NOTES

PREFACE

1. The tenus 'natural philosophy' and 'science' have throughout been used inter• changeably. The latter, in the seventeenth century itself, usually refers to what we would call 'knowledge', but in cases of doubt I have added in square brackets my own preferred reading 2. J.C.H. Aveling, The Handle and the Axe: Catholic Recusants in England from Reformation to Emancipation (London, 1976), p. 115. 3. Thomas White, An Exclusion ofScepticks From all Title to Dispute (London, 1665), p. 16.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 1

1. Stephen Spender, 'I think continually', in Poems (London, 1933), p. 45. 2. Thomas Carlyle defined 'Universal History' as "the history of the great men who have worked here." 'On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History', lecture 1, May 5 1840. 3. RH. Popkin, 'The Third Force in 17th Century Philosophy: Scepticism, Science and Biblical Prophecy', Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, 1983, I.59f. 4. C.S. Lewis, Christian Reflections (Glasgow, 1981), p. 203, quoted by M. Midgeley, Wisdom, Information, and Wonder: What is knowledge for? (London, 1989), p. 103. 5. RH. Popkin, 'Berkeley and Pyrrhonism', reprinted in M. Bumyeat ed., The Skeptical Tradition (London, 1983), p. 394 n. 21 (my emphasis). 6. Dugald Stewart concluded c. 1854 that Glanvill provided "proof ... of the possible union of the highest intellectual gifts with the most degrading intellectual weakness." Quoted by RH. Popkin, 'Joseph Glanvill: A Precursor of David Hume', reprinted in R.A. Watson and J.E. Force eds. The High Road to Pyrrhonism (San Diego, 1980), p. 182. 7. H.W. Jones ed., Thomas Hobbes: Thomas White's De Mundo Examined (London, 1976). 8. H.W. Jones, 'A Seventeenth-Century Geometrical Debate', Annals ofScience 31,1974, 307-33; J.L.Russell, 'Action and Reaction before Newton', British Journal for the History ofScience 11, 1976,25-38; J. Henry, 'Atomism and Eschatology: Catholicism and natural philosophy in the interregnum', British Journal for the History ofScience 15,1982,211-39. 9.G.H. Tavard, The Seventeenth Century Tradition: A Study in Recusant Thought (Leiden, 1978),ch. VII; J. Bossy, The English Catholic Community, /570-/850

146 Notes to Chapter 1 147

(London, 1975), p. 62; H. Paul ed., Letters ofLord Acton to Mary, Daughter ofthe Rt. Hon. W.E. Gladstone (London, 1904), p. 140. Cf. D. Shanahan: "White's exposition of Scripture and Tradition is so close in thought and word to the decree of the Vatican Council, that one would think the Fathers had read his books... Thomas White has stood still, and we have caught up with him." The Essex Recusant 7-8, 1966, p. 34. 10. Q. Skinner, 'History and Ideology in the English Revolution', Historical Journal 8, 1965, 151-78; P. Zagorin, A History of Political Thought in the English Revolution (London, 1965); J.A.W. Gunn, Politics and the Public Interest in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1969). 1I. M.V. Hay, The Jesuits and the Popish Plot (London, 1934); T.A. Birrell, 'English Catholics without a Bishop, 1655-1672', Recusant History 6, 1958, 142-78; R.I. Bradley, 'Blacklo and the Counter-Reformation: An Inquiry into the Strange Death of Catholic England', in C.H. Carter ed., From Renaissance to Counter Reformation (London, 1966); P. Harth, Contexts of Dryden's Thought (Chicago & London, 1968); J.L. Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660-1688 (London, 1973). For biographi• cal details, see also G. Anstruther, The Seminary Priests, vol. 2 (Ushaw, 1975), and H.W. Jones, 'Thomas White (or Blacklo) 1593-1676: New Data', Notes & Queries NS 20, 1973, 381-88. Three unpublished PhD theses are concerned with White and Blackloism: R.I. Bradley, 'Blacklo: an essay in counter-reform' (Columbia University, 1963); ,J.M. Lewis, 'Hobbes and the Blackloists: a study in the eschatology of the English revolution (Harvard University, 1976); B.C. Southgate, 'The Life and Work of Thomas White, 1593-1676' (University of Landon, 1979). 12. Professor R.H. Popkin's term: see 'Third Force' (n. 3 above). 13. Meric Casaubon accuses Hobbes of affecting "to be the Oracle of the world; who would make the world believe noe such thing was in the world, truly and really, as art, or " science, or philosophie, till he was borne and began to wryte"; while Descartes, with "excessive pride and self-conceit", appeared to think that "all other bookes and learning should be layd asyde, as needless, but what came from him, or was grounded upon his principles." 'On Learning' (1667), printed in M.R.G. Spiller ed., "Concerning Natural Experimental Philosophie": Meric Casaubon and the Royal Society (The Hague, 1980), pp. 203, 206. On Bacon's "excessive passion... to signalize himself by new senti• ments", see Rene Rapin, Reflexions on Ancient and Modern Philosophy (English transl., London, 1678), p. 120. 14. For discussion and illustration of these issues, see T. Sorrell ed., The Rise of Modern Philosophy: the tension between the 'new' and traditional philosophy from Machiavelli to Leibniz (Oxford, forthcoming). 15. I am grateful to the Automobile Association Overseas Routes Department for their calculation of distances.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 2

I. John Evelyn, Diary, ed. E.S. De Beer (Oxford, 1955). 2. This was recognised by White's eighteenth-century biographer Charles Dodd, who includes him in a list of "eminent Writers, whose Works had been made public to all Europe." The History of the English College at Doway (London, 1713), p. 26 (my emphasis). 3. Christiaan Huygens, Treatise on Light (1690), transl. S.P. Thompson (London, 1912; reprinted New York, 1962), Preface p. vi. Joseph Glanvill conversely did not think his Scepsis "worth the Universal Language." Essays in Several Important Subjects in Philosophy and Religion (London, 1676), p. 31. 4. Mersenne, letter to Theodore Haak, 12 February 1640, in C. de Waard ed., Correspondance du P. Marin Mersenne (Paris, 1945f.), p. Ill. 148 Notes to Chapter 2

5. See J. Jacquot & H.W. Jones eds., Thomas Hobbes, Critique du De Mundo de Thomas White (Paris, 1973), Introduction. Deschamps' criticism is given in full at pp. 39-41. 6. Jones ed., Hobbes. The discovery and identification of Hobbes' manuscript critique was originally announced by J. Jacquot, 'Notes on an Unpublished Work of Thomas Hobbes', Notes and Records ofthe Royal Society 9,1952,188-95. 7. One modem scholar has gone so far as to claim in this context that "Hobbes, in a very real sense, developed his own natural philosophy in the shadow of Thomas White." Lewis, 'Hobbes and the Blackloists', p. 86. 8. Kenelm Digby, Observations upon Religio Medici (1643; facsimile reprint of 2nd 1644 edn., Menston, 1973), pp. 25-26; Two Treatises (paris, 1644; facsimile reprint, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1970), pp. 353, 378. 9. John Webster, Academiarum Examen (London, 1653), p. 50; cf. pp. 45, 48; Walter Charleton, Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana (London, 1654), pp. 15,65. 10. Thomas Sprat, The History ofthe Royal Society (London, 1667), p. 113, on which see B. Vickers, 'The Royal Society and English Prose Style: A Reassessment', in B. Vickers and N.S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit ofTruth (Los Angeles, 1985). On the use of Latin and the vernacular, see also C. Webster, The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform, 1626-1660 (London, 1975). 11. John Davies, Life of John Hall of Durham, appended to Hierocles upon the Golden Verses ofPythagoras (London, 1657), unpaginated. 12. Daniel Sennert, Thirteen Books of Natural Philosophy (London, 1659), pp. 49, 118, 122,127. 13. A. Dejordy & H.F. Fletcher eds., A Library for Younger Schollers, compiled by an English Scholar-Priest about 1655 (Illinois, 1961), pp. 4, 45. The scholar-priest has been identified as probably Thomas Barlow, 1607-91, librarian of the Bodleian from 1642 to 1660. 14. Edward Leigh, A Treatise ofReligion and Learning and ofReligious and Learned Men (London, 1656), p. 364. 15. Richard Baxter, Christian Directory (London, 1673), pp. 925, 927. According to the Preface, this book of 1,143 pages was actually written in 1664-65. 16. John Wallis, Commercium epistolicum... (Oxford, 1658), letters III-VIII, X, XVIII, XXI; Isaac Barrow, Theological Works, ed. A. Napier (9 vols.; Cambridge, 1859), IX.xxxvii. 17. Appendicula tentans solutionem problematis Torricelliani de subsistentia hydrargri in tubo superne sigillato (London, 1663). 18. Sir Robert Sibbald, Memoirs ofmy Lyfe, ed. F.P. Hett (Oxford, 1932), p. 54. 19. Leibniz, Letter to Thomasius (1669), in L.E. Loemker ed., G.W. Leibniz: philosophical papers and letters (Dordrecht, 1969), pp. 97-98. For the claim of influence, see H.W. Jones, 'Leibniz' Cosmology and Thomas White's Euclides Physicus', Archives Internationales d' Histoire des Sciences 25, 1975,277-303. 20. Joseph Glanvill, 'Of Scepticism and Certainty: In a short Reply to the Learned Mr Thomas White', in Essays, p. 37. 21. Locke's MS Notebook, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Locke f.14), contains references to DM, PI, and Euclides Physicus, as well as to Exclusion ofScepticks, and Apologyfor Tradition. (pp. 8,96, 139,271.) 22. Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Vatican, 1948) lists all White's works, citing decrees of 12 May 1655,6 and 18 September 1657,17 November 1661, 31 May 1663. 23. Journals of the House of Commons, 17 October 1666. The suspect work in this case was, according to Anthony aWood, White's book "Of Purgatory" - i.e. On the Middle State ofSouls (English trans!. London, 1659). Athenae Oxonienses, ed. P. Bliss (4 vols.; London, 1813-20), I1I.1211. Hobbes's Leviathan was also implicated. 24. Henry Hammond, The Dispatcher dispatch'd (London, 1659), p. 52. 25. Charles Butler, Historical Memoirs (4 vols.; London, 1819-21), 11.425. Chillingworth debated 'tradition' with White at Kenelm Digby's lodgings in London, probably late in Notes to Chapter 2 149

1638 or early in 1639. Reports of the outcome varied, but a supporter recalled that White had acquitted himself so well that he was thereafter "in credit with them [i.e. Chillingworth's own party] ever after." Anon., Mr. Blacklow's Reply (n.p., ?1657), p. 23. See also P. Des Maizeaux, An Historical and Critical Account of the Life and Writings ofWilliam Chillingworth (London, 1725), pp. 40-41. 26. Matthew Poole, Nullity of the Romish Faith (Oxford, 1666), To the Reader; and cf. p. 148, where White is described as "one ofthe acutest of our Adversaries." 27. John Tillotson, The Rule ofFaith (London, 1666), p. 22. 28. Francis Gage, letter from Rome, dated 20 February 1661, in OB 11.67. 29. Peter Walsh, The History and Vindication of the loyal formulary... (London, 1674), p. 43. 30. Adrien Baillet, La Vie de Monsieur Descartes (Paris, 1691), p. 245; translated (and abridged) by 'S.R.' as The Life ofMonsieur Des Cartes (London, 1693). 31. See chapter 14. 32. Dodd, History, p. 27. 33. George Harbin, The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England Asserted (London, 1713). 34. Gilbert Burnet, History ofMy Own Time (London, 1838), p. 133. 35. C. Butler, Historical Memoirs (4 vols.; London, 1819-21),11.425,432. 36. Francis Blackburne, A Short Historical View of the Controversy concerning an Intermediate State, and the Separate Existence ofthe Soul (n.p., 1765), ch.XVI. 37. C. Plowden, Remarks on a Book entitled Memoirs ofGregorio Panzani (Liege, 1794), p.256. 38. See e.g. C. Dodd, A Church History ofEngland, 1500-1688, ed. M.A. Tierney (5 vols.; London, 1839~3); W. Kennett, A Register and Chronicle Ecclesiastical and Civil (London, 1728); J. Granger, A Biographical History of England (3 vols.; London, 1769-74); J. Lingard, History of England (8 vols.; London, 1819-30); J. Gillow, A Literary and Biographical History or Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics (5 vols.; New York, 1885-1902); R. Clark, Strangers and Sojourners at Port Royal (Cambridge, 1932).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 3

1. The existence of an engraving by Vertue is recorded by Granger, Biographical History (4th edn.; 4 vols.; London, 1804),11.202. 2. C. Dodd, 'Life of Thomas White', in A Church History of England, 1500-1688, ed. M.A. Tierney (5 vols.; Brussels, 1737 fol.). 3. Robert Pugh, Blacklo's Cabal (1680; facsimile edn., Farnborough, 1970), The Epistle to the Catholick Reader. Pugh himself died in 1679. 4. Dodd, Church History, III.285. 5. Plowden, Remarks, p. 261. Plowden's critical attitude towards White's character was no doubt induced by his detestation of Blackloism. 6. See chapter 4. 7. Middle State, p. 173; Pugh, BC, p. 41. 8. Thomas White, Religion and Reason (Paris, 1660), pp. 1,3. 9. Thomas White, Notes on Mr FD.'s Result ofa Dialogue concerning the Middle State of Souls (Paris, 1660), p. 39. 10. Thomas White, The Grounds of Obedience and Government (London, 1655), pp. 24-25. 11. Religion and Reason, p. 133. 12. Ibid.; The State ofthe Future Life, and the Present's Order to It (London, 1654), p. 68. 13. A Contemplation ofHeaven (paris, 1654), p. 23; WA XX.129; De Mundo (Paris, 1642), 150 Notes to Chapter 3

