;'6K?' a long period in the early Iron Age, an epoch dur ›' $'œ ; ' '! ' + Υ' "+R ‹ ' (';'".!"+'! '"'6K' %'' '' " '; +''‹!!! ''(R";'™ '' 7"6 K + likely of agricultural products obtained through '' ' ' + ' › +œ6 ' %'' '! (R " #' "'"! ' ' ;'*'"' +'!''+'*' ' ' ' '! Q"+R '!"'!6 (SHERRATT‰\]‰§+GILBOA, SHARON AND BOARETTO‰\\Zœ6 Agents and Modes of Trade ; ' + '' ! ROUTLEDGE and MCGEOUGH›‰\\Qœ;'7'4 ! [ "'! ‹ "''[ ‹'; [ ' ' *7';'+ those related to the institutions and individuals ' $' $'R \' Q‹ Q'R';' R7Q' "'R ›œ'6 (SHERRATT and SHERRATT]QQ];[_Z§6!"" $ " ' also ARTZY ]QQSœ '6 ™ › + ' * '''+' [ ' (œ; a priori''‹' ‹' ';!''" +.!"'?'' ' ' ! Q +'!"["' R; Q"'R ' Q'>R ' + ‹76K!"'! '"!"'›SHERRATT stant, mutual need for locally unavailable bulk and ‰\]]`]\œ6.‹''"'' + '! ' '6>+ ecologically very different regions, and once in "! ' ‹' motion they probably also generated some eco [''' "6 K '" '! ""[' * ' ' ' '"''"'realia6 '!' ?'7$' $ + + "77 '6 %' '[ +' '"[‹' '‹';+' this paper? On the Levantine side, it is improbable much more rapid, cheap and better avoided inter '(R''+'! " ' '‹ ! " ' en-route, this trade during all these centuries, especially ' 9' ›6 _!"and "" ( + ' LIVERANI ‰\\[;]‰_M]‰˜œ6''' ‹ ' '; ‹'" + >+;';'+>+ ?!" ' 9' ›'œ6 +‹'!‹' These must have been professionals, possibly began: are they or are they not a direct continua members of some local trading elite (compare LIV- * "' › % ERANI ‰\\[; ][‰œ; + ' '; > Age ones, see MARCUS et al6‰\\Zœ6 ' "'! ‹ >++ ™ $''>'' '' +';' "'! ' ' ' ™ ' ';'"'\' " ''' ""! ' ' '6 Œ '''"+›BROODBANK‰\]\;‰_Z (;''!;+''™' +œ6.‹'"';'MAR- ++'!'''' CUS (2007;]S^;]S]œ+'+ > ' ' 6 K Egypt and the Levant under the 12th Dynasty as (\7\'+'› 262 Ayelet Gilboa

'œ!''#'"; ‹'+'';'' '*'\ '"'';''6 papyrus, its function (beyond chasing Egyptian argued in GILBOA, SHARON and ZORN‰\]^;'! ' ' "' "'' '!œ ' the economic, including commercial activities in '6 " + + ."'! ' '+ ?' '; ' 6 K +''"‹!; cannot of course be compared to the grand mer the procurement of some of the merchandise trad ' >+ "'! '; !(;‹'"''"; ' 'R ' '! "‹ ' ‹' ''\+ ' '"';‹'"; GILBOA‰\\˜M‰\\S6;' Ashkelon in STAGERR ›‰\\]œ Q9 9+R 6 ing the individuals involved in the import of Egyp ( +' ' " ' + ' ' ( ›' ! "' ''›'œ6+;(R' ‹" .!"œ " ! [‹ ' + ' ' ' .!"'4'6'" +'*'+ '!;!‹'+;' " '> 6 K '!"'>4'' ";‹'";!'!4''( areas (GILBOA, SHARON and ZORN‰\]^œ6 '+''8'!;' ; +; \ ! these connections are further highlighted by vari "[ ‹'6 "' ous containers, large and small, sent from the Car ‹''Υ'R'<[ ' =™Υ' ' % ›#'' market transactions could have taken place (simi ''>; "' '§ ' 66; ARIE, larly ROUTLEDGE and _==6"d8, the lat BUZAGLO and GOREN ‰\\˜;_˜‰M_˜[œ6[‰(+' ter facilitated by silver used as currency (see above ' ' + '4 + for the abundance of early Iron Age silver in the + 8 '! + ' "[*'™œ6 '" =™Υ'' ; ' ' * ''; %6[[K''‹' +'"+;'' "' '' the Egyptians lost their economic grip on Canaan, '!;+'"' inhabitants of those agricultural centres and port a heterarchical structure among these polities; + ' '' ; + there is no reason to assume superiority or domi invest much effort in catering to the needs of the '!'!6=™Υ''% "'6$"' + "! ! ‰_ ' [_> '+'! probably also involved the permanent or seasonal, (;''+'!+'>'! or ad hoc'"'.!"6 ›+ >!œ6 Œ7' ' Egyptian initiative or even involvement in mar +'+'' ''+?''›'+ ';"'''6K *'œ[ '''!+>! '6 (' ' .!"R "''> ›66;FUKUYAMA 1QQQ§'' maritime trade have been many (summaries in maries in MCGEOUGH ‰\\S;[]M[[§ROUTLEDGE and WACHSMANN !"""M#"!"M!"8 MCGEOUGH‰\\Q§MALKIN‰\]];"6]˜;]Q;‰_M‰S; ( ' <+ J, ‹'"; []M[‰œ;+>[^+'';'> Œ' ' ' ' \' ''!;''" mnš'; '™ (4'R

