APPENDIX A

"And this last Century ean glory in numerous cOllstellations. Should those Heroes go on, as they have happily begun, they'll lill the world with wonders. A nd 1 doubt not but posterity will lind many things, that are now but Rumors, verilied into praetieal Realities. It may be some Age henee, a voyage to the Southern unknown Traets, yea possibly the M oon, will not be more strange then one to A meriea. To them, that come alter us, it may be as ordinary to buy a pair 01 wings to Ily into remotest Regions .... A nd to eonler at the distanee 01 1ndies by Sympathetick eonveyanees, may be as usual to luture times, as to us in a litterary eorrespondenee .... the turning 01 the new eomparative desert world into a Paradise, may IIOt improbably be expected trom late A grieulture." ]oseph Glanvill, "Scepsis Seientiliea", 1665 ').

JOSEPH GLANVILL'S "SCEPSIS SCIENTIFICA" - (1665)

Joseph Glanvill was one of those remarkable types of men whieh were so characteristic a feature of the seventeenth century. He was born at Plymouth and came of an impoverished branch of a very old and honourable family. After his studies at Oxford he took holy orders. Joseph's brother, a very rieh tin-merchant who made a fortune in the memorable years of the Protectorate, bought hirn a living at Wimbish in Essex. This made Glanvill independent and ena­ bled hirn to devote all his time to study, and only one year after his happy possession of the living of Wimbish, there appeared his first published study, on "Vanity of Dogmat~zing" (1661), which earned hirn the name of a sceptic and atheist. In 1665, as a reply to some polemieal disputes, he published his second work Scepsis Scientifiea, whieh was merely a revised version of his first book. In the same year he was admitted to the illustrious and at the same time fantastic company of members of the Royal Society. From this membership, discussion and correspondence

') ]oseph Glanvill "Scepsis Scientifica: Or, Confest Ignorance, The Way To Science" , 1665, reedited, London, 188S,pp. 156-157. APPENDICES 105 with Boyle, More and others, Glanvill got an intimate view of the ideas and desires of these "pansophists", scientists and discoverers. The rest of Ganvill's life was occupied with researches concer­ ning witchcraft, these investigations gaining hirn the name of an expert in that field. His book on witchcraft "Suducismus Triumphatus" was reprinted seven times. In 1666 he became rector of the Abbey Church at Bath. This post, apart from its financial attraction was a source of constant troubles with the pious inhabitants of that city who could not understand why their rector, in other respec~s a very respectable person, could combine his duties as a c1ergyman with the "de­ vilish practises" of investigation into the dark powers of witch­ craft, and find his consolation in scepticism. Glanvill's reputation as a man of science was established after 1665, and reached its peak after the publication of his other work: "Plus Ultra", dealing with the progress of science since the days of Aristotle. In this book " .... he partially blended the results of Baconian research with a little of the theosophie mysticism of More (Henry More was a member of the Royal Society)" 1) Glanvill, like Wallace, became Royal Chaplain, receiving this appointment in 1672 from Charles II. The following sketch is of great interest as a picture of the man, for it was written by one of his opponents and so would not seem to be biased: "(Glan­ vill) .... was a person of more than ordinary parts, of a quick, warm, spruce, and gay fancy; and was more lucky, at least in his own judgment, in his first hints and thoughts of things, than in his after not ions .... He had a very tenacious memory, and was a great master of the English tongue .... " 2) In his essays, Scepsis Scientifica, Glanvill proposed some welfare measures, but his vision on science particularly is very remarkable. This work, See psis Scientifica, must be c1assified as being just on the border between Utopia and reality. His daring visions about the future development of science and tech­ nique were, in his age, of Utopian character, though Glanvill