p.420. 14. Thomas White, Peripateticall Institutions (English trans1., London, 1656), p. 115. A literary source might be Lucretius, On the Nature ofthe Universe, Book 4,1. 1268. 15. An Encyclical Epistle (n.p., 1660), pp. 31,28. 16. The position of women in the seventeenth century has recently been a major growth area in historical studies. See for example H.L. Smith, Reason's Disciples: Seventeenth Century English Feminists (Chicago, 1982); S.H. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women (Brighton, 1987); M. George, Women in the First Capitalist Society. Experiences in Seventeenth Century England (Brighton, 1988). 17. Thomas White, Controversy-Logicke (Paris, 1659), p. 45. 18. Alexander Ross, Arcana Microcosmi (London, 1651), Epistle Dedicatory. 19. Thomas White, An Exercise ofLove (Paris, 1654), pp. 140-141. 20. Controversy-Logicke, pp. 123,45. 21. Religion and Reason, p. 142. 22. Meric Casaubon, To l.S., the author of Sure-Footing (London, 1665), p. 15; George Leyburn, Encyclical Answer (Douai, 1661), p. 70. These accusations were provoked by the Preface to White's mathematical work Chrysaspis (London, 1659). . 23. State ofFuture Life, pp. 68-70. 24. Thomas White, Muscarium (London, 1661), pp. 9-10; S.W., A Vindication (Paris, 1659), p. 83. 25. Contemplation, p. 72. 26. Sir Philip Sidney, Apologiefor Poetrie (1595), ed. E.S. Shuckburgh (Cambridge, 1948), p. 28; John Dennis, Grounds ofCriticism in Poetry (London, 1704), p. 101. 27. Francis Osborne, Advice to a Son (Oxford, 1656), p. 19; Isaac Newton, quoted by B. Shapiro, Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth Century England (Princeton, 1983), p. 259; Jean Le Clerc, Parrhasiana (English translation, London, 17(0), pp. 1-2; John Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education (London, 1809), p. 207. On this subject, see further B.C. Southgate, "'No other Wisdom"? Humanist reactions to science and scientism in the seventeenth century', The Seventeenth Century 5,1990,71-92. 28. Henry Power, letter to Sir Thomas Browne, 13 June 1646; in J.O. Halliwell ed., A Collection of Letters Illustrative of the Progress of Science in England... (London, 1841), p. 91. 29. Controversy-Logicke, p. 151; cf. Grounds, p. 10. Kenelm Digby similarly differentiates between the respective characteristics of theologians, metaphysicans, natural philosophers, and mathematicians. Two Treatises, 'To my Sonne'. 30. Contemplation, pp. 71-72. 31. Ibid., pp. 70-83. 32. Ibid., pp. 32, 33, 36, 42. 33. Thomas White, 'Apology for the Treatise of Obedience and Government' (OB 11.130), fo1. 23. 34. Anon., Mr Blacklow's Reply, p. 3; A Catechism ofChristian Doctrine (2nd edn., Paris, 1659), Note to the Reader, pp. 4-5. 35. Letters to Farrington, 9 and 16 October 1627, OB, 1.96, 97; BC, p. 78. 36. WA XXIX.58; White's will is in Barrett/Belson papers Q26/2, 3. 37. Thomas White, Devotion and Reason (Paris, 1661), pp. 16-17. This reference to the Ethiopian church may not have been as fanciful as it sounds, for a Jesuit mission had been established there in the early 1620s. A Portuguese missionary, Pedro Paez, had converted the Emperor Susenyo to the Roman Catholic faith, so that there was official contact between Ethiopia and Rome at least until 1632, when Catholicism was fmally rejected and the Jesuits expelled. During the decade of Catholic influence, the Portuguese Jesuit, Jeronimo Lobo, was sent out to Ethiopia. He later corrresponded with Henry Oldenburg of the Royal Society, and the journal of his adventures has recently been translated into English and published as The ltinerario, ed. C.F. Beckin• gham (Hakluyt Society, London, 1984). [I am indebted for this reference to Professor Notes to Chapter 3 151

David Knight.] Richard Lassels in 1670 notes that Urban VIII had founded the College de Propaganda Fide "to maintain divers studens of the Easteme countryes, and even of India and Ethiopia too." Voyagefor Italy (paris, 1670), p. 185. 38. Contemplation, p. 36; Religion and Reason, To the Reader; BC, p. 106; 'Apology', fo!. 19. 39. Francis Bacon, Novum Organum I.LXI, in Works, ed. J. Spedding, R.L. Ellis, and D.D. Heath (2 vols.; London, 1864, 1859), 1.172; Joseph Glanvill, The Vanity ofDogmatizing (London, 1661),pp. 76,170,145. 40. DM, p. 28. 41. Religion and Reason, p. 186. 42. Henry Holden, A Letter concerning Mr White's treatise De Medio Animarum Statu (paris, 1661), p. 2. 43. S.W., Vindication, p. 17. The identity of White's critic 'S.W.' has not been established. It is clearly not, however, as is sometimes claimed, John Sergeant. See B.C. Southgate, 'Who is "S.W."? A note on the authorship of a 1659 Vindication', Notes & Queries N.S. 30,1983,440-441. 44. Peter Fitton, letter to Digby, 30 October 1653; in BC, p. 107. 45. Peter Du Moulin, A Vindication of the Sincerity of the Protestant Religion (London, 1664), p. 62. 46. An Encyclical Epistle (n.p., 1660), p. 34. 47. Letter to John Belson, BarrettIBelson papers, Q26n. 48. Letter to Sir Kenelm Digby, BL Add. MS 41846, fols. 84-86. 49. Sylvester Jenks, A View ofMr White's Principles (London, 1712), p. 47. 50. WA: Stonyhurst, Anglia A VIII.33; Controversy-Logicke, p. 4. 51. Letter to John Belson, Barret/Belson papers Q26/9. 52. 'T.W.', in the Dedication to White's Middle State, p. A2v.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 4

1. Athenae Oxonienses, 111.1247. 2. P. Morant, The History and Antiquities ofthe County ofEssex (2 vols.; London, 1678), 1.195. 3. Pierre Bayle, Dictionary, trans!. P. Des Maizeaux (5 Vols.; London, 1734-38), 1.358-59. 4. John Aubrey, BriefLives, ed. A. Clark (2 vols.; London, 1898),1.369. Richard married Anne Gray, and later Catherine Weston, who died in Rome and has a memorial in the English College. 5. Anon., Querela Geometrica (London, 1660), p. 9; on which see H.W. Jones, 'A Seventeenth Century Geometrical Debate', Annals ofScience 31, 1974, 307-33. 6. OB IV.37, quoted by Anstruther, Seminary Priests, 11.348. 7. Ibid., p. 351. 8. Exercise ofLove, p. 116. 9. Thomas White, An Apologyfor Rushworth's Dialogues (Paris, 1654), p. 117. 10. A hostile commentator suggests that White assumed the name Blacklo in conformity with his philosophy, "that may presume to make the poore vulgar ones beleeve black to be white, and white black." BL Addit. MS 41846, f. 71. 11. Douai Diaries, quoted by P. Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent, 1558-1795 (London, 1914),p.65. 12. George Leyburn, Apologie to her most excellent Majestie Henrietta Maria (n.p., n.d.; c. 1655), pp. 10-13. 13. Lewis Owen, Running Register (London, 1626), Dedication, p. A2; Anon., A Third Dialogue between the Pope and a Phanatick (London, 1684), p. 37. 152 Notes to Chapter 4

14. Turnbull, letter to Winwood, March 1616; cited by Guilday, Refugees, p. 152, n. 2. 15. Salisbury MSS XVII.626, quoted by J. Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 1604-67 (London, 1952), p. 273. 16. CRS: Registers of the English College at Valladolid, 1589-1862, ed. E. Henson (London, 1930), p. 102. 17. WA XXXII.48. 18. Report by Bentivoglio, 1609, quoted by Guilday, Refugees, p. 142; Stoye, Travellers, pp. 280-282. 19. James Howell, Familiar Letters, ed. J. Jacobs (London, 1890), p. 22. 20. Cited by J. Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660-1688 (London, 1973), p. 19. 21. "Egregie profecerat in literis humanioribus"; Valladolid Register, p. 102. 22. James Wadsworth, The English Spanish Pilgrime (London, 1629). 23. Stoye, Travellers, pp. 325,337-39. 24. Owen, Register, p. 53. 25. Ibid., p. 52. 26. Ibid., p. 68. 27. Valladolid Register, p. 101; CRS: The Douay College Diaries 3, 4 and 5, 1598-1654 eds. E.H. Burton and T.L. Williams (2 vols.; London, 1911) 1.131. White's contact with Louvain persisted: he dedicated his Exercitatio Geometrica (1658) to his friend Gerard van Gutschoven, Professor of Mathematics at that university; and he directed his Muscarium against the Louvain philosopher Jonas de Thamo, who had written against Blackloism. Cf.Pugh, BC, Epistle to the Catholick Reader. 28. John Meynell, 5 October 1637, quoted by M.V. Sweeney, 'English Catholic Education in the North..., 1580-1829', (unpublished thesis, Leeds University, 1946), p. 51. 29. Owen, Register, pp. 80, 84. The idea of students working their way through college was not restricted to Douai. On poorer undergraduates at the English universities acting as servants for their dons and wealthier peers, see L. Stone, 'The Educational Revolution in England, 1560-1640', Past and Present 28,1964,67-68. 30. Dodd, History, p. 5. 31. Guilday, Refugees, p. 313. 32. This document is recorded in D. Berti, 1/ Processo Originale di GalileoGalilei (Rome, 1876), pp. 130-31. 33. Pugh, BC, Epistle to the Catholick Reader. That Thomistry continued to be predominant at Douai at least into the 1670s and '80s, is attested by Sylvester Jenks, who completed his divinity course there in 1680: "Six years I spent in learning Thomistry, and as many more in teaching it. .." A Short Review ofthe Book ofJansenius (n.p., 1710), p. 152. 34. Religion and Reason, pp. 15, 139, 16~. 35. "Invitus, non tam missus quam coactus sum": Muscarium, p. 10. 36. A.C.F. Beales. Education under Penalty: English Catholic Education from the Reformation to the Fall ofJames /1, 1547-1689 (London, 1963), p. 152. The Lisbon archives are now held at Ushaw College, Durham, and lam grateful to Dr Michael Sharratt for drawing my attention to these and hospitably providing access. His oWn works, relevant to White's time at Lisbon, are listed in the bibliography. 37. WA XX.15. 38. Owen, Register, p. 21 39. For material in this paragraph, cf. Stoye, Travellers, pp. 111-12, 120, 182,203. 40. See below, ch. 13. 41. For the literary importance of this, see G. Parry, The Seventeenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Context ofEnglish Literature, 1603-1700 (London, 1989). 42. Baillet, Vie de Descartes, p. 245. 43. For a recent assessment of Mersenne and his associates, see P. Dear, Mersenne and the Learning of the Schools (Ithaca, NY, 1988). Mersenne at the time was described by Kenelm Digby as "alwayse (out of his generous affection to verity) inciting others to contribute to the publike stocke" ofknowledge. TT, p. 74. Notes to Chapter 4 153

44. C. de Waard ed., Correspondance du P. Marin Mersenne (16 vols.; Paris, 1945f.), I.xxxiv. 45. Digby, in the codicil to his will, leaves £20 "to my most honoured friend Mr Thomas White, who lived sometime in my house with me att Paris." BL Addit. MS 38175, f. 61. 46. Jacquot and Jones, Hobbes' Critique, p. 32. 47. Jones ed., Hobbes, pp. 4-5. Jones notes that Mersenne actually paraphrases Hobbes in his own Cogitata physico-mathematica of 1644. 48. Thomas White's Exercitatio Geometrica (London, 1658) was criticised by Rene Fran,God," see newspapers for July 10, 1984. 154 Notes to Chapter 4

73. Ath. Ox., III. 1247. 74. Pugh claimed that White "outlived... his own understanding" and reverted to second childhood. BC, Epistle to the Catholick Reader. 75. White's will is in the Barrett/Belson papers Q26/2.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 5

I. Robert Pugh, who became confessor to Henrietta Maria, and who died in Newgate goal after being suspected of implication in the Oates plot, was a consistent opponent of White and Blackloism. His pamphlet De Ang/icani cleri retinenda in Aposto/icam sedem observantia (Paris, 1659) was written "against Blacklow and his disciples" (Cal. Clarendon Papers IV. 251), and provoked White's Monumetham (1660), which was in tum responded to with Excantationis Amuletum (1661). On these, see J.A. Bradney, A Dissertation on Three Books... (London, 1923) - a little-known work of52 pages, some still uncut in the BL copy in May 1991. Pugh, as 'Petrus Hobergus' (an anagram) also sent a letter in November 1661 to Cardinal Barberini, outlining the problems of the English Catholic clergy from an anti-Blackloist standpoint. This letter is reproduced as Appendix X in Plowden, Remarks, pp. 360-379. The originals of Pugh's collection of letters in BC were preserved until 1773 in the Jesuit college at Ghent. 2. BL Add. MS 29612, f. 60. 3. Both derogatory terms, 'faction' and 'cabal', are also used in the 1660 Letter from a Gentleman, pp. 38, 39, in Anon, ed., Tracts relating to Thomas White, 1657, 1660; henceforth cited as Tracts. 4. BC, Epistle to the Catholick Reader. Note Pugh's continuing acceptance of pre• Copernican cosmology. 5. Plowden, Remarks, p. 363. 6. Rule of Faith, p. 119. Tillotson also includes William Rushworth, though expressing doubt as to his possible identification with White himself. 7. So Sergeant in his Preface to Tradidi Vobis (London, 1662). 8. Barrett/Belson Papers Q26/1-11. 9. Nullity ofthe Romish Faith, p. 39. 10. Panzani, Memoirs, p. 295; Plowden, Remarks, p. 200. 11. Digby, letter to Holden, 7 October 1647, in BC, p. 53. 12. Ibid., pp. 28, 34 (emphasis in original). 13. Letter to Andrew Knightley and Thomas Medcalfe, 1657, in Tracts, pp. 2-4. 14. Letterfrom a Gentleman, 1660, in ibid., pp. 20,22. 15. Religion and Reason, p. 119. White denies that "an opinion which confessedly is no more but probable can be a sufficient ground to build Christian Faith upon." 16. Digby, letter to Holden, 18 November 1647; Holden, letter to Digby, 6 September, 1647, in BC, pp. 67, 27. 17. WA XXXII.294f. (my emphasis). 18. Hugh Cressy, Exomologesis (Paris, 1647), p. 182. On the distinction between oral and written tradition, see also White's Preface to Rushworth's Dialogues. 19. Apologyfor Rushworth's Dialogues, p. 40; Reason against Raillery (n.p., 1672), p. 189. 20. Hammond, Dispatcher, p. 253; White to Digby, 19 September 1647, in BC, p. 42. 21. Middle State, pp. 186, 205-6; Notes on Mr F.D.'s Result, pp. 5-8. The eighteenth• century commentator Francis Blackbume concluded that "White had shaken the pillars ofPurgatory to their very foundations." Short Historical View, p. 132. 22. S.W., Vindication, p. 102; cf. pp. 83f. 23. Middle State, p. 196; Notes on Mr F.D.'s Result, p. 47. 24. John Gee, New Shreds of the Old Snare (London, 1624), quoted by K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971), p. 596, n. 4; Hobbes, Leviathan, Notes to Chapter 5 155