[‰ %"'!;‹'+';' !™'';+"' '';+"';!! ''''"6K'+';+; '''''!6 has not yet produced evidence for intense early Iron Age [[ K'+''''!+''%' maritime contacts to match that at Dor (see above and GIL- '"+(6'!™' BOA, WAIMAN-BARAK and SHARON‰\]_œ6 8 '! 6 $ " [^ '+>6 '+>+!';" ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" ‰˜[

›96'§DE SPENS]QQZ;]]]œ;[_ but +> "" '' ' '*7'' *'‹'+.!" signalling the end of Egyptian maritime initiatives '6 If, beyond acting as a consumption and pro '+›66WACHSMANN]QQZ;]];^\œ6 ;.!"+''‹ With respect to the institutions responsible for ‹'; + '.!";""'!‹' introduce a hierarchic, central regulatory and ' ' "' ' '!"!6 On present +'‹';+' ;+;>!;''' are understood as being mostly institutional agents by many scholars, this is certainly not the impres ''>'›BLEIBERG ]QZZ§ #'"!6 less categorically in BLEIBERG]QQ_§BICKEL]QQZ§ ''‹FABRE‰\\^7_;Q˜;6^Z;]_ZM]˜]œ; The End of the Egyptian Phenomenon at Dor ''''›66;ZIN- ; ' ' ' " + ‰'; GARELLI ‰\]\; SZMSQœ6 K! ' Egyptians ceramics are no longer attested at Dor, enough evidence to indicate that during the late + + " ‹"; <+ J; "!; ' ' ' ' "'Sth!?.6 turbulent years of the late 20th(!'!; ' ‹ '! '‹';"';+ Age Egyptian import may have ceased during '!!?+'K"' B>R6BEN DOR EVIAN›‰\]];66; !"'"+'; ]\Q;]]]œ;'"'6ZS\ "[ ›6 ' MORENO GARCÍA ?.6K';'; ‰\]^'§‰\]^`‰^QM‰_‰œ6' on the Egyptian side, namely the disintegration of <+ J; !' ‹! ' .!"'"+;'™'! '>!›6MUMFORD ‰\\S;‰_Qœ6 '''"''R6 +; ' *7 ' From the Dor perspective it is important to ‹'+.!"'*'' '›'œ;''""''.!" more often than not Egyptian dependence on '"!+' ?'''79'7$!' ' ' ' ''+(' ›+ ' '' '' + ';+'''' .!"'œ"'›GOEDICKE +R'''";'+'' !" !" _6!""!$M$$ !"" ''6 K '' !!# 6 !""" "$ !%%" changes are understood as resulting from the # $# `‰\\^7_;]_‰;]__§MONROE 2009, '' 9' + ' !"M!"+œ6Œ'!; ''''6Qth cen beyond the Wenamun report no information rele ! ?. ›GILBOA, SHARON and BLOCH-SMITH ''!K96B"'; ‰\]_œ;+'!'''"'! 4 7''7"'" ' ‹ ''""'6K;'' +›+''!!!œ the foregoing discussions, I suggest that the disap + '! ; '; pearance of Egyptian ceramics and the cessation ‹'"!huburs[˜ mentioned in Wenamun, of the liaisons embodied by them, are likely linked ' " "'" !R hubur+ (R "[ "' ; ' $›];_Qœ''!"'6 ''.!"'6 The lack of concrete data regarding possible Egyptian maritime commercial initiatives during To Conclude the late Rammeside period and the TIP and ' " .!"' '"'7' $'!›''œ''+'; *'‹'''' "" Q9'R ' "' *'