') F. Greenslet, "Joseph Glanvill, A Study In English Thought And Letters Of The Seventeenth Century", The Columbia University Press, New York, 1900, p. 75. About Glanvill cf. also DNB, voI. XXI, pp. 408-409. ") Anthony a Wood in "Athenae Oxoniensis", vol. III CoI. 1245. 106 APPENDICES himself,otherwise a very intelligent person, sometimes combined his greatness of perception with a rather naive outlook, often full of superstition, on practicallife. Glanvill's Utopia, if we may call it by that name, was a scientific one: he followed the lines of Bacon's experimental method and rejected any previous Aristotelian theory 1). "The Aristotelian Philosophy is inept for New discoveries; and therefore of no accommodation to the use of life. That an Arts, and Professions are capable of mature improve­ ments, cannot be doubted by those, who know the least of any. And that there is an America of secrets, and unknown Peru of Nature, whose discovery would richly advance them, is more than conjecture. Now while we either sayl by the Land of gross and vulgar Doctrines, or direct our Enquiries by the Agnosure of meer abstract notions; we are not likely to reach the Treasures on the other side the Atlantick: Tbe directing of the World thc way to which, is the noble end of true Philosophy" 1). He believed firmly that science may achieve everything if only the right methods are applied. All scientific effort had to be used for the improvement of social conditions and it must have definite pragmatic features 2). Science had to lead the world and Glanvill even went so far as to propose that it should guide industry and, presumably, all the economic activity of society. His idea resembled, however, to a certain degree the Platonic rule of philosophers, not only in matters of politics but, predo­ minantly, in questions of material progress and economic welfare. Society could achieve much more with the means at its disposal, if the men of science were allowed to take an active part in its government and were thus enabled to devote their energy to the advancement of knowledge 3). 1) Ibid. pp. 153-154: "True Knowledge is modest and wary; 'tis ignorance that is so bold, and presuming. Thus those that never travail'd beyond one Horizon, will not be perswaded that the world hath any Countrey better then their own", Ibid. p.195. ") Ibid. pp. L-LIII: " .... considering how much it is the interest of Mankinde in order to the advance of Knowledge, to be sensible they have not yet attain'd it, or at least, but in poor and diminutive measures .... (the goal of science) .... the im· proving the minds of Men in solid and useful Notices of things, helping them to such Theories as may be serviceable to common life .... " I) Ibid. p. LXI: ".... innumerable other advantages may be obtain'd by an industry directed by Philosophy and Mechanicks, which can never be expected from drudging Ignorance". Here Glanvill may be rightly called a forerunner of technocracy. APPENDICES 107

Similar statements about the unexploited possibilities of science were made one hundred years later by Wallace, who virtually followed the same line of thought. The advancement of science and its beneficial results upon the material wealth of the community were, according to Glanvill, better suited to the achievement of happiness and good life than wars, or cruelties, or political strife 1). Glanvill's attitude towards the application of scientific method in research is very interesting and progressive for his period, the seventeenth century: "For all things being linkt together by an uninterrupted chain of Causes, and every single motion owing a dependence ... we can have no true Knowledge .... except we comprehend all .... To the perfect Science of any thing it's necessary to know all its Causes .... " 2) In his work he even introduced the idea of an "Invisible Hand" which a century later became so famous by the use Adam Smith made of it: "Yea, the most common Phaenomena can be neither known, nor improved, without insight into the more hidden frame. For Nature worksby an Invisible Hand in all things"3) Joseph Glanvill's contribution to welfare economics must be estimated as similar to that of Francis Bacon, and its chief end must be sought in the use and application of science in promoting the general good and material wealth of the community. He gave to science adefinite social goal which bore undoubtedly a welfare stimulating character. In this work the secondary features of welfare econQmics occupy the most important place. Glanvill does not speak about employment, distribution, division of labour or other economic