Part 1, ch. 2. 25. James Mumford, Remembrance for the Living to pray for the Dead (2nd edn., Paris, 1660), Preface. White and his Middle State are not specifically named, but Mumford's book is the one against which White in tum responded with his Devotion and Reason. 26. Epistle Dec/aratorie (1657), p. 34, in Tracts. For White's re-interpretation of the situation, see Mr. Blac/ow's Reply, p. 10. But that complaints were not confined to Leyburn, see 'A.K.', in a letter to George Fisher, 21 August 1657, where he writes of White's "extravagancies [concerning purgatory], which if not retracted, as they have done the clergy much wrong, soe they may doe still; whereby we have not these four years received ye charity which usually hath bene brought to us." WA XXXI.76. 27. White, letter to Kenelm Digby, 4 July 1647; in BC, p. 18. 28. George Leyburn, Apologie ... (n.p., n.d.), pp. 8, 13. This work is probably to be dated to shortly before the Restoration. 29. Douay Diaries 11.547. 30. T.A. Birrell ed., Warner's History of the English Persecution of Catholics and the Presbyterian Plot, Catholic Record Society, vols. 47, 48 (London, 1953), p. 230. 31. Plowden, Remarks, p. 285. This description seems to be derived from the Preface to Peter Talbot's Blackloanae Haeresis (Gandavi, 1675), where Sergeant is referred to as being called "haud incongrue... Blaclo's Philip." 32. The Lord Bishop of Portalegre, letter to Abbot Montagu, dated by Pugh to 14 October, 1667,inBC,p.124. 33. Letterfrom a Gentleman, in Tracts, p. 39. 34. Francis Gage, letter to Sergeant, 11 April 1661, in OB 11.71. 35. George Leyburn, An Encyclical Answer (Douai, 1661), p. 42. 36. John Sergeant, An Account ofthe Chapter, ed. W. Turnbull (London, 1853), p. 65. 37. See T.A. Birrell, 'English Catholics without a Bishop, 1655-1672', Recusant History 4, 1958, 142-78. 38. WA XXXI.78. 39. WA XXXIII.197.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 6

1. 'Apology for the Treatise of Obedience and Government', OB II. 130; henceforth 'Apology'. 2. Calendar ofClarendon Papers (4 vols.; Oxford, 1872-1932),111.216-17. 3. Peter Du Moulin, Vindication, p. 63. pp. 61-63 of this treatise are reproduced verbatim in a later anonymous anti-Catholic diatribe: A Brief Account of the Several Plots, Conspiracies, and Hellish Attempts of the Bloody-minded Papists... (London, 1679), pp. 43-45. For the king's private assurance to Abbot Walter Montagu that the laws against Catholics would not be rigorously enforced, see Montagu's letter to Mazarin, cited by J.L. Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660-1688 (London, 1973), p. 97. 4. See B.C. Southgate, 'Thomas White's Grounds ofObedience and Government: A note on the dating of the first edition', Notes & Queries N.S. 28, 1981, 208-209. 5. Hammond, Dispatcher, p. 397. 6. Thomas White, The Grounds of Obedience and Government, facsimile of 2nd edn. (Famborough: Gregg International Publishers Ltd., 1968). 7. For criticisms of The Grounds, see chapter 7, below; White's 'Supernumerary Chapter' is in BL Addit. MS 41846, fols. 180-81; his letter, probably to Kenelm Digby, is in ibid., fols. 84-86; for the'Apology', see n. 1, above. 8. Dr Winstad to Sir E. Nicholas, 27 February 1649, in Thomas Carte, A Collection of Original Letters and Papers... (2 vols.; London, 1739), 1.221. 9. Lord John Byron to the Marquis of Ormonde, 1 March 1649; in ibid., p. 217. 156 Notes to Chapter 6

10. So William Prynne, quoted by R.T. Petersson, Sir Kenelm Digby, the Ornament of England (London, 1956), p. 250. Digby had had his banishment annulled early in 1654. 11. Sir Edward Nicholas, Papers, ed. G.F. Warner (4 vols.; London, 1886), 1.303; cited henceforth as Nicholas Papers. 12. Quoted by C. Hill, God's Englishman (London, 1970), p. 145. 13. Cal. Clarendon Papers 11.214. 14. WA XXXII.48. 15. Andrew Marvell, 'The First Anniversary', lines 45-46; William Assheton, Evangelium Armatum (London, 1663), p. 58. See also Abraham Cowley's recognition that the royalist cause was dead, in the preface to his Poems of 1656; cited by Parry, Seventeenth Century, p. 102. 16. BL Addit. MS 41846, fols. 84-86; cf. 'Apology' fols. 18-19. 17. Oldenburg to Becher, 2 March 1660; cited by C. Webster, Great lnstauration, p. 86. 18. Joseph Jane's assessment, 8 June 1655, in Nicholas Papers 11.333. 19. Reasonable Defence, p. 45, as quoted by Roger Palmer, The Catholique Apology (London, 1667),p. 79. 20. Grounds, Dedicatory Epistle. Subsequent references to page numbers will be given in the text. 21. White's approach here may owe something to his contact with the Puritan reformers at this time. Comenius propounded similar political ideals in his educational treatise The Great Didactic (1657), ch. VI.9: "Those in subordinate positions are to be enlightened, that they may know how to obey their rulers wisely and prudently: not by compulsion, nor obsequiously, like asses, but freely moved by the love of order." Quoted by J.W. Adamson, Pioneers ofModern Education, 1600-/700 (Cambridge, 1905), p. 60. 22. Religion and Reason, p. 195. 23. John Milton, The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649), (my emphasis), in M.Y. Hughes ed., Complete Prose Works ofJohn Milton, vol. III (London, 1962), p. 202. 24. Milton's belief that God "hath yet ever had this island [England] under the special indulgent eye of his providence," is not atypical of mid-century millenarians, whose nationalism culminates in Bishop Aylmer's confident assertion that even "God is English." See C. Hill, Milton and the English Revolution (London, 1977), p. 280.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 7

1. Encyclical Epistle, p. 7; Leyburn, Encyclical Answer, pp. 37-39. 2. A transcript of the document, in which Leyburn's name heads the list of twenty-six signatories to a declaration abominating and execrating White's Grounds, is given by D. Shanahan, 'The White Family of Hutton', Essex Recusant 7-8, 1966, 71. 3. The printed publication date is 1655, but the BL copy is corrected to 1656, and G.K. Fortescue (Catalogue ofthe Pamphlets '" collected by George Thomason, 1640-61; 2 vols.; London, 1908) gives 5 August 1656. 4. William Ball, State Maxims (London, 1656), p. 1. 5. William Ball, The Power ofKings discussed (London, 1649), p. 1. 6. State Maxims, pp. 21, 22. 7. Ibid., pp. 27-28. 8. Grounds, p. 6. 9. Richard Baxter, Works, ed. W. Orme (23 vols.; London, 1830),1.704. 10. Richard Baxter, Holy Commonwealth (London, 1659), pp. 25, 55. 11. Christian Directory, Part II, p. 9. 12. Holy Commonwealth, p. 26. 13. White seems in fact to have constituted Coke's main cause for concern: twenty-three pages are devoted specifically to The Grounds, compared with only thirteen and sixteen Notes to Chapter 7 157

pages respectively to Hobbes and Grotius. 14. Roger Coke, Justice Vindicated against the Late Writings of Thomas White, Thomas Hobbes and Hugo Grotius (London, 1660), p. 2. 15. Ibid., p. 53. 16. Ibid., p. 3. 17. Ibid.,pp. 7-8; 17. 18. Ibid., p. 15. For Coke's flippant anti-intellectualism cf. p. 20, referring to White's Ground 10: "Indeed, herein (for aught I know) may be much Treasure and Learning; and there let it be, for I never intend to look into it." 19. BL Addit. MS 41846, fols. 84-86. 20. William Assheton, Evangelium Armatum (London, 1663), Preface. 21. Ibid., p. 58. 22. Fol. 84. 23. Grounds, p. 152. 24. Fols. 84b-85. 25. Religion and Reason, p. 116. 26. Fol. 86. 27. Ibid. These assertions correspond with White's earlier version of events as recorded in the autobiographical fragment in his Muscarium, where too he denies that he ever even spoke to Cromwell or his friends. 28. White's 'Apology for the Treatise of Obedience and Government' is now in the Old Brotherhood Archives (11.130), at the Palace of Westminster. 29. Grounds, p. 154. 30. Fol. 16. 31. Grounds, p. 155; 'Apology', fol. 17. 32. A Catechism ofChristian Doctrine, p. 195. 33. An Answer to the Lord Faukland's discourse ofInfallibility (London, 1651), p. 32. 34. Middle State, pp. 112-13. 35. Controversy-Logicke, pp. 30-31. 36. On Milton's disillusionment with the people, see C. Hill, Milton and the English Revolution, esp. pp. 169-70, 185; and compare The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) with The Second Defence of the People ofEngland (1654) and The Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free Commonwealth (1660). 37. Devotion and Reason, p. 114. 38. Ibid., pp. 202-203. 39. Raymond Caron, Loyalty Asserted (London, 1662), p. I; cf. his A Vindication of the Roman Catholics (London, 1660). 40. William White's will, dated 23 September 1669, is quoted by D. Shanahan, 'The White Family of Hutton', cont., Essex Recusant 16, 1974,94. 41. Anon., Ursa Major and Minor (London, 1681), p. 19. 42. B. Weldon, Chronological Notes ...from the Archives at Douai etc. (London, 1882), p. 228.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 8

1. The word 'chaos' is applied at the time by Alexander Ross, who deplores the way "These new Philosophers... have like fantastick travellers, left the old beaten and known path, to find out wayes unknown, crooked and unpassable, and have reduced [Aristotle's] comely order into the old chaos." Arcana Microcosmi (London, 1651), p. 264. 2. On the complexities of the term 'Aristotelianism', see c.B. Schmitt, Aristotle and the Renaissance (London, 1983), ch. 1; E. Grant, 'Ways to interpret the terms 'Aristotelian' 158 Notes to Chapter 8

and 'Aristotelianism' in Medieval and Renaissance Natural Philosophy', History of Science 25, 1987,335-58. 3. Diogenes Laertius, Lives ofEminent Philosophers, trans!. R.D. Hicks (2 vols.; London, 1979,1980), II.IX.63, 66-68. 4. E. Flintoff, 'Pyrrho and India', Phronesis 25,1980,88-108. 5. See B.C. Southgate, "'Ataraxia" or "Angst"? Pyrrho's aims and achievements', Skepsis 1, 1990,7-26. 6. Thomas White, An Exclusion of Scepticks from all Title to Dispute (English trans!., London, 1665), Preface. 7. Ibid., p. 2, Preface. Thomas Stanley, History ofPhilosophy (3 vols.; London, 1655-62). The section on 'the Sceptick Sect' is in vo!. 3, part. 4. 8. Lord Edward Herbert, De Religione Laici (1645), ed. H.R. Hutcheson (New Haven, 1944), p. 87. 9. Grace Abounding (1666), quoted by C. Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factious People: John Bunyan and his church, 1628-1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 75. 10. See esp. 'Apology for Raymond Sebond', in D.M. Frame ed., The Complete Works of Montaigne (London, 1958), pp. 318-457. 11. Vanity, p. 195. 12. Thomas Browne, Religio Medici (n.p., 1642), in Works ed. G. Keynes (4 vols.; London, 1964), 1.83. 13. Henry More, Antidote against Atheism (London, 1653), in C.A. Patrides ed., The Cambridge Platonists (London, 1969), p. 214. 14. Samuel Parker, A Free and Impartial Censure of the Platonick Philosophie (Oxford, 1666),p.44. . 15. Waiter Charleton, in Letters and Poems in honour of the incomparable Princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (London, 1676), pp. 111-12; cf. Physiologia, pp. 341-42. 16. Reflexions, p. 82. 17. Works 1.19. 18. Pensees, no. 434. 19. Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, ed. R.H. Popkin (New York, 1965), pp. 195,204-7 (my emphasis). 20. So H. Baker, The Wars ofTruth (London, 1952), p. 146. 21. Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium (2 vols.; London, 1660),1.231. 22. Richard Burthogge, Organum Vetus et Novum (London, 1678), p. 48. 23. John Toland, Christianity not mysterious (London, 1696), subtitle. 24. History, p. 347. 25. John Wilkins, Ofthe Principles and Duties ofNatural Religion (London, 1675), pp. 1, 395,407. 26. John Owen, Animadversions on a Treatise Intituled Fiat Lux (London, 1662), pp. 148-9. 27. Sir Roger L'Estrange, Citt and Bumpkin (London, 1680), Part 2, p. 15. 28. Religion and Reason, p. 5. Matthew Wilson similarly refers critically to Chillingworth's "so many changes in Religion," and to his requirement of "only a probable beliefe or perswasion." Infidelity Unmasked (n.p., 1652), p. 115. 29. Principles, pp. 5-8. 30. Essays, p. 47; cf. p. 50. See below, p. 82. 31. C.B. Brush ed., The Selected Works ofPierre Gassendi (New York and London, 1972), p.327. 32. Jean Lacombe, letter to Mersenne, 3 October 1640; quoted by Dear, Mersenne, p. 204. 33. Cowley, 'Ode to Mr Hobs'. 34. Censure ofPlatonick Philosophie, p. 11. 35. Richard Hooker, Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie (London, 1593-97), 1.6. On some of the complexities of mediaeval thought in relation to certainty, see W.A. Wallace, 'The Notes to Chapter 8 159

Certitude of Science in Late Medieval and Renaissance Thought', History of Philosophy Quarterly 3,1986,281-91. 36. Bacon and Milton are quoted in this context by G.AJ. Rogers, 'The Basis of Belief. Philosophy, Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England', History of European Ideas 6, 1985, 22, 24. 37. Mersenne, Les Questions theologiques, physiques, morales et mathematiques (paris, 1634), p. 11, quoted by R.H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1979), p. 137. See Popkin's whole chapter VII on 'Constructive or Mitigated Scepticism', and Dear, Mersenne, esp. ch. 3. 38. Sprat, History, p. 107. 39. Physiologia, pp. 50-51. 40. History, p. 108. Cf. Dryden, himself a member of the Royal Society, on his dialogue similarly being "sustained by persons of several opinions, all of them left doubtful." 'A Defence of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy' (1688), in W.P. Ker ed., Essays of John Dryden (2 vols.; Oxford, 1926),1.124. 41. Essays, p. 44. 42. Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist, in The Works, ed. T. Birch (6 vols.; London, 1772), 1.591; The Christian Virtuoso, in ibid. 5.515; 'A Proemial Essay' (1661), in ibid., 1.307, quoted by S. Shapin and S. Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle;and the experimental life (Princeton, 1985), p. 67. 43. Isaac Newton, Principia, ed. F. Cajori (2 vols.; Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966), II.546. 44. Rushworth, Dialogues, Preface. 45. Vanity, subtitle. 46. ES, pp. 1-2, 72. 47. Ibid., pp. 5-9. 48. See chapters I 1,12. 49. ES, pp. 11, 14, 15. 50. Ibid., p. 80. 5I. Scepsis, subtitle. Following quotations are taken from the Address to the Royal Society. 52. Essays, pp. 1,3, 15,50. 53. Ibid., pp. 44, 45. 54. See H.G. Van Leeuwen, The Problem ofCertainty in English Thought, 1630-1690 (The Hague, 1963). 55. Essays,pp. 45,47, 49. 56. Ibid., p. 50.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 9