[_ +''.!"'' 'R+6<›'œ'!O# ventures is vividly preserved in Papyrus Lansing: “The shall see Egypt again” (CAMINOS ]Q_^œ6 "R + ! ›' œ ' [˜ $'+§HOCH]QQ^;‰^\M‰^]6 '!'!"'.!"(4'6.' ‰˜^ Ayelet Gilboa non only (BELL 2006; BROODBANK‰\][;^^Qœ;[S and sim`OK"'"'‹" till recently the lack of relevant archaeological ''P›"6[˜_œ6 data, have left an important tract of the early Iron The selection of possible commodities dis *' ' '+6 K; cussed above certainly constitutes only part of the "; ' + '6 Œ' ' ' "6 K ' ' ' ' ' '; ( [ " ' [ '!; ad '+ ' ' hoc; [ "'; '' ‹'+.!"'?' demands of the societies involved in these ›'$'ªœ6$!; ‹'6j‹'";\'';[ %''".!"+'';+ ' + '''!; + ' ' could not be acquired south of the Lebanese for parts of Egypt particularly for the reigns of '6K'! Œ' »M» › ' '; '§ ‹ ' ‹ ANTOINE‰\\Qœ;'!''.!"' '7""''''#' '6 '6 ( " +' " Only future discoveries and studies[Q+ Egypt not only because it provided, in times of '‹''+.!"R'! ;'''+'*'; '+(+;' but mainly since for hundreds of years ships from +'"[" " ™ .!" ›' 'œ *'6 ‹''!6 ! ( ' ?'7$' Acknowledgments +!%''"" of various commodities to Egypt in the period +]QZ\'‰\\\(‹''+ '6 K + "'! ' !."'$+ ‹';'inter alia on different !'‰\\‰!''4+ +> ' ' ›FRIEDLAND and ROB- !M!''946'' !""=and MCGEOUGH‰\\Q;‰Zœ6 '$';K(‹'' In the southern Levant, mainly Ashkelon, Tell Abu tions, for his continuous cooperation and support '+''Υ>>6K' and for commenting on an earlier version of this ++"'"' ‹§'=''J'''('RJ' al and agricultural produce from the Galilee and reading this paper and for very constructive dis 'R '!6[Z ?!; +; 6 (' %' ' %' 6$6 %' ''! +' '! .!"R ' >! " + ! " '' ' ' + (6 +; >§ %' ! + 4 + ‹ ' ''!; 'Υ>>'‹'''K<' ''+.!"'(; ' K ' '+'§ ' $' ' ' <'Q'' '!.!"'4' $>> '+ " ' ' *'; ' ""!''!$™'69'' '; ' "" #''''> " + ' the archaeological evidence at hand telescopes, so stemming from her PhD dissertation centred on to speak, many instances of ad-hoc""6K petrographic analysis of early Iron Age containers stands in opposition to assessments that in antiqui *'›'"''œ6 !'''"+'›'! '>+"'" BRAUDEL]QS‰;]\‰M]\S;Σ\''''R '+!"6j] HORDEN and PURCELL‰\\\;]^];]_\;]˜\'pas- +' ""' ! ' Œ@§ [ ‰

[S # ' Qth century there are currently very scant; see BURKE ‰\]];S\MS]69 ?.';'!›66;GILBOA, '"+''!'''4"' SHARON and BLOCH-SMITH‰\]_œ6 $'§K)'''6 [Z '''K'+';6[[6 [Q $ ' ' ''! Q9'R ' addition, the maritime role of Jaffa in the early Iron Age is .!"6 $ ASTON et al6 ]QQZ; ]^‰ ]^[ '! as yet unclear, and generally data regarding this period *'''<+J'K9‹6 ('.!".'!`'''9"›9'œ#'Œ" 265

!9'';'§[['^+ tion, 'j''' '> ! %' .§ [6 _ +' " !'+!8'; graphed from the yacht Carmen (Dudi Goldglass, Faculty of Humanities at the University Haifa, and '"'œ!.!J'>!6KK(9 !'!6 4""!@=j'