') Ibid. p. LXII: " .... Those successes being more glorious wh ich bring benefit to the World; then such ruinous ones as are dyed in humane blood, and c10athed in the livery of Cruelty and Slaughter". ') Ibid. pp. 183-184. Cf. also: "For while we frame Scheames of things without consulting the Phaenomena, we do but build on the Air, and describe an imaginary World of our own making, that is but little a kin to the real one that God made. And 'tis possible that all the Hypothesies that yet have been contrived, were built upon too narrow an inspection of things, and the phasies of the Universe. For the Advancing day of experimental knowledge disc10seth such appearances, as will not lye even, in any model extant". Ibid. pp. LXII-LXIII. Compare similar statement of Samuel Hartlib. 3) Ibid. p. 155. 108 APPENDICES concepts, but in giving to science a special place and outlook, and stressing the importance of material progress, he certainly has done very much for the creation of an open attitude regarding these problems and has stimulated the work of others for the general welfare 1). As a matter of interest we must also say that Glanvill in his work, among many other ideas about invention which in our time have become reality, was also a forerunner of the Knappian State Theory of Money, when saying: "We may conclude ... that the Stamp of Authority can make Leather as current as Gold" 2). It is a great pity that he did not elaborate this idea further, but it is an excellent example of the many-sidedness of seventeenth century thought and its originality, richness and unprejudiced approach. I t must be regarded as a curiosity in an age when precious metals occupied such an important place, if not the only place, in monetary problems. As another contribution by Glanvill to economic thought we may stress the passage taken from his other work, in which he regards the idea of self-Iove as a background to human action. It is thought that he may have influenced Mandeville in this. " .... For every man is naturally a Narcissus, and each passion in us, no other but self-Iove sweetened by milder Epithets" 3).

1) Cf. also Ibid. p. LXI: "And it may be there are few better wayes of adding to what they are affraid to waste, than inquiries into Nature. For by a skilful application of those notices, may be gain'd in such researches, besides the accelerating and bettering of Fruits, emptying Mines, drayning Fens and Marshes, which may hereby be effected, at much more easie and less expensive rates, then by the common rnethods of such performances: I say, besides these, Lands may be advanced to scarce credible degrees of improvement ...... Here Glanvill stressed the importance of an economic application of new inventions or improvements. ') Ibid. p. 162 . • ) ]oseph Glanvill, "Vanity of Dogmatizing", 1661, p. 119, also quoted in the Oxford edition of The Fable of The Bees. APPENDIX B

GREGORY KING'S "TABLES" (1688)

Yearly Yearly Number Ranks, Degrees, Number Income per Income in of Families Titles etc. of persons Family General f. I $ f. I $ 160 Temporal Lords 6400 I 3200 - 512000 26 Spiritual Lords 520 1300 - 33800 800 Baronets 12800 880 - 704000 600 Knights 7800 650 - 390000 3000 Esquires 30000 450 - 1200000 12000 Gentlemen 96000 280 - 2880000 5000 Persons in grea ter offices 40000 240 - 1200000 etc. 5000 Persons in les5er offices 30000 120 - 600000 etc. 2000 Eminent merchants etc. 16000 400 - 800000 8000 Lesser merchants etc. 48000 198 - 1600000 10000 Persons in the law 70000 154 1540000 2000 Eminent clergymen 12000 72 - 144000 8000 Lesser clergymen 40000 50 - 400000 40000 Better freeholders 280000 91 - 3640000 120000 Lesser freeholders 660000 55 - 6600000 150000 Farmers 750000 42 10 6375000 15000 Persons in arts and 75000 60 - 900000 sciences 50000 Shop keepers and 225000 45 - 2250000 Tradesmen 60000 Artisans and handicrafts 240000 38 - 2280000 5000 Na valofficers 20000 80 - 400000 4000 Military officers 16000 60 - 240000 50000 Common seamen 150000 20 - 1000000 364000 Labouring people 1275000 15 - 5460000 400000 Cottagers and paupers 1300000 6 10 2000000 35000 Common soldiers, 70000 14 - 490000 vagrants, beggars etc. 30000 2 - 60000 1349586 I Net Totals 5500520 32 5 I 43491800 Yearly Income Yearly Expense p. Head p. Head f. I s I d f. I s I d Temporal Lords 80 -- 70 - - Gentlemen. 35 _. - 32 - - Eminent merchants. 50 - - 37 - - Lesser merchants . 33 - - 27 - - Farmers 8 10 - 8 5 - Artisans and handicrafts . 9 10 - 9 - - Labouring people etc. 4 10 - 4 12 - Cottagers and paupers . 2 - - 2 5 - Vagrants, beggars etc. 2 - - 4 - - Soldiers 7 - - 7 10 - BIBLIOG RAPHY