1. Jones ed., Hobbes, p. 162. 2. William Chillingworth, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1638), quoted by A.E. Barker, Milton and the Puritan Dilemma 1641-1660 (Toronto, 1964),p. 250. 3. John Milton, The Reason ofChurch Government (London, 1641), in D.M. Wolfe ed., The Complete Prose Works ofJohn Milton, vol. I (London, 1953), p. 854; The Likeliest Means (1659) V1.78, 95, quoted by Barker, Milton, pp. 230, 233. 4. John Aubrey, quoted by Hunter, Aubrey, p. 41; Miles Symner, quoted by Webster, Great Instauration, p. 65; Webster, Academiarum Examen, p. 96. 5. Nicholas Culpeper, A Physica" Directory (London, 1649), Preface. 6. Cf. W.T. Costello on scholasticism being "for eight centuries... the learning of Europe, the 'mens franca' ..." The Scholastic Curriculum in Early Seventeenth-Century Cambridge (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 7. 7. The work of Charles Schmitt has greatly contributed to our understanding of the 160 Notes to Chapter 9

flexibility of the scholastic framework. See e.g. his study John Case and Aris• totelianism in Renaissance England (Kingston and Montreal, 1983). 8. Dante, The Divine Comedy: Hell, transL D.L. Sayers (Harmondsworth, 1949), IV.I31. The tenn 'dictator' is applied by Francis Bacon: see n. 14 below. 9. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, ed J.D. Jump (London, 1968), Act I, sc. I, line 33; Mersenne La Verite, p. 236, quoted by Dear, Mersenne, p. 46. 10. Bartolemaus Keckennann, Systema Systematum (1613), p. 23; quoted by Costello, Scholastic Curriculum, p. 46. I I. John Sergeant, Solid Philosophy Asserted (London, 1697), Epistle Dedicatory. 12. ES, p. 50. 13. Loemker ed., Leibniz, p. 124. 14. Bacon, The Advancement ofLearning (London, 1605), l.iv,5; Works 1.453. 15. Descartes, 1647; quoted by J. Cottingham, The Rationalists (Oxford, 1988), p. 31. Descartes does, however, concede that Aristotelians "frequenly ... have corrupted the sense of his writings, attributing diverse opinions to him which he would not recognise as his, were he to return to this world." 16. Essays, p. 43; Vanity, p. 152. 17. Robert Boyle, A Disquisition about the Final Causes ofNatural Things (1688), Preface; in Works IV.516. 18. John Donne, Sermons VII.260; quoted by J. Carey, John Donne: Life, Mind and Art (London, 1981),p. 235. 19. Works V.44. Boyle does, however, doubt "whether Aristotle himself were of the same opinion" as them. 20. Webster, Academiarum Examen, p. 103; Joseph Addison, An Oration in Defence ofthe New Philosophy, 7 July 1693, bound with FonteneIIe, On the Plurality of Worlds (London, 1737),p. 184. 21. Novum Organum, I.LXXXIX; Works 1.196. 22. Charleton, Letters and Poems, pp. 112-13. 23. Simon Patrick, A BriefAccount ofthe New Sect ofLatitude Men (London, 1662), p. 22. 24. Jean La Placette, Ofthe Incurable Scepticism ofthe Church ofRome (London, 1688), p. 68. 25. Descartes, Letter to Mersenne, 18 December 1629; in C. Adam and G. Milhaud eds., Correspondance (Paris, 1936). 26. Bacon, Advancement of Learning II.vi, I; Works 1.545; GaliIeo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, in A. Favaro ed., Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (20 vols.; Florence, 1890-1909), V.316-17; Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Dedication, in The English Works, ed W. Molesworth (I I vols.; London 1839-45), Lx-xi. 27. Thomas Hall, Examen Examinis (London, 1654), p. 239. 28. Robert Brook, The Nature of Truth (London, 1641), pp. 123-24; John Smith, The Excellency and Nobleness of True Religion, in Patrides ed., Cambridge Platonists, p. 187. 29. Rapin, Reflexions, p. 58. 30. Jan Amos Comenius, A Reformation of Schooles (London, 1642), p. 6; John Dryden, Preface to Religio Laici. See further B.C. Southgate, '''No other Wisdom"?'; "'Forgotten and Lost"; some reactions to autonomous science in the seventeenth century', Journal ofthe History ofIdeas 50,1989,249-268. 31. Hooker, Lawes, Lx. 32. Boyle, Works, 1.17. Robert Hooke confmns that members of the Society "do not wholly reject Experiments of meer light and theory; but they principally aim at such, whose Applications will improve and facilitate the present way of Manual Arts." Micrographia (London, 1665), Preface. 33. Meric Casaubon, A Letter to Peter Du Moulin (Cambridge, 1669), p. 31. Cf. Kenelm Digby, who advises his son that "the numerous crooked narrow cranies, and the restrayned flexuous rivolets of corporeaII thinges, are all contemptible, further then the Notes to Chapter 9 161

knowledge of them serveth to the knowledge of the soule." Two Treatises, 'To my Sonne'. 34. Advancement ofLearning I.iv, 3; 5; Works 1.451, 453. 35. Abraham Cowley, Ode to Mr Hobs, in The Moral and Political Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (2 vols.; London, 1750), I.iv-vi; Glanvill, Vanity, pp. 150f.; Scepsis, 'Address to the Royal Society'; Sprat, History, p. 26; Hooke, Micrographia, Preface. 36. Webster, Examen, Epistle to the Reader; p. 103. 37. Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems transl. Stillman Drake (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967), pp. 54, 122. Galileo is aware that it is the Aristotelians or scholastics who have put undue emphasis on argument. Aristotle himself believed "that what sensible experience shows ought to be preferred over any argument." (p. 55; cf. p. 32) 38. Galileo himself is well aware that, the further science develops, "the less attractive it will be, and the smaller will be the number of its followers." The Assayer (1623), in S. Drake and C.D. O'Malley eds., The Controversy on the Comets of1618 (Philadelphia, 1960), p. 189. 39. Sprat, History p. 26; Glanvill, Scepsis, Address to the Royal Society.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 10

I. Letter to Thomasius, in Loemker ed., Leibniz, pp. 97-98. 2. John Wilkins, A Discourse concerning a New Planet (London, 1640), p. 18. Cf. Vindiciae Academiarum (Oxford, 1654), p. 29. Descartes similarly noted that by 1644 Ptolemy's hypothesis was "commonly rejected by all philosophers." Principles III.16; CSM 1.250. 3. Works 1.90; Glanvill, Vanity, p. 76; Athenae Redivivae: or the New Athenian Oracle (London, 1704), p. 140. In Britain, some popular incredulity or ignorance persists: a survey reported in The Sunday Times of 22 April 1990, revealed that 30% of school• children were unaware that the earth orbits the sun. 4. Jones ed., Hobbes, p. 278. 5. PI, p. 188. 6. Ibid., p. 364. 7. For an illuminating presentation of these issues, see E. Grant, 'In Defense of the Earth's Centrality and Immobility: Scholastic Reaction to Copernicanism in the Seventeenth Century', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 74, part 4 (philadelphia, 1984). 8. PI, pp. 364-65. Digby defines the "orbis magnus" as that "whose semidiameter is the distance betweene the sunne and the earth." (IT, p. 60). 9. Mark Ridley, Magneticall Animadversions (1617), quoted by R.F. Jones, Ancients and Moderns (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965), pp. 63-64. 10. Raphael Aversa, Philosophia metaphysicam physicamque complectens... (Rome 1625, 1627), p. 5; quoted by Grant, 'Defense', p. 32. II. John Milton, Paradise Lost VIII. 15f., in The Poetical Works, ed. H. Darbshire (2 vols.; Oxford, 1952), voU; cf. M.H. Nicolson, Science and Imagination (Ithaca, New York, 1962). 12. Henry Power, Experimental Philosophy (London, 1664), p. 163; PI, p. 365. 13. Descartes, letter to Mersenne, November 1633, quoted by A.C. Crombie, Augustine to Galileo (2 vols.; London 1959),11.223. 14. Descartes' lack of intellectual integrity in another context is noted with disapproval by Hobbes, who (according to John Aubrey) "sayd that he could not pardon him for writing in the Defence of Transubstantiation, which he knew to be absolutely against 162 Notes to Chapter 10

his judgement, and donne meerly to putt a compliment on the Jesuites." BriefLives, ed. Clark 1.367. 15. Descartes, Principles III. 19; CSM 1.251. 16. Principles III.26; CSM 1.252. Descartes further explains that "it can be said that the same thing moves and does not move at the same time." 17. Riccioli, Almagestum novum (Bologna, 1651), quoted by Grant, 'Defense', p. 58. 18. PI, p. 175. 19. Ibid., pp. 17fr77. 20. Copernicus, De Revolutionibus (1543), Preface and Book I, ed. J.F. Dobson and S. Brodetsky (Occasional Notes, Royal AstronomiCal Society, London, no. 10, 1947), p. 20. 21. PI, pp. 17fr77. Cf. DM, pp. 96f., and Hobbes' critique in Jones ed., Hobbes, pp. 114-24. Parallax was not observed until 1838. 22. PI, pp.17fr77. 23. This is confmned in his later (1659) Letter to a Person of Honour, where he writes against accepting the theory of"the earth's standing still" as an article ofCatholic faith. 24. Aversa, Philosophia, p. 5; quoted by Grant, 'Defense', p. 63. 25. Riccioli, Almagestum, cited ibid., p. 19, n. 62. White, letter to Kelnem Digby, 18 April 1646, in Pugh, BC, p. 13. 26. Letter to Anne Conway, 22 July 1651, in M.H. Nicolson ed., The Conway Letters (London, 1930), p. 34. 27. DM, pp. 194,177. 28. Galileo, Dialogue, Fourth Day. 29. Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica (London, 1646), p. 366; Jones ed., Hobbes, p.170. 30. PI, pp. 170-171, 179. 31. Boyle, much concerned with the credibility of witnesses to experimental results, is particularly scathing about "ignorant divers, whom prejudicate opinions may much sway, and whose very sensations, as those of other vulgar men, may be influenced by predispositions, and so many other circumstances, that they may easily give occasion to mistakes." (Works III.626, quoted by S. Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth Century England', Isis 79, 1988, 376.) White does appear to have been somewhat gullible in his response to reported experimental results: cf. DM, p. 228, where he recounts an improbable story of an experimenting Turk; and for Hobbes's ironic response, cf. Jones, Hobbes, p. 247. 32. Joseph G1anvill refers to this theory as late as 1676, though only to reject it, since in particular White improbably "makes so constant and regular an effect, as is the flux and reflux of the Sea to be caus'd by so uncertain, and proverbially inconstant a thing as the Winds." Essays, p. 52. 33. For an earlier (1571) account of the air as motor, see Andreas Cesalpino, cited by Grant, 'Defense', pp. fr7. 34. DM, pp. 188,181; PI, p. 175. 35. DM, pp. 178-9. 36. PI, pp. 177-8. 37. PI, pp. 187 (my emphasis), 202. 38. Biblical passages alleged to support geocentric cosmology included Psalms 18, fr7; 103,5; Ecclesiastes 1,4-5; Joshua 10, 12-14; cited by Grant, 'Defense', pp. 61-62. 39. DM, p. 131; Jones ed., Hobbes, p. 161. On relativity ofmotion, cf. Galileo, Dialogue, p. 116. 40. Digges' A perfit description of the Caelestiall Orbes was published in 1576: see T.S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), who characterises Digges as "the fIrst to describe an infInite Copernican universe" (p. 233); Brush ed., Gassendi, p.407. 41. PI, pp. 118-19. Notes to Chapter 10 163

42. Brush ed., Gassendi, p. 384. On Gassendi's new conception of space, and on the subject of space generally, see E. Grant, Much Ado About Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, 1981). 43. DM, p. 31. 44. Principles 11.18; CSM 1.231. 45. Physiologia, p. 65 (my emphases). 46. See Appendicula tentans solutionem problematis Torricelliani (London, 1663). White is not alone: as another opponent of the vacuum, the Jesuit Francis Line argued against Boyle that, if there were a vacuum in Torricellian space, it would not be possible to see through it, since "no visible species could proceed either from it, or through it, into the eye." Tractatus de corporum inseparabilitate (London, 1661), quoted by Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan, p. 157. Leibniz continued to sit on the fence about the possibility of a vacuum until at least 1669: see Loemker ed. Leibniz, p 94, a reference for which I .am indebted to Professor Stuart Brown. 47. PI, pp. 34,119-20. 48. See e.g. John Wilkins, The Discovery ofa New World, or a Discourse tending to prove that it is probable there may be another habitable world in the moon (1638); and see gen. S.J. Dick, The Plurality ofWorlds (Cambridge, 1982). 49. Montaigne, in Frame ed., p. 390, quoted by Dick, ibid., p. 47; White, Contemplation of Heaven, p. 94; William Rushworth, Dialogues (paris, 1654; edition corrected and enlarged by White), p. 250. (The authorship of this work, sometimes referred to as An Apology for Tradition, has been artributed in its entirety to Thomas White by e.g. John Tillotson and some modem scholars. White was, however, responsible for only the Preface and fourth dialogue in the second (1654) edition. See B.C. Southgate, 'A Note on the Authorship of Rushworth's Dialogues', Notes and Queries N.S. 28, 1981, 207-208.) Locke later speculates about another "species of creatures inhabiting, for example, Jupiter or Saturn (for that it is possible there may be such, nobody can deny)." An Essay concerning Humane Understanding (London, 1690), IV.xviii, 3. 50. DM, p. 190. 51. Ibid., p. 389. 52. PI, pp. 214-15; State ofthe Future Life, p. 12; Apology for Rushworth's Dialogues, p. 10. Compare e.g. Henry Power, who in view of the enlarged Copernican universe considers that we should not "pride ourselves too much in the Lordship of the whole Universe." (Experimental Philosophy, pp. 163-64).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 11

1. Alexander Ross, The Philosophical Touchstone (London, 1645), p. 60. 2. S.W., Vindication, pp. 104-5. 3. Glanvill, Essays, p. 60; Scireli (London, 1665), p. 67. Hobbes similarly links Digby with Gassendi, both of whose opinions "are not different from that of Epicurus." Quoted by Lewis, 'Hobbes', p. 223. 4. PI, Authour's Design. 5. ES, p. 77. 6. Ibid., p. 72. 7. Grant, 'Defense', p. 8. 8. "Quantus fuerit, homo fuit." DM, pp. 44, 46. 9. ES, p. 73, Preface. 10. Observations upon Religio Medici, pp. 25-26. 11. Controversy-Logicke, p. 155. Cf. Digby: "A body is made, and constituted a body by quantity", such "quantity" implying extension and divisibility. IT, pp. 9, 30. 12. Vanity, p. 210; cf. Scepsis, p. 153. 164 Notes to Chapter 11

