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Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr.: Epistemology in the Service of Science, Pedagogy, and Natural Theology
Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr.: Epistemology in the Service of Science, Pedagogy, and Natural Theology Stephen M. Contakes and Christopher Kyle Abstract: Josiah Parsons Cooke established chemistry education at Harvard University, initiated an atomic weight research program, and broadly impacted American chemical education through his students, the introduction of labo- ratory instruction, textbooks, and influence on Harvard’s admissions require- ments. The devoutly Unitarian Cooke also articulated and defended a biogeo- chemical natural theology, which he defended by arguing for commonalities between the epistemologies of science and religion. Cooke’s pre-Mendeleev classification scheme for the elements and atomic weight research were moti- vated by his interest in numerical order in nature, which reflected his belief in a divine lawgiver. Keywords: Biography, philosophy of education, epistemology of science, natural theology, chemistry and religion. 1. Introduction Today, Harvard University’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biol- ogy is among the finest in the world, counting three Nobel laureates and 17 members of the National Academy of