This list does not include all works used or otherwise useful in the compilation of this study. AALDERS, W. J., Toekomstbeelden uit vijf eeuwen .. Groningen, 1939. ALTHAUS, F., Samuel Hartlib etc., Historisches Taschenbuch, Leipzig, 1884. ASHLEY, M. P., Financial And Commercial Policy Under The C1'om- wellian Protectorate, Oxford, 1934. ASHLEY, W., The Economic Organisation 01 England, London, 1933. BAcoN, FRANCIS, Nova. Atlantis, H. Morley's edition. BEGLEY, W., Nova Solyma, London, 1902. BELLERs, JOHN, The Writings, reprinted and edited by A. Ruth Fry, London, 1935. CLARK, G. N., Science And Social Wellare In the Age 01 Newton, Oxford, 1937. The Wealth 01 England Irom I496 to I760, Oxford University Press, 1946. DOWELL, STEPHEN, A History 01 Taxation and Taxes in England, London 1884. FIRTH, C. H., Oliver Cromwell, London, 1947. FREYER, H., Die politische Insel, Leipzig, 1936. FURNISS, E. S., The Position 01 The Laborer In A System 01 Natio­ nalism, Yale dissertation, 1920. GARGAS, S., Volkswirtschaltliche Ansichten in Polen im XVII Jahr. hundert, Innsbruck, 1905. GLANVILL, J., Scepsis Scientilica, 1665, reprinted London, 1885. GOFFE, W., How to advance the Trade 01 the Nation, and employ the Poor, Harleian Miscellany, vol. IV, London, MDCCXLV. GOOCH, G. P., The History 01 English Democratic Ideas in the Seven­ teenth Century, Cambridge, 1898. GREENSLET, F., Joseph Glanvill, A Study In English Thought And Letters 01 The Seventeenth Century, The Columbia University Press, New York, 1900. GREY, A., The Socialist Tradition, London, 1946. GROSHElDE, D., Cromwell naar het oordeel van zijn Nederlandse tijdge­ noten, doctoral thesis Amsterdam, 1951. HARTLIB, SAMUEL, Macaria, The Harleian Miscellany, vol. I, London, 1744. A Further Discovery 01 the Ollice 01 Publiek Address lor Accommodation, London, 1648. The Harleian Miscellany, vol. VI. HEARNSHAW, F. J. C., The Social 6- Political Ideas 01 So me Great Thinkers 01 the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, London, 1926. HECKSCHER, E. F., Me1'cantilism, London, 1935. HELD, F. E., Ideal State 01 the Seventeenth Century, Oxford, 1916. HERTZLER, J. 0., The History 01 Utopian Thought, London, 1923. J AMES, M., Social Problems A nd Policy During The Puritan Revolution, London, 1930. KAUFMANN, M., Utopias or Schemes 01 Social Improveme12t, London, 1879 BIBLIOGRAPHY 111