13. Advancement of Learning, quoted by L.C. Knights, 'Bacon and the Seventeenth Century Dissociation of Sensibility', in Explorations (London, 1946), p. 103. 14. Principles 1.30, n.64; CSM 1.203, 247. Cf. Cottingham, Rationalists, p. 6. 15. Molesworth ed. English Works, III. 23, 4. Hobbes' affmnation that geometry is "the only Science that it hath pleased God hitherto to bestow on mankind" is reiterated by Glanvill, with his reference to "the indisputable Mathematicks, the only Science Heaven hath yet vouchsaf't Humanity." Vanity, p. 166. 16. For one seventeenth-century example, see William Petty's aspirations to apply mathematical methods "to other than purely mathematical matters, viz. to policy... by reducing many terms of matter to terms of number, weight, and measure, in order to be handled mathematically." Petty to Southwell, 19 March 1678; quoted by W. Letwin, The Origins of Scientific Economics: English Economic Thought. 1660-1776 (Westport, Conn., 1975); and cf. Petty's Political Arithmetick (London, 1690). 17. Rushworth, Dialogues, 'To the Reader'. 18. Pl, 'Author's Design'. White is duly applauded by Digby for having in De Mundo taught "how the Theorems and demonstrations of Physicks, may be linked and chained together as strongly and as continuedly as they are in Mathematicks." Observations, pp. 99-100. 19. Grounds, pp. 26, 76-77, 162; Rushworth, Dialogues, p. 242; Middle State, p. Ill. 20. DM, pp. 296-97, 416, 37,176,69-70,57. 21. Jones ed., Hobbes, p. 80. 22. Jacquot and Jones (Hobbes' Critique, Introduction, p. 26; and cf. p. 34) claim that White probably had access to a manuscript of Digby's Two Treatises even before publication of De Mundo. 23. Samuel Hartlib, letter to Worthington, 26 August 1661, where he is referring to what happened "long ago". John Worthington, Diary and Correspondence, ed. J. Crossley (Manchester, 1847), p. 369. . 24. See e.g. Anon., 'Observations made upon Sir Kellam Digby his little booke entitled of the infaIIibilitie ofreligion', BL Add. MS 41846, f. 70. Further evidence for the popular perception of White's relationship to his friend may be taken from The Athenian Oracle (4 vols.; London, 1703), IV.344, where he is referred to as "Sir Kenelm Digby's Tutor". 25. IT, pp. 144,7; cfpp. 65, 70,117,120. 26. Pugh, BC, Epistle to the Catholick Reader; Webster, Academiarum Examen, p. 78. 27. Baxter, Holy Commonwealth, pp. 21-24; GIanviIl, Scire/i, p. 26. 28. DM, p. 389; Pl, p. 229. 29. Wilkins, Principles, pp. 40~. 30. Descartes, Principles IV.202, CSM 1.287; Boyle, Ofthe Excellency and Grounds ofthe Mechanical Philosophy, in Works IV.68. 31. See Religion and Reason, p. 134, where he responds to his critic 'S.W."s charge that Epicureanism implies moral degeneracy: "For Epicurus, the eloquent Gassendus hath taken a great deal of pains to perswade the World you are in Errour." Gassendi was known personally to White in the 1640s: see ch. 4. 32. On the history of atomism, see EJ. Dijksterhuis, The Mechanization of the World Picture (Oxford, 1961); R.H. Kargon, Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton (Oxford, 1966); A.G. Van Melsen, From Atomos to Atom (New York, 1960). It is from these that I have derived my account ofpl'e-seventeenth-century developments. 33. Timaeus 56c, trans!. B. Jowett, The Dialogues ofPlato (5 vols.; Oxford, 1875), III.639. 34. Brush ed., Gassendi, p. 400. 35. Physics 1.4; 187b. 36. On the importance of Paduan Averroism in the history of science and scientific methodology, see J.H. Randall, The School ofPadua and the Rise of Modern Science (padua, 1961). 37. Loemker ed., Leibniz, pp. 97-98. 38. Daniel Sennert, Opera (Paris, 1641), 1.150, 151, quoted by Van Melsen, Atomos, pp. Notes to Chapter 11 165

85,86. 39. ES, p. 41. 40. Robert Boyle, 'Of Atoms' (1650), Boyle Papers XXVI, fols. 162-75; cited by M.R. Oster, 'The "Beam of Divinity": Animal Suffering in the Early Thought of Robert Boyle', British Journalfor the History ofScience 22, 1989, 154. 41. IT, pp. 343-44, 38; cf. p. 143. Leibniz accepts that the reformed philosophy of Digby and other modem corpuscularians is not only "more true but more consistent with Aristotle." Loemker ed., Leibniz, p. 95 - a reference for which I am indebted to Professor Stuart Brown. 42. PI, p. 43; cf. p. 192. 43. Ibid., pp. 200, 53; cf. IT, pp. 340-42, 350. 44. G.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven, The Presocratic Philosophers (London, 1957), p. 148. 45. PI, p. 52. On White's acceptance of the limitations of our senses, see also PI, p. 103, where, referring to our experience of phenomena attributable to light, he concedes: "these things seem so only, through the defect of our Senses." And cf. Grounds, p. 83, where in a quite different context, he comments on "our understandings not being able to reach such small and petty differences as nature maketh." 46. PI, p. 54. 47. Ibid., pp. 192,219-20. 48. Ibid., pp. 205-6. While these minute particles "may be suppos'd, in every Element," they are' experienced only in compounds; they "never exist, but in composition with others." 49. DM, pp. 57-58; PI, p. 57. 50. PI, p. 70. 51. White specifically refers to "Motion, Gravity, Light, Colours, Sight, Sound; all which the Digbaean Philosophy makes as clear as day." ES, p. 52. He might have added in particular magnetism and memory. 52. ES, p. 29. 53. Ibid., p. 155. 54. See Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe (transl. R.E. Latham, Harmondsworth, 1951), p. 247. 55. Samuel Hartlib, 'Ephemerides', 1651, f.A-4, quoted by R.G. Frank, Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists: a study of scientific ideas and social interaction (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980), p. 95; Power, Experimental Philosophy, Preface (my emphasis), p. 57; Glanvill, Vanity, p. 6. 56. White's (undated) MS 'Of Transubstantiation' is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford: Gough Norfolk 15, fols. 246-49. The italicised words (my emphasis) have been inserted by White, so his equation of 'corpuscularian' with 'best' does seem of some significance. 57. IT, pp. 205-8, 232, 235. 58. Muscarium, pp. 15-17. 59. Loemker ed., Leibniz, pp. 97-98.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 12

1. ES, p. 35. 2. Ibid., pp. 35, 30, 32. The allegedly traditionalist White here presents arguments that closely resemble those of Gilbert Ryle, some three centuries later: cf. The Concept of Mind (London, 1949). 3. Whiie discusses the soul in PI, Book V, pp. 244f. See also DM, Dialogue 1, the influence of which is acknowledged by Digby: A Discourse concerning Infallibility in Religion (Paris, 1652), pp. 76-78. 166 Notes to Chapter 12

4. Galileo, The Assayer (1623), In Drake ed., Discoveries, p. 276. 5. Descartes, L'Homme (written 1633), quoted by Crombie, Augustine to Ga/i/eo, 11.246. 6. IT, p. 256. 7. PI, p. 101. 8. Ibid., p. 98. 9. Ibid., p. 106. 10. ES, p. 38. 11. IT, pp. 283-85. 12. PI, pp. 104-5. White distinguishes 'memory' from 'remembrance', when we deliberately activate memory, or produce memory 'made by design'; and from 'dreams', which derive from atomic motions occurring without any external stimula• tion. 13. Ibid., pp. 105-6. 14. It is interesting to note that, despite their own virtual disappearance from historical writing in the twentieth century, both White and Digby - together with Claude Berigard and Hobbes - were cited with approval in this context by a nineteenth-century commentator: Sir William Hamilton, actually quoting an extract from White's Peripateticall Institutions, commends them for their early "mechanical hypothesis of perception and memory." Sir William Hamilton ed., The Works of Thomas Reid (6th edn., 2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1863),11.898. 15. See e.g. Walter Charleton, Physiologia, Book III, ch. xv, where even the apparently mysterious phenomenon of10ve-at-fJrst-sight is explained in tenns of atoms. 16. See e.g. Locke, Essay IV.iii, 25; cf. II.xxiii, 11; Huygens, Treatise on Light, p. 3; Friedrich Hoffmann, Fundamenta Medicinae ex principiis naturae mechanicis ... (Halle, 1695), ed. L.S. King (New York, 1971). For the continuation of this tradition, see J.W. Yolton, Thinking Matter: materialism in eighteenth century Britain (Oxford, 1983). 17. See chapter 14 below. 18. Kenelm Digby, A Late Discourse... Touching the cure of wounds by the powder of sympathy (London, 1658); cf. Nathaniel Highmore, Discourse ofthe Cure ofWounds by Sympathy (London, 1651). 19. IT, pp. 329-30. 20. PI, pp. 100f., for which see also following paragraph. 21. Ibid., pp. 113-14.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 13

1. 'Apology', f.23. 2. Thomas Aquinas, Selected Writings, ed. M.C. D'Arcy (London, 1939), p. 174. 3. Novum Organum I.LXXXIX; Works 1.196. 4. Kirk and Raven, Presocratic Philosophers, pp. 173, 391; Aristophanes, The Clouds, trans!. A.H. Sommerstein (Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 128-29. 5. Novum Organum I.LXXXIX; Works 1.197. 6. Advancement ofLearning II. VI, 1; Works 1.545-6. 7. Novum Organum I.LXXXIX; Works 1.197. 8. Drake ed., Discoveries, pp. 182, 193. 9. Vindiciae Literarum, pp. 50-51. 10. De Corpore, Dedication; Works I.x-xi. 11. Jones ed., Hobbes, pp. 162,306. 12. See Aubrey, BriefLives, ed. Clark 11.108. 13. White's Preface to the 1654 edition of Rushworth's Dialogues. 14. So Matthew Poole, Nullity, p. 83. Cf. Meric Casaubon's opposition to theology being Notes to Chapter 13 167

"tried by the Mathematicks, and made subservient to them." of Credulity and In• credulity (1668), quoted by Spiller ed., Casaubon, p. 129. 15. Dissuasive from Popery, Pt. I, p. 91. Cf. Walter Charleton's irritation with "those immoderately Curious Wits of our Age, who think it beneath them to acquiesce in any other Evidence but that of Demonstration Geometrical." Quoted by Lewis, 'Hobbes', p. 234, 16. Religion and Reason, p. 11. 17. Ibid., p. 25. 18. Popkin, 'Third force'. 19. Jan Amos Comenius, Natural Philosophie Reformed by Divine Light (London, 1651), Preface. 20. John Smith, The Excellency and Nobleness ofTrue Religion, in Patrides ed., Cambridge Platonists, p. 187. 21. Theophilus Gale, The Court of the Gentiles (Oxford and London, 1669-77), Pt. IV, Preface. 22. Letter to Kenelm Digby, January 1647, in Pugh, BC, p. 10; PI, p. 337. 23. Advancement ofLearning 11.1,4; Works 1.498. 24. See M. Macklem, The Anatomy of the World: Relations between Natural and Moral Law from Donne to Pope (Minneapolis, 1958); R.M. Burns, The Great Debate on Miracles: from Joseph Glanvill to David Hume (London and Toronto, 1981). 25. Devotion and Reason, pp. 60-61,128. 26. PI, pp. 410-11. Thomas Wilson notes that "English miles... are longer than Italian by a fifth part." The State of England A.D. 1600, ed. FJ. Fisher, Camden Miscellany 16 (London, 1936), p. 10, quoted by S.E. Prall ed., The Puritan Revolution: A Documen• tary History (London, 1968), p. 2. 27. PI, pp. 411-12. Cf. White's later assertion that "Certainly, it was not God's intention to make the Mysteries of Faith Ridiculous, and absurd to common sense, but as congruous as the nature of ye mystery would bear." 'OfTransubstantiation', fols. 247-247v. 28. 'The Agreement ofreason and religion', in Essays, p. 11. 29. S.W., Vindication, p. 5. 30. DM, pp. 433-34. 31. Ibid. 32. Religion and Reason, pp. 9-IO;cf. Preface to Rushworth's Dialogues. 33. Pseudodoxia Epidemica, p. 35. 34. Religion and Reason, pp. 10, 197; cf. p. 25. 35. Ibid., pp. 190-91. 36. See esp. The Christian Virtuoso, in Works V.50~. 37. Browne, Religio Medici, in Works 1.18.; Ross, Philosophical Touchstone, p. 106. See also Montaigne, 'Apology': "To Christians it is an occasion for belief to encounter something incredible. It is the more according to reason as it is contrary to human reason." Frame ed., Works, pp. 368-69. 38. Glanvill, 'The Agreement ofReason and Religion', Essays, p. 26. 39. Toland, Christianity not mysterious, subtitle. 40. Vindication, p. 85. 41. Religion and Reason, p. 161; PI, p. 230. 42. Vindication, pp. 105-107. 43. This is not of course intended to imply that 'Aristotelianism' was simple, but that White's adaptation would not necessarily have proved acceptable to earlier Aris• totelians. 168 Notes to Chapter 14

NOTES TO CHAPTER 14

1. Ath. Ox. 3.1247. 2. Letter to Anthony aWood, 19 May 1683; Bodley MS Wood F.44, f.155. 3. Blackloanae Haeresis, Introductory Epistle. 4. See P. Harth, Contexts of Dryden's Thought (Chicago and London, 1968), ch. 8. Though critical, Harth is one of the few to take due note ofBlackloism's importance. 5. At this time Sergeant was described by one Protestant adversary as White's "under• dauber". Taylor, Dissuasive, Part 2 (1668), p. 64. Cf. Tillotson on White as Sergeant's "seducer". Rule ofFaith, p. 316. 6. John Sergeant, Sure Footing in Christianity (London, 1665), Preface. 7. Ibid., pp. 11-12. 8. John Sergeant, The Method to Science (London, 1696), Preface. Admittedly, Sergeant seems caught in a 'time-warp' here, for the disparate theorists he cites in this context are Gassendi, Descartes, White and Digby. 9. Solid Philosophy, Preface. 10. PI, p. 104; cf. IT, pp. 245, 273, 284, 356. 11. Method, Preface. 12. Ibid.,pp.229, 146,269, 162. 13. Observations upon Religio Medici, pp. 27-28. 14. Religion and Reason, p. 161. 15. Vindication, p. 127. 16. Devotion and Reason, p. 127. 17. Raillery defeated by calm reason (London, 1699), pp. 200-202. 18. BL Add. MS 29612, f.60. BIBLIOGRAPHY