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DAV I ES, N. DE G. and FAULKNER, R.O. GALE, R., GASSON, P. HEPPER, N., and KILLEN, G. ]Q^S $!'K'M.!"6JEA[[;^\M^˜6 2000 #; [[^M[S]; ` 96K6 NICHOLSON'6SHAW, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cam DAY, P.M., QUINN, P.S., RUTTER, J.B. and KILIKOGLOU, V. 6 2011 A World of Goods: Transport Jars and Commodity GALILI, E., ROSEN, B., and ZVIELY, D. .‹''*''J; Crete, HesperiaZ\;_]]M__Z6 ‰\\Q $# ' <'' ' %''?'';IJNA[Z›‰œ;[^[M[˜Z6 DAYAGI-MENDELS, M. GALILI, E6;' WEINSTEIN-EVRON, M. 2002 >?$K The Ben-Dor Excavations of 1941–1944;Œ"]_;8'6 ]QZ_ 9! ' 9' $ $ ' ?' ?' '; Paléorient DE SPENS ;Œ6 ]]›]œ;[SM_‰6 ]QQZ (''' '»» GERISCH, R., A. MANZANO, and C. ZAZZARO !'6 '! 4™ '"" RB'; 2007 j`B#'#[';]˜_M]ZZ; ]\_M]‰˜`<6GRIMAL and B. MENU›6œ, Le com- BARD FATTOVICH merce en Égypte ancienne;?'6 `J66 'Œ6 , Harbor of the Phar- J NK >7> 7- DREWS, R. %¡ š 6789 '**+M'**‘, ]QQ[ K.: Changes in Warfare and <'"6 the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C., 96 GARDINER;66 ELAT;%6 ]Q^] Œ'K‹Œ'K'‹''K' ]QSZ K.Œ'<!'." port of Corn, JEA‰S;]QMS[6 +.!";JAOSQZ›]œ;‰\M[^6 GILBOA,6 ERIKSSON;J6B6 ‰\\_ $'9"'9''$ ]QQ_ .!"' "' *' ?!" ?‹ 9' ?'M Œ'` "' tion of Šikila (SKLœ %'' ?; BASOR[[S; ?!"; ]QQM‰\_; ` S. BOURKE and J.-P. ^SMSZ6 DESCOEURDES›6œ;Trade, Contact and the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in ‰\\˜ ‰\\Sj'$'9";+'."' Honour of J. Basil Hennesy;%''' ?!";$!''.!"`K(9"; !$""[;$!!6 Scripta Mediterranea»»MM»»M;‰\QM‰^^6

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]QQ\ !%'>"';[M^Q`Œ6FRIEDLAND and GILBOA, A. AND SHARON, I. ROBERTSON 6j6 ›6œ; @8 %#9>K ‰\\Z + ?' ' $'` (R Rethinking Economy and Society;<+=>6 Reconsidered, NEAS]›[œ;]^˜M]S\6 FITZGERALD;%66 GILBOA;6;'SHARON;6 ]QQ^ K $"; ]˜[M‰‰[; ` 8696 OLESON›6œ;The Har- "K!'J'(R7(;`86MACGINNIS, D. <N$%KN$ WICKE, T. GREENFIELD'6STONE›6œ;The Pro- ><N6’>=>+‡*+‡‘K vincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire;%( The Finds and the Ship;Œ$_Q^;B‹6 '%'"$;?'6 FUKUYAMA, j6 GILBOA6;SHARON;6;'BLOCH-SMITH;.6 ]QQQ šN9KNZN>- ‰\]_ ?'"'$Rj(ª'(; stitution of Social Order;*6 Levant^S7];_]MS^6 ‰˜Z Ayelet Gilboa

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WINAND;86 ZOHARY, M. 2011 The Report of Wenamun: A Journey in Ancient Egyp ]Q˜‰ Plant Life of Palestine, Israel and Jordan,<+=>6 '*';_^]M__Q;`M. COLLIER and S. SNAPE, ]QS[ Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East;$ +''@6CRISCENZO-LAYCOCK'?6 '6 PRICE ›6œ; Ramesside Studies in Honour of K.A. Kitchen66 ]QZ\ The Vegetal Landscape of Israel;K›+œ6 WOOD;6 ]QZS .!"'"'<+J' Ramesside Periods, BA_\;S_MZ[6