KENNEDY, W., English Taxation I640-I799, London, 1913. KEYNES, J. M., The General Theory 01 Employment Interest And Money, London, 1947. LASKI, H. J., The Rise 01 European Liberalism, London, 1936. LIPSON, E., The Economic History 01 England, London, 1947. LITTLE, I. M. D., A Critique 01 Welfare Economics, Oxford, 1950. MANDEVILLE, BERNARD, The Fable of The Bees, Oxford edition, MDCCCCXXIV. MILL, JOHN STUART, Principles of Political Economy, Book IV. MONROE, A. E., Early Economic Thought, Cambridge, 1924. MORLEY, H., Ideal Commonwealths, London, 1889. MUMFORD, L., The Story of Utopias, New York, 1923. MYINT, HLA, Theories of Welfare Economics, London, 1948. PETEGORSKY, D. W., Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War, London, 1940. PETTY, W., The Economic Writings, edited by C. H. Hull, Cambridge University Press, 1899. The Advice 01 W. P. to MI'. Samuel Hartlib etc., 1648, reprinted in The Harleian Miscellany, vol. VI, London MDCCXLV. PLOCKHOY, P. C., A Way propounded To Make the POOl' in these and other Nations happy, London, 1659. PRYS, J., Der Staatsroman des I6. und I7. Jahrhunderts und Sein Erziehungsideal, Würzburg, 1913. QUACK, H. P. G., De Socialisten. Personen en Stelsels, Amsterdam, 1911. ROGERs, THOROLD J. E., Six Centuries 01 Work and Wages, London, 1894. A History 01 Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. V. VI, Oxford, MDCCCLXXXVII. ROSCHER, W., Zur Geschichte der Englischen Volkswirtschaftslehre im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1857 (Abhand­ lungen der K. Sächsichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften). Ross, H., Utopias Old And New, London, 1938. SCHENK, W., The Concern for Social Justice in the Puritan Revolution, London, 1948. SCHMITT, E. H., Der Idealstaat, Berlin, 1904. SCHOMANN, E., Französische Utopisten des IB. Jahrhunderts und ihr Frauenideal, Berlin, 1911. STAMP, L. D., The Land 01 Britain, its Use and Misuse, London, 1950. TAWNEY, R. H., Religion And The Rise Of Capitalism, Mentor edition, 1948. TREVELYAN, G. M., English Social History, London, 1945. TURNBULL, G. H., Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, Liverpool University Press, 1947. WALLACE, R., Various Prospects, London 1761. WINSTANLEY, GERRARD, The Works, edited by G. H. Sabine, Cornell University Press, 1941.· WOLF, A., A History of Science Technology, and Philosophy in the I6th and I7th Centuries, London, 1935. INDEX

Akkeren van, Abraham 56 Elizabeth, Queen of England 34 Althaus, F. 18,33 Fielding, Henry 85 Andreae, J. V. 17 Firth, C. H. 25, 32, 40 Anthony a W ood 105 Fortrey 86 Aristophanes 4 France, Anatole 1 Aristotle 105 Franklin, Benjamin 83 Ashley, M. P. 18, 26 Fry, A. Ruth 72 Augustine St. 4 Furniss, E. S. 10, 36, 79, 85, 95 Bacon, Francis 2, 11, 13, 14, 16, Gargas, S. 26, 90 17,22,28,32,92,94, 106, 107 Gilbert 28 Barbon, Nicolas 70, 86 Glanvill, Joseph 11, 13, 104, lOS, Batory Stefan, King of Poland 18 106, 107, 108 Baxter, Richard 7 Godwin, William 64 Beer, M. 14, 34, 35, 36 Goffe, William 38,39,40,41,42 Begley, W. 13,32,33 Gooch, G. P. 22, 34, 35, 45, 80 Belasco, Philip S. 80 Graunt, J ohn 25 Bellers, J ohn 8, 38, 61, 70, 72, 73, Greenslet, F 105 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 Grey, A. 4 Berkeley, Bishop 85 Grosheide, D. 56 Bernstein, E. 18,81 Guendeville 99 Bindon, David 88 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Swe­ Blanc, Louis 61 den 20, 32 Bonar, J. 70 Harrington, James 12,47, 48 Bonifaccio, Giovanni 82 Hartlib, Samuel 16, 17, 18, 19,20, Boyle, Robert 17,22,31,105 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29, Brewster, 86 30,31,32,33,60,70,72,98,102, Campanella, Tommaso 2, 5, 17, 23 107 Carlyle, Thomas 31 Harvey. William 34 Chamberlen, Peter 8, 9, 34, 35, 36, Hawtrey. R. G. 2 37,38,41,42,45 Hayek. F. A .83 Chamberlin, Edward 60 Hearnshaw. F. J. C. 5 Charles I, King of England 35, 38 Heckscher. E. F. 7. 10 Charles II, King of England 105 Held, F. E. 13, 18 Charles Gustavus, King of Sweden Hertzler, J. O. 2, 4, 13 32 Hobbes, Thomas 12 Child, Harold 8 Hollander, J. H. 70 Clark Colin 9 Hull, C. H. 32, 51 Clark, G. N. 29 J ablonowski 61 Colbert 37,41,42 James, Margaret 7, 34, 35, 36, 95 Comenius, J. A. 17, 18, 20, 21 Jong de, A. M. 71 Coster, Robert 98 Karnkowski 18 Cromwell18, 31, 32, 38, 41, 44, 46, Kaufmann, M. 2 56 Kaye, F. B. 82 Dowell, Stephen 26 Kennedy, W. 25 Dury, John 18, 19,20,21,32 Kepler 17 Elizabeth, Princess of the Palati- Keynes, J. M. 87 nate 21 King, Gregory 12, 25, 50, 109 INDEX 113