WORKS OF TIIOMAS WHITE

An Answer to the Lord Faulkland' s discourse ofInfallibility (London, 1651) Apologia pro doctrina sua adversus calumniatores (London, 1661) An Apology for Rushworth's Dialogues (Paris, 1654) Appendicula tentans solutionem problematis Torricelliani de subsistentia hydrargri in tubo superne sigillato (London, 1663) Appendix appendici appensa, Leonardinae Albiana (n.p., 1662) A Catechism ofChristian Doctrine (Paris, 1637) Chrysaspis, seu scriptorum in scientiis obscurioribus apologiae vice propalata tutela geometrica (London, 1659) A Contemplation ofHeaven (Paris, 1654) Controversy-Logicke, or The Methode to come to truth in debates of Religion (Paris, 1659) A Copy ofa Letter sent by Mr Thomas White, to be delivered to His Holiness in the Congregation of the Holy Office, in Obedience to His Holiness's Commands, requiring him to clear himself(Amsterdam, 1662) D'Aille's Arts discover'd: or, His right Use, Prov'd a Downright Abuse of the Fathers (Paris, 1654) De Mundo Dialogi Tres (Paris, 1642) Devotion and Reason. Wherein modern devotionfor the dead is brought to solid principles and made rational ... (Paris, 1661) Euclides Metaphysicus (London, 1658) Euclides Physicus (London, 1657) Exceptiones duorum theologorum Parisiensium adversus doctrinam Albianum de medio animarum statu, et aliis, cum responsis ad easdem (?London, 1662) An Exclusion ofScepticks from all Title to Dispute (translation of 1663 Latin edition; London, 1665) An Exercise ofLove with a Descant on the Prayer in the Garden (Paris, 1654) Exercitatio Geometrica ... (London, 1658)

169 170 Bibliography

Exetasis Scientiae requisitae in Theologo ad Censuras sententiis Theologicis inferendas aThoma Anglo Ex Albiis East-Saxonum (n.p., 1662) The Grounds ofObedience and Government (London, 1655) Institutiones Sacrae (n.p., 1652) Institutionum Ethicarum, sive Statera Morum (London, 1660) A Letter to a Person of Honour. in Vindication of Himself and his Doctrine (?Douai, 1659) Magnifico Domino Domino Rectori pro tempore Academiae Duacenae Supplicatio postulativa Justitiae (The Hague, 1660) A Manuall ofDivine Considerations (London, 1665) Meditationes viginti-quattuor (Paris, 1651) Mens Augustini de gratia Adami (Paris, 1652) The Middle State ofSouls (translation of 1653 Latin edition; London, 1659) Monumetham Excantatus (Rotterdam, 1660) Muscarium ad Immissos aJona Thamone Calumniarum Crabrones et Sophis• matum Scarabaeos Censurae Duacenae Vindices Abigendos (London, 1661) Notes on Mr FD.'s Result ofa Dialogue concerning the Middle State ofSouls (Paris, 1660) Peripateticall Institutions (translation of 1646 Latin Edition; London, 1656) Quaestio Theologica (?Paris, 1652) Religion and Reason mutually corresponding and assisting each other (Paris, 1660) Responsa ad Exceptiones Doctrinae in Medio Animarum Statu traditae, praemisso discursu objectas (London, 1662) Sonus Buccinae (Paris, 1654) The State ofthe Future Life, and the Present's Order to It (London, 1654) Staterae aequilibrium (London, 1661) Tabulae Suffragiales (London, 1655) Villicationis suae De Medio Animarum Statu ... Ratio (Paris, 1653)

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Tavard, G.H., The Seventeenth-Century Tradition: A Study in Recusant Thought (Leiden, 1978) Thomas, K., Religion and the Decline ofMagic (London, 1971) Van Leeuwen, H.G., The Problem ofCertainty in English Thought, 1630-1690 (The Hague, 1963) Van Melsen, A.G., From Atomos to Atom (New York, 1960) Vickers, B. & Struevens, N.S., Rhetoric and the Pursuit ofTruth (Los Angeles, 1985) Wallace, W.A., 'The Certitude of Science in Late Medieval and Renaissance Thought', History ofPhilosophy Quarterly 3, 1986,281-291 Watson, R.A. & Force, J.E., eds., The High Road to Pyrrhonism (San Diego, 1980) Webster, c., The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform. 1626-1660 (London, 1975) Weldon, B., Chronological Notes .. .from the Archives at Douai, etc. (London, 1882) Yolton, J.W., Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford, 1983) Zagorin, P., A History ofPolitical Thought in the English Revolution (London, 1965) INDEX

Acton, Lord F. 4 Ball, William 54-55,56, 59, 156 0004, 5 Addison 87, 160 n.20 Barlow 148 n.13 alchemy, Newton's belief in 2 Barrow 9, 148 n.16 aliases 22 Bathurst 9 Allen, Cardinal Richard 22, 27 Baxter 9,55, 109, 148 n.15, 153 n.59, Anaxagoras 128 156 n.9, 156 n.10, 164 n.27 Anaximenes 113 Bayle 21,71, 151 n.3, 158 n.l9 Ancients and Modems 5,87,105 Beales 152 n.36 Anstruther, G. 147 n.ll, 151 n.6 Belson 30,35,151 nn.47, 51 Aquinas, St. Thomas 26,85, 127, 166 n.2 Berigard 166 n.14 Aristarchus 101 Biddle 19 Aristophanes 128, 166 nA Birell, T.A. 147 n.11, 155 n.30, 155 n.37 Aristotelianism x, 1,5,31,41,66,71, 72, Blackburne 11, 149 n.35, 154 n.21 76,78,79,80,85,86,90,112,116, Blacklo 147 n.11 117,118,120,127,129,131,134, blackloism ix, 1,4, 10, 11, 18,22,34-41, 139, 141, 145, 157 n.2, 167 nA3 53,64,65,66,117,124,127,137, Aristotle 9,26,47,56,66,68,69,78,79, 138,140,142,144,147 n.ll, 80,81,86,87,93,102,104,108, 148 n.7, 149 n.5, 152 n.27, 154 n.l, 110, 111, 112, 122, 126, 140, 168 nA 160 n.19, 161 n.37, 165 nAI Bossy, J. 146 n.9 Assheton, William 43, 50, 57, 58, 60, Boyle 31,71,72,76,82,86,89,99,110, 156 n.15, 157 n.20 112, 113, 116, 135, 159 nA2, atomism 29,32, 104, 122 160 n.17, 160 n.19, 160 n.32, atoms 121 162 n.31, 163 nA6, 164 n.30, Aubrey 12,21, 84, 151 n.4, 159 n.4, 165 n.40 161 n.14, 166 n.12 Bradley, R.I. 147 n.11 Aveling, lC.H. 146 n.2 Brahe, T. 87 Averroes (Ibn Roshd) 111 Brook, R. 160 n.28 Aversa, Raphael 95, 161 n.lO, 162, n.24 Brouncker 9,30,31 Aylmer, Bishop 156 n.24 Brown, Stuart 163 n.46, 165 n.41 Browne, Thomas 69,70,71,94,99,106, Bacon 7,18,67,75,84,86,88,89,90,91, 135, 142, 150 n.28, 158 n.12, 96, 105, 106, 126, 128, 130, 131, 162 n.29, 167 n.37 132, 140, 147 n.13, 151 n.39, Bunyan 17,68, 158 n.9 159 n.36, 160 n.8, 160 n.14 Buridan, Jean 94 Bacon, F. 4 Burnet 11, 149 n.34 Baillet 11, 149 n.30, 152 nA2 Burnyeat, M. 146 n.5 Baker, H. 158 n.20 Burthogge, Richard 72, 158 n.22 184 Index

Butler 148 0.25, 149 0.34 105, 107, 110, 117, 120, 121, 126, Byroo, Lord Joho 155 0.9 129, 134, 147 n.13, 149 n.30, 1600.15, 160 n.25, 161 n.2, Calvin 10 161 nn.13. 14; 162 n.15, 1620.16, Carlyle, T. 1, 146 0.2 164 0.30. 1660.5,1680.8 Caroo, Raymood 64, 157 0.39 Deschamp, T. 8, 1480.5 Cartesiaoism 2,29,70,96, 119, 120 Digby, Sir K. 7,8,9, 17, 18, 28,29,30, Casauboo, M 89, 1470.13, 1500.22, 33,34,35,36,38,43,57,58,60, 160 n.33, 166 n.14 79,104,106,108,112,117,120, Castelli, B. 21 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 142, Charles I 10,27,28,42,43,50,53,59,60 148 n.8, 1480.25, 151 0.44, Charleton 8,70,76,87,102,115, 1480.9, 1510.48, 1520.43, 1530.45, 1580.15, 1600.22,1660.15, 1540.11, 1540.16,1540.20, 1670.15 1550.7, 155 0.10, 155 0.27, Chillingworth 10,73, 84, 133, 148 0.25, 1600.33, 161 0.8, 1620.25, 158 0.28, 1590.2 1630.3, 1630.11, 1640.24, Clark 149 n.38 1650.3,1650.41, 1660.14, Coke, Roger 56,57, 1560.13,1570.14, 1660.18,1670.22, 168 n.8 1570.18 Two Treatises 7,8,9,108,109,126, Comenius 30, 131, 1560.21, 1600.30 148 0.8, 1500.29, 1520.43, Cooway, Anoe 2, 1620.26 164 n.22, 164 0.25, 165 nn.4l, 43, Conway, Lord 98 57; 1660.6, 1660.11, 1660.19 Copernicaoism x, 18,26,91,93, 104, 105, Observations upon Religio Medici 8, 116 1480.8, 1630.10, 164 n.18, Copernicus 68,87,91,94, 1620.20 168 n.13 cosmology, old and oew 93-103 Digges 101, 1620.40 Costello, W.T. 1590.6, 1600.10 Diogeoes Laertius 158 0.3 Cottingham 1640.14 Dodd, C. 11, 12, 147 0.2, 149 0.2, Cowley, Abraham 75, 1560.15, 1580.33, 1490.4, 149 0.32, 149 0.38, 161 0.35 1520.30, 153 0.54 Cressy 35,37, 1540.18 History ofthe English College at Cromwell 10,42,43,44,50,53,56,58, Doway 11 60,62,63, 1570.27, Doooe 86,1600.18 Culpeper, N. 84,1590.5 Drydeo 139, 1590.40, 1600.30 Du Moulio 44, 1510.45,1550.3 Daote, d'Allighieri 160 0.8 Dury, Joho 131 Darcy 21 Davies 148 n.11, 153 n.58 Empedocles 11 0 de Coste 28 Eoglish Catholic Colleges 5, 22f. de Sluse 153 n.48 Douai, 22, 23, 25, 26,34, 152 0.29 de Thamo, J. 1520.27 Lisboo 5,23, 262-27 Dear, P. 1520.43, 1580.32, 1590.37, Rome 5,23 160 n.9 Seville 23, 25 Dejordy 1480.13 St. Orner 23,24, 26 Democritus 69, 104, 108, 110, 112 Valladolid 23,24-25 Dennis 15, 1500.26 Eoglish Jesuit College, Liege 29 Des Maizeaux 149 n.25, 1510.3 Epicurus 104, 108, 109, 112, 117, 1630.3, Descartes, R. 4,8, 11,28,29,32,69,70, 164 0.31 78,86,87,95,97,101,102,103, Euclid 101, 107, 130 Index 185

Evelyn 1. 7, 11, 12, 147 n.1 155 n.5 Harbin 11, 149 n.32 Faulkland 157 n.33 Harrington 35, 45, 55 Fawkes, G. 23 Harth, P. 147 n.11, 168 n.4 Fennat 9,30 Hartlib 30, 164 n.23, 165 n.55 Filmer 45 Harvey, W. 7 Fisher, George 155 n.26 Hay, M.V. 147 n.11 Fitton 18,34,36, 151 n.44 Henrietta Maria 27,28, 154 n.1 Fletcher 148 n.13 Henry, J. 146 n.8 Force, J.E. 146 n.6 Herbert, Lord Edward ·158 n.8, 28 Highmore, N. 166 n.18 Gage, Francis 39, 149 n.28, 155 n.34 Hill, C. 156 n.12, 156 n.24, 157 n.36, Gale, Theophilus 131 158 n.9 Galileo, Galilei 4,6,7,21,28,32,86,87, Hobbes, T. ix, 2, 4, 8, 21, 28,29, 30, 32, 88,90,91,93,96,97,98,99,100, 38,55,65,73,83,88,94,99,101, 103, 106, 107, 120, 127, 129, 131, 103, 107, 108, 130, 138, 147 n.5, 133, 134, 160 n.26, 161 n.37, 147 n.11, 147 n.13, 148 n.6, 161 n.38, 162 n.28, 162 n.39, 148 n.23, 153 n.47, 154 n.24, 165 n.4 156 n.13, 158 n.33, 160 n.26, Gassendi, P. 2,28,29,32,75, 101, 102, 161 n.14, 162 n.21, 163 n.3, 106,110,111,158 n.31, 162 n.42, 164 n.15, 166 n.14 163 n.3, 164 n.3l, 168 n.8 De Mundo ix Gee, John 38, 154 n.24 Hoffmann, F. 166 n.16 Gillow 149 n.38 Holden 18,34,35,36,37,39,43, Glae 167 n.21 151 n.42, 154 n.11, 154 n.16 Glanvill,1. 2,9, 15, 18,32,68,74,76, 78, Holland 10, 31 80,81,82,86,90,91,94,104,106, Hooke 90, 160 n.32, 161 n.35 109,116,122,133,135,138,139, Hooker 75,89, 158 n.35, 160 n.31 146 n.6, 147 n.3, 148 n.20, Howell 24,152 n.19 151 n.39, 153 n.68, 161 n.3, Hume, D. 146 n.6 161 n.35, 161 n.39, 162 n.32, Huygens, C. 7,8,147 n.3, 166 n.16 163 n.3, 164 n.27, 165 n.55, 119, Hyde, Edward 43 167 n.38 imagination 124f. Granger 149 n.l, 149 n.38, 153 n.56 Grant, E. 157 n.2, 161 n.7, 161 n.10, Jacquot, J. 147 n.5, 148 n.6, 153 n.46, 162 n.17, 162 n.24, 162 n.33, 164 n.22 162 n.38, 163, n.7, 163 n.42 James II 65 Gregson, John and Mary 33 Jane, Joseph 156 n.18 Grotius 156 n.13 Janus 5,69,83,103,105,108,139 Guericke, Otto von 153 n.67 Jenks 19,34, 143, 151 n.49, 152 n.33 Guilday 151 n.11, 151n.14, 152 n.18, Jones, H.W. 146 nn.7, 8; 148 ri.5, 152n.30,152n.31 147 n.11, 148 n.6, 148 n.19, Gunn, JAW. 147 n.10 151 n.5, 153 nn.46, 47, 48; 159 n.1, 161 n.4, 162 n.21, 162 n.29, Haak, T. 147 n.4 162 n.31, 162 n.39, 164 n.21, Hall, J. 5,8,30, 148 n.11, 153 n.57 164n.22,166n.ll Hall, Thomas 88,130,160 ri.27 Jones, R.F. 161 n.9 Hamilton 166 n.14 Hammond 10,37,148 n.24, 154 n.20, Keckennann, Bartholemaus 86, 160 n.10 186 Index

Keene 23 Mede,Joseph 131 Kellison, Matthew 26 Melanchthon, Philip 39 Kennett 149 n.38 memory 122-123 Kepler 87 Me~enne 7,28,29,29,75,85,96, Knight 150 n.37 147 n.4, 152 n.43, 153 n.47, Knightley, Andrew 53,154 n.13 158 n.32, 159 n.37, 160 n.25, Kosmas 128 161 n.13 Kuhn, T.S. 162 n.40 Circle 5,7,27,28 Meynell 152 n.28 I'Estrange, Sir Roger 158 n.27 Midgeley, M. 146 n.4 La Placette, Jean 87, 160 n.24 Miller, lL. 147 n.11, 152 n.20, 155 n.3 Lactantius 128 Milton 28,45,47,48,63,75,84,95, Lamont, W.M. 153 n.59 156 n.23, 156 n.24, 157 n.36, Latin 7,8, 15, 18,32,68, 148 n.lO 159 n.3, 159 n.36, 161 n.11 Le Clerc 150 n.27 Mole 27 Le Grand 143 Montagu 155 n.3, 155 n.32 Leibniz, G.PW. von 1,4,9,86,93, 103, Montaigne 68,102, 158 n.lO, 163 n.49, 112,118,147 n.14, 148 n.19, 167 n.37 163 n.46, 165 n.41 Morant 151 n.2 Leigh 148 n.14 More, H. 2,69,70, 131, 158 n.13 Leucippus 69, 112 Mr FD.'s Result 154 nn.21, 23 Lewis, C.S. 2, 146 n.4 Mumford, James 154 n.25 Lewis, J.M. 147 n.11, 148 n.7, 163 n.3, 167 n.15 new philosophy 5 Leyburn, George 25,31,32,36,39,53, Newman, J.H. ix 56,58, 60, 150 n.22, 151 n.12, Newton, I. 2,6,7,87,107,146 n.8, 155 n.26, 155 n.28, 155 n.35, 150 n.27, 159 n.43, 156 n.1, 156 n.2 Nifo, Agostino 111 nn.34, 36, 37, 41; Leyburn, John 40 163 n.47 Line (alias Hall) 29, 153 n.48, 163 n.46 Lingard 149 n.28 Oldenburg, Henry 44,150 n.37, 156 n.17 Locke 9,72,75,136,148 n.21, 150 n.27, Origen 13 163 n.49, 166 n.16 Osborne 150 n.27 De Mundo 148 n.21 Osiander 91,97 Euclides Physicus 148 n.21 Oughtred 130 Exclusion ofSeepticks 148 n.21 Ovid 15 Peripateticalllnstitutions 148 n.21 Owen 23,24,25,26,27,73,151 n.13, Loemker, L.E. 148 n.19, 153 n.67, 152 n.24, 152 n.29, 152 n.38, 160 n.13, 161 n.l, 163 n.46, 158 n.26 164 n.37, 165 n.41, 165 n.59 London 5,23,27,29,31,43 Palmer, Roger 156 n.19 Great Pire of 32 Papal authority 35-36 Louvain 25, 152 n.27 Paris 5, 8, 28, 29, 153 n.45 Lucretius 15, 108, 116, 150 n.14, 165 n.54 Parker 69,75, 158 n.14 Luther 10, 37, 39 Parry 152 n.41, 156 n.15 Pascal 16, 28, 29, 71 magnetism 115f. Patrick, Simon 87, 160 n.23 Marlowe 85,160 n.9 Paul, H. 146 n.9 Marvell 28, 44, 156 n.15 Pepys 12 Index 187

Persons, Robert 24, 25 166 n.13, 167 n.32 Petty, William 164 n.16 Russell, J.L. 146 n.8 physics, old and new 104-118 Ryle, Gilbert 165 n.2 Plato 69, 106, 110, 111 Plowden 11, 12,21, 149 n.5, 149 n.37, Sandys 28 154 nn.1, 5; 154 n.lO, 155 n.31, Scaliger, Julius Cesar 111-112 Poole 10,35, 149 n.26, 166 n.14 scepticism x, 2, 9, 10, 29, 32, 66-82, 83, Popkin, R.H. x, 4, 131, 146 n.3, 146 n.5, 122, 127, 130, 136, 137, 139, 140, 146 n.6, 147 n.12, 158 n.19, 142, 148 n.20 159 n.37 Schaffer, S. 159 n.42, 163 nA6 Power 15,95,116,150 n.28, 161 n.12, Schmitt. C.B. 157 n.2. 159 n.7 163 n.52, 165 n.55 scholasticism 83-92 Prynne, William 155 n.lO science, religion and 127-237 psychology, old and new 119-126 Sennert 9,112, 148 n.12, 164 n.38 Pugh 12,26,34,35, 109, 149 n.3, Sergeant 8,10, 11,22,31,33,34,37,39, 152 n.27, 152 n.33, 153 n.74, 40,86, 124, 139, 139f, 151 n.43, 154 n.l, 155 n.32, 162 n.25, 153 n.66, 154 n.7, 155 n.31, 164 n.26, 167 n.22 155 n.34, 155 n.36, 168 n.5, Blacklo's Cabal 34, 149 n.3, 149 n.7, 168 nn.6 154 nA, 154 n.11, 155 n.27 Solid Philosophy Asserted 11, 140, Purgatory 36,37-38,44, 153 n.71, 160 n.11, 168 n.9 154 n.21 The Method to Science 11, 140 puritanism 5, 7, 8, 30, 156 n.21 Sextus Empiricus 66,67,68,76 Pyrrho 67, 158 nA Shanahan, D. 147 n.9, 156 n.2, 157 n.40 Pyrrhonism 2,32,67, 146 n.6 Shapin, S. 159 nA2, 162 n.31, 163 nA6 Pythagoras 69, 106 Sharratt 152 n.36 Sheldon, Ralph 138 Rapin, R. 69,70,88, 147 n.13, 160 n.29 Sibbald 9,148 n.18 Ray, J. 7 Sidney 15, 150 n.26 Reilly 153 nA8 Skinner, Q. 147 n.l0 religion, science and 127-237 Smith, John 40, 131, 160 n.28, 167 n.20 Restoration ix, 1, 16,31,39,40,44,50, Smith, Richard 27, 39 52, 56, 58, 63, Socrates 67, 127, 128 Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista 96, 162 n.17, Sorbiere 8 162 n.25 Sorrell, T. 147 n.14 Ridley, Mark 95, 161 n.9 Southcot 17 Rogers, GAl 159 n.36 Southgate, B.C. 147 n.11, 150 n.27, Rome 10,17,19,24,27,28,29,35,36, 151 nA3, 155 nA, 158 n.5, 37,38,39,40,43,44,98,127, 160 n.30, 163 nA9, 149 n.28, 151 n.4 Spender, S. 1 Ross, Alexander 104, 105, 135, 150 n.18, Spiller, M.R.G. 147 n.13 157 n.l, 163 n.l, 167 n.37 Sprat 72,76,90,91,148 n.lO, 159 n.38, Royal Society 5,8,9,21,30,76,80, 89, 161 n.35, 161 n.39 90,91, 147 n.13, 148 n.10, Stanley, T. 7,68,158 n.7 150 n.37, 159 nAO, 159 n.51, Stewart, D. 146 n.6 161 n.39 Stone 152 n.29 Rushworth, William 77, 107, 130, Stoye 18, 152 nn.15, 23, 39 154 n.6, 154 n.18, 159 n.44, Streuver 148 n.lO 163 nA9, 164 n.17, 164 n.19, Stylites, St. Simon 13 188 Index

S.W. 59,104,105,118,131,133,136, Chrysaspis 150 n.22 151 nA3, 154 n.22, 163 n.2, Contemplation ofHeaven 29, 164 n.31, 167 n.29, 149 n.13, 150 n.25, 150 n.30, Symner 84, 159 nA 151 n.38, 153 n.52 Controversy-Logicke 19,63,108,109, Talbot, Peter 139, 155 n.31 149 n.13, 15000.17,20; 150 n.29, Tavard, G.H. 146 n.9 151 n.50, 157 n.35, 163 n.ll, Taylor, Jeremy 130, 158 n.21, 168 n.5 164 n.18, 164 n.20 Tertullian 135 De Mundo 4, 7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 30, 97, Thomas, K. 154 n.24 106, 108, 109, 130, 134, 142, Thomism 4,26,87, 110, 127, 128, 131, 149 n.13, 151 nAO, 15300.50,51; 152 n.33 162 n.21, 162 n.27, 162 n.31, Tillotson 10,34, 149 n.27, 154 n.6, 16200.34,35,39; 163 n.8, 163 nA9, 168 n.5 16300.43,50; 164 n.18, 164 n.20, Toland 72, 136, 158 n.23, 167 ~.39 164 n.28, 165 nA9, 167 n.30 Torricelli 9,31,32,102,148 n.17 Devotion and Reason 130,150 n.37, Twisse, William 131 155 n.25, 157 n.37, 168 n.16 Euclides Physicus 30,148 n.19 van Gutschoven, G. 152 n.27 Exclusion ofSkeptics 32, 146 n.3, Van Leeuwen, H.G. 159 n.54 153 nA9, 158 n.6, 159 nnA6, 49; Vickers 148 n.lO 160 n.12, 163 n.5, 163 n.9, Virgil 15 165 n.39, 16500.51,52; 166 n.lO Von Guericke 102 Exercise ofLove, An 150n.19, 151 n.8 Exercitatio Geometrica 30,152 n.27, Wadsworth, James Jr. 24, 152 n.22 153 nA8 Wallis 9,30, 130, 148 n.16, 153 n.60 influence of 138-143 Walsh 11, 149 n.29 Grounds ofObedience and Govern• Ward, Seth 9,30,130 ment, The ix, 10, 19,24,30,39, Warner 34,39 42-52,53-65, 127, 149 n.lO, Watson, R.A. 146 n.6 150 n.29, 153 n.53, 164 n.19, Webster 8,84,87,90, 109, 148 n.9, 165 nA5 153 n.58, 156 n.17, 159 nA, responses to 53-65 160 n.20, 161 n.36, 164 n.26 Method 168 n.11 Webster C. 148 n.lO Middle State ofSouls 20,21,32,63, Weldon 65, 157 nA2 149 n.7, 151 n.52, 154 nn.21, 23; Whate, Statera requilibrium 153 n.66 155 n.25, 164 n.19 White, T. Monumetham 31,153 nA8 Answer to Lord, An 157 n.34 Muscarium 150 n.24, 152 n.27, 'Apology for Treatise of Obedience & 152 n.35, 157 n.27, 165 n.58 Govt' 127, 137, 150 n.33, 153 n.53, Notes on Mr FD.'s Result 149 n.9 155 n.1, 156 n.16, 157 nn.28, 31; OfTransubstantiation 165 n.56, 166 n.l 167 n.27 Apology for Rushworth's Peripateticalilnstitutions 4, 7, 9, 28, Dialogue 151 n.9, 154 n.19, 30,97,98,104,105,108,109,126, 163 n.52 132,150 n.14, 162, 162 n.18, Appendicula 31,148 n.17 162 n.21, 162 n.22, 162 n.30, Blacklo's Cabal 151 n.38, 151 n.44 163 nA, 163 n.52, 164 n.28, Catechism, A 62, 157 n.32 16500042,45,46,49,50, 166 n.7, Charles I 63 166 n.12, 166 n.20, 16700.26,27; Index 189

167 n.41. 168 n.lO Wilson, Metthew 158 n.28 Religion and Reason 19,130,149 n.8, Wilson, Thomas 167 n.26 149 n.11, 150 n.21, 151 n.38, Winstanley 45 151 n.41. 152 n.34, 154 n.15, witchcraft, Glanvill's belief in 2 156 n.22, 158 n.28, 167 n.16, women 13-14 16700.32,167 n.41, 34; 168 n.14 150 n.16 State ofFuture Life 149 n.12, 150 n.23 Wood, A. Ii 12, 21, 138, 148 n.23, State ofthe Future 163 n.52 153 n.71, 167 n.2 Statera Marum 31,15300.63,66 On the Middle State of Souls 148 n.23 Tabulr.e Suffragiales 44 Worthington, John 164 n.23 Two Treatises 168 n.lO Wotton 27 White, Jerome 22 Wren, Christopher 130 White, Mary 21 White, Richard 21,98,151 n.4 Xenophanes 128 White, William 17,22,65, 157 n.40 Willcins 9,30,72,73,74,82,93,110, Yolton, J.W. 166 n.I6 1580.25, 161 n.2, 163 n.48, 164 n.29 Zagorin, P. 147 n.IO ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES * INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

1. E. Labrousse: Pierre Bayle. Tome I: Du pays de foix Ii la cite d'Erasme. 1963; 2nd printing 1984 ISBN 90-247-3136-4 For Tome II see below under Volume 6. 2. P. Merlan: Monopsychism, Mysticism, Metaconsciousness. Problems of the Soul in the Neoaristotelian and Neoplatonic Tradition. 1963; 2nd printing 1969 ISBN 90-247-0178-3 3. H.G. van Leeuwen: The Problem ofCertainty in English Thought, 1630-1690. With a Preface by R.H. Popkin. 1963; 2nd printing 1970 ISBN 90-247-0179-1 4. P.W. Janssen: Les origines de la reforme des Carmes en France au 17e Siecle. 1963; 2nd printing 1969 ISBN 90-247-0180-5 5. G. Sebba: Bibliographia Cartesiana. A Critical Guide to the Descartes Literature (1800-1960).1964 ISBN 90-247-0181-3 6. E. Labrousse: Pierre Bayle. Tome II: Heterodoxie et rigorisme. 1964 ISBN 90-247-0182-1 7. K.W. Swart: The Sense ofDecadence in 19th-Century France. 1964 ISBN 90-247-0183-X 8. W. Rex: Essays on Pierre Bayle and Religious Controversy. 1965 ISBN 90-247-0184-8 9. E. Heier: L.H. Nicolay (1737-1820) and His Contemporaries. Diderot, Rousseau, Voltaire, Gluck, Metastasio, Galiani, D'Escherny, Gessner, Bodmer, Lavater, Wieland, Frederick II, Falconet, W. Robertson, Paul I, Cagliostro, Gellert, Winckel• mann, Poinsinet, Lloyd, Sanchez, Masson, and Others. 1965 ISBN 90-247-0185-6 10. H.M. Bracken: The Early Reception ofBerkeley's Immaterialism, 1710-1733. [1958] Rev. ed. 1965 ISBN 90-247-0186-4 11. R.A. Watson: The Downfall ofCartesianism, 1673-1712. A Study of Epistemological Issues in Late 17th-Century Cartesianism. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0187-2 12. R. Descartes: Regula! ad Directionem lngenii. Texte critique etabli par Giovanni Crapulli avec la version hollandaise du 17e siecle. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0188-0 13. J. Chapelain: Soixante-dix-sept Lettres inedites Ii Nicolas Heinsius (1649-1658). Publiees d'apres Ie manuscrit de Leyde avec une introduction et des notes par B. Bray. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0189-9 14. C. B. Brush: Montaigne and Bayle. Variations on the Theme ofSkepticism. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0190-2 15. B. Neveu: Un historien Ii l'Ecole de Port-Royal. Sebastien Ie Nain de Tillemont (1637-1698). 1966 ISBN 90-247-0191-0 16. A. Faivre: Kirchberger et l'Illuminisme du 1se siecle. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0192-9 17. J.A. Clarke: Huguenot Warrior. The Life and Times of Henri de Rohan (1579-1638). 1966 ISBN 90-247-0193-7 18. S. Kinser: The Works ofJacques-Auguste de Thou. 1966 ISBN 90-247-0194-5 19. E.F. Hirsch: Damiao de Gois. The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist (1502- 1574). 1967 ISBN 90-247-0195-3 20. PJ.S. Whitemore: The Order ofMinims in 17th-Century France. 1967 ISBN 90-247-0196-1 21. H. Hillenaar: Fenelon et les Jesuites. 1967 ISBN 90-247-0197-X ARCHNES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES * INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