Kitson Clark, G. 7 Quack, H. P. G. 56, 61 Laski, H. J. 16, 23, 44 Raleigh 70 Laspeyres, E. 61 Rees, John 64 Law, John 88 Renaudot, Theophraste 32 Leland Harder 56 Rey, Andrzej 21 Leszczynski Stanislaw, King of Roll, Erich 71 Poland 1 Roscher, W. 24, 28 Lipson, E. 1 Ross, H. 13 Little, I. M. D. 9 Ruskin 74 Lycurgus 4 Sabine, G. H. 43 Macaulay, 14 Sadler, John 31,32 Machiavelli, N. 5, 10 Schenk, W. 21, 34, 36, 45, 46 Malthus, R. 64, 70 Schomann, E. 2, 99 Mandeville, Bernard 8, 9, 69, 82, SeIlers, M. 20 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91, Sloane, Hans 72 92, 93, 100, 101, 102, 108 Smiglecki, Marcin 90 Mannheim, Kar! 2 Smith, Adam 30,60,71,82,83,93, Marx, Kar! 80 94, 107 McLachlan, H. J. 19,56 Sommers 24 Mill, J ohn Stuart 61 Stamp, L. D. 50 Milton, J ohn 8, 31, 33 Stiblinus, Gasparus 22 Montesquieu 63 Tawney, R. H. 6, 7, 95 Moore Smith, G. C. 13 Thorold Rogers, J. E. 21, 50, 79 More, Henry 105 Toynbee, J. A. 2 More, Thomas I, 2, 4, 5, 6, 22, 26, Trevelyan, G. M. 7, 43, 44, 45 46 Tucker, J osiah 85 Morley, H. 13, 46 Turnbull, G. H. 18, 19,20,21,32, Mumford Lewis 1 33 Newton, Isaac 29 Vanderlint, Jacob 85 Owen, R. 61, 80, 81 Voltaire 82 Pasch, Georg 64 Wallace, Robert 11,63,64,65,66, Peckham 28 67,68,69,70,71,94, 103, 105 Penn, William 72 William III 79 Petegorsky, D. W. 6, 7 Winstanley, Gerrard 35, 43, 45, 46, Petty, William 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,70, 51 72, 102 Plato 4, 13 Winthrop 32 Plockhoy, Peter Cornelis 8, 33, 38, Wladyslaw IV, King of Poland 21 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 70, Wolf, A. 34 72, 73, 79, 80, 101 Wort hingt on 18, 21, 22 Povey 86 Young, Arthur 70 Prys, J oseph 22