22. W.N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley: The English Della Cruscans and Their Time, 1783- 1828. 1967 ISBN 90-247-0198-8 23. C.B. Schmitt: Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola (1469-1533) and his Critique of Aristotle. 1967 ISBN 90-247-0199-6 24. H.B. White: Peace among the Willows. The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon. 1968 ISBN 90-247-0200-3 25. L. Apt: Louis-Philippe de Segur. An Intellectual in a Revolutionary Age. 1969 ISBN 90-247-0201-1 26. E.H. Kadler: Literary Figures in French Drama (1784-1834). 1969 ISBN 90-247-0202-X 27. G. Postel: Le Thresor des propheties de l'univers. Manuscrit publie avec une introduction et des notes par F. Secret. 1969 ISBN 90-247-0203-8 28. E.G. Boscherini: Lexicon Spinozanum. 2 vols., 1970 Set·ISBN 90-247-0205-4 29. C.A. Bolton: Church Reform in 18th-Century Italy. The Synod of Pistoia (1786). 1969 ISBN 90-247-0208-9 30. D. Janicaud: Une genealogie du spiritualisme franrais. Aux sources du bergsonisme: [Felix] Ravaisson [1813-1900] et la metaphysique. 1969 ISBN 90-247-0209-7 31. J.-E. d'Angers: L'Humanisme chretien au 17e siecle. St. Fran~ois de Sales et Yves de Paris. 1970 ISBN 90-247-0210-0 32. H.B. White: Copp'd Hills towards Heaven. Shakespeare and the Classical Polity. 1970 ISBN 90-247-0250-X 33. P.l. Olscamp: The Moral Philosophy ofGeorge Berkeley. 1970 ISBN 90-247-0303-4 34. C.G. Norefla: Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540). 1970 ISBN 90-247-5008-3 35. J. O'Higgens: Anthony Collins (1676-1729), the Man and His World. 1970 ISBN 90-247-5007-5 36. F.T. Brechka: Gerard van Swieten and His World (1700-1772). 1970 ISBN 90-247-5009-1 37. M.H. Waddicor: Montesquieu and the Pilosophy ofNatural Law. 1970 ISBN 90-247-5039-3 38. O.R. Bloch: La Philosophie de Gassendi (1592-1655). Nominalisme, materialisme et metaphysique. 1971 ISBN 90-247-5035-0 39. J. Hoyles: The Waning of the Renaissance (1640-1740). Studies in the Thought and Poetry of Henry More, John Norris and Isaac Watts. 1971 ISBN 90-247-5077-6 For Henry More, see also below under Volume 122 and 127. 40. H. Bots: Correspondance de Jacques Dupuy et de Nicolas Heinsius (1646-1656). 1971 ISBN 90-247-5092-X 41. W.C. Lehmann: Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment. A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas. 1971 ISBN 90-247-5018-0 42. C. Kramer: Emmery de Lyere et Mamix de Sainte Aldegonde. Un admirateur de Sebastien Franck et de Montaigne aux prises avec Ie champion des calvinistes neerlandais.[Avec Ie texte d'Emmery de Lyere:] Antidote ou contrepoison contre les conseils sanguinaires et envinemez de Philippe de Mamix Sr. de Ste. Aldegonde. 1971 ISBN 90-247-5136-5 ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES * INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES * INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

chr6tien au 16e siecle. 1973 ISBN 90-247-1566-0 64. G. Planty-Bonjour: Hegel et lapensee philosophique en Russie (1830·1917). 1974 ISBN 90-247-1576-8 65. R.I. Brook: [George] Berkeley's Philosophy ofScience. 1973 ISBN 90-247-1555-5 66. T.E. Jessop: A Bibliography of George Berkeley. With: Inventory of Berkeley's Manuscript Remains by A.A. Luce. 2nd revised and enlarged ed. 1973 ISBN 90-247-1577-6 67. E.!. Perry: From Theology to History. French Religious Controversy and the Revo- cation of the Edict ofNantes. 1973 ISBN 90-247-1578-4 68. P. Dibbon, H. Bots et E. Bots-Estourgie: Inventaire de la correspondance (1631-1671) de Johannes Fredericus Gronovius [1611-1671]. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1600-4 69. A.B. Collins: The Secular is Sacred. Platonism and Thomism in Marsilio Fieino's Platonic Theology. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1588-1 70. R. Simon (6d.): Henry de Boulainviller. CEuvres Philosophiques, Tome II. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1633-0 For CEvres Philosophiques, Tome I see under Volume 58. 71. J.A.G. Tans et H. Schmitz du Moulin: Pasquier Quesnel devant La Congregation de l'lndex. Correspondance avec Francesco Barberini et m6moires sur la mise aI'Index de son 6dition des CEuvres de Saint L6on, publi6s avec introduction et annotations. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1661-6 72. J.W. Carven: Napoleon and the Lazarists (1804-1809). 1974 ISBN 90-247-1667-5 73. G. Symcox: The Crisis of French Sea Power (1688-1697). From the Guerre d'Escadre to the Guerre de Course. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1645-4 74. R MacGillivray: Restoration Historians and the English Civil War. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1678-0 75. A. Soman (ed.): The Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Reappraisals and Documents. 1974 ISBN 90-247-1652-7 76. RE. Wanner: Claude Fleury (1640-1723) as an Educational Historiographer and Thinker. With an Introduction by W.W. Brickman. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1684-5 77. RT. Carroll: The Common-Sense Philosophy of Religion of Bishop Edward Stil- lingfleet (1635-1699). 1975 ISBN 90-247-1647-0 78. J. Macary: Masque et lumieres au 18e [siecle}. Andr6-Fran~ois Deslandes, Citoyen et philosophe (1689-1757). 1975 ISBN 90-247-1698-5 79. S.M. Mason: Montesquieu's Idea ofJustice. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1670-5 80. D.J.H. van Elden: Esprits fins et esprits geomerriques dans les portraits de Saint• Simon. Contributions a1'6tude du vocabulaire et du style. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1726-4 81. I. Primer (ed.): Mandeville Studies. New Explorations in the Art and Thought of Dr Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733). 1975 ISBN 90-247-1686-1 82. CG. Noreiia: Studies in Spanish Renaissance Thought. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1727-2 83. G. Wilson: A Medievalist in the 18th Century. Le Grand d'Aussy and the Fabliaux ou Contes. 1975 ISBN 90-247-1782-5 84. J.-R Armogathe: Theologia Cartesiana. L'explication physique de l'Eucharistie chez Descartes et Dom Robert Desgabets. 1977 ISBN 90-247-1869-4 85. B6rault Stuart, Seigneur d'Aubigny: Traite sur l'art de la guerre. Introduction et ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIREDES IDEES * INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

edition par Elie de Comminges. 1976 ISBN 90-247-1871-6 86. S.L. Kaplan: Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign ofLouis xv. 2 vols., 1976 Set ISBN 90-247-1873-2 87. M. Lienhard (ed.): The Origins and Characteristics ofAnabaptism / Les debuts et les caracteristiques de l'Anabaptisme. With an Extensive Bibliography / Avec une bibliographie detaillee. 1977 ISBN 90-247-1896-1 88. R. Descartes: Regles utiles et claires pour la direction de l'esprit en la recherche de la verite. Traduction selon Ie lexique cartesien, et annotation conceptuelle par J.-L. Marion. Avec des notes mathematiques de P. Costabel. 1977 ISBN 90-247-1907-0 89. K. Hardesty: The 'Supplement'to the 'Encyclopedie'. [Diderot et d'Alembert]. 1977 ISBN 90-247-1965-8 90. H.B. White: Antiquity Forgot. Essays on Shakespeare, [Francis] Bacon, and Rem- brandt. 1978 ISBN 90-247-1971-2 91. P.B.M. Blaas: Continuity and Anachronism. ,Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography and in the Anti-Whig Reaction between 1890 and 1930. 1978 ISBN 90-247-2063-X 92. S.L. Kaplan (ed.): La Bagarre. Ferdinando Galiani's (1728-1787) 'Lost' Parody. With an Introduction by the Editor. 1979 ISBN 90-247-2125-3 93. E. McNiven Hine: A Critical Study of[Etienne Bonnot de] Condillac's [1714-1780] 'Traite des Systemes', 1979 ISBN 90-247-2120-2 94. M.R.G. Spiller: Concerning Natural Experimental Philosphy. Meric Casaubon [1599- 1671] and the Royal Society. 1980 ISBN 90-247-2414-7 95. F. Duchesneau: La physiologie des Lumieres. Empirisme, modeles et theories. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2500-3 96. M. Heyd: Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment. Jean-Robert Chouet [1642• 1731] and the Introduction ofCartesian Science in the Academy ofGeneva. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2508-9 97. James O'Higgins: Yves de Vallone [166617-1705]: The Making of an Esprit Fort. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2520-8 98. M.L. Kuntz: Guillaume Postel [1510-1581]. Prophet of the Restitution of All Things. His Life and T'nought. 1981 ISBN 90-247-2523-2 99. A. Rosenberg: Nicolas Gueudeville and His Work (1652-172?). 1982 ISBN 90-247-2533-X 100. S.L. Jaki: Uneasy Genius: The Life and Work ofPierre Duhem (1861-1916].1984 ISBN Hb 90-247-2897-5; Pb (1987) 90-247-3532-7 101. Anne Conway (1631-1679]: The Principles ofthe Most Ancient Modem Philosophy. Edited and with an Introduction by P. Loptson. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2671-9 102. E.C. Patterson: [Mrs.] Mary [Fairfax Greig] Sommerville (1780-1872] and the Cultivation ofScience (1815-1840). 1983 ISBN 90-247-2823-1 103. C,J. Berry: Hume, Hegel and Human Nature. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2682-4 104. C,J. Betts: Early Deism in France. From the so-called 'deistes' of Lyon (1564) to Voltaire's 'Lettres philosophiques' (1734). 1984 ISBN 90-247-2923-8 105, R. Gascoigne: Religion, Rationality and Community. Sacred and Secular in the Thought ofHegel and His Critics, 1985 ISBN 90-247-2992-0 ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES

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106. S. Tweyman: Scepticism and Belief in Hume's 'Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion'. 1986 ISBN 90-247-3090-2 107. G. Cerny: Theology, Politics and Letters at the Crossroads ofEuropean Civilization. Jacques Basnage [1653-1723] and the Baylean Huguenot Refugees in the Dutch Republic. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3150-X 108. Spinoza's Algebraic Calculation of the Rainbow & Calculation of Changes. Edited and Translated from Dutch, with an Introduction, Explanatory Notes and an Appendix by MJ. Petry. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3149-6 109. R.G. McRae: Philosophy and the Absolute. The Modes of Hegel's Speculation. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3151-8 110. J.D. Nonh and J.J. Roche (eds.): The Light of Nature. Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science presented to A.C. Crombie. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3165-8 Ill. C. Walton and PJ. Johnson (eds.): [Thomas] Hobbes's 'Science ofNatural Justice'. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3226-3 112. B.W. Head: Ideology and Social Science. Destutt de Tracy and French Liberalism. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3228-X 113. A.Th. Peperzak: Philosophy and Politics. A Commentary on the Preface to Hegel's Philosophy ofRight. 1987 ISBN Hb 90-247-3337-5; Pb ISBN 90-247-3338-3 114. S. Pines and Y. Yovel (eds.): Maimonides [1135-1204] and Philosophy. Papers Presented at the 6th Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (May 1985). 1986 ISBN 90-247-3439-8 115. T.J. Saxby: The Questfor the New Jerusalem, Jean de Labadie [1610-1674] and the Labadists (/610-1744). 1987 ISBN 90-247-3485-1 116. C.E. Harline: Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3511-4 117. R.A. Watson and J.E. Force (eds.): The Sceptical Mode in Modern Philosophy. Essays in Honor of Richard H. Popkin. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3584-X 118. R.T. Bienvenu and M. Feingold (eds.): In the Presence ofthe Past. Essays in Honor of Frank Manuel. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1008-X 119. J. van den Berg and E.G.E. van der Wall (eds.): Jewish-Christian Relations in the 17th Century. Studies and Documents. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3617-X 120. N. Waszek: The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel's Account of 'Civil Society'. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3596-3 121. J. Walker (ed.): Thought and Faith in the Philosophy ofHegel. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1234-1 122. Henry More [1614-1687]: The Immortality of the Soul. Edited with Introduction and Notes by A. Jacob. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3512-2 123. P.B. Scheurer and G. Debrock (eds.): Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3723-0 124. D.R. Kelley and R.H. Popkin (eds.): The Shapes ofKnowledge from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1259-7 125. R.M. Golden (ed.): The Huguenot Connection. The Edict of Nantes, Its Revocation, and Early French Migration to South Carolina. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3645-5 ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES

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126. S. Lindroth: Les chemins du savoir en Suede. De la fondation de I'Universit~ d'Upsal AJacob Berzelius. Etudes et Portraits. Traduit du su~ois, pr~sente et annot~ par J.-F. Battail. Avec une introduction sur Sten Lindroth par G. Eriksson. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3579-3 127. S. Hutton (ed.): Henry More (1614-1687). Tercentenary Studies. With a Biography and Bibliography by R. Crocker. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0095-5 128. Y. Yovel (ed.): Kant's Practical Philosophy Reconsidered. Papers Presented at the 7th Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (December 1986). 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0405-5 129. J.E. Force and R.H. Popkin: Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence ofIsaac Newton's Theology. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0583-3 130. N. Capaldi and D.W. Livingston (eds.): Liberty in Hume's 'History ofEngland'. 1990 . ISBN 0-7923-0650-3 131. W. Brand: Hume's Theory ofMoral Judgment. A Study in the Unity of A Treatise of Human Nature. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1415-8 132. C.E. Harline (ed.): The Rhyme and Reason of Politics in Early Modern Europe. Collected Essays of Herbert H. Rowen. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1527-8 133. N. Malebranche: Treatise on Ethics (1684). Translated and edited by C. Walton. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-1763-7 134. B.C. Southgate: "Covetous of Truth". The Life and Work of Thomas White, 1593-1676. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-1926-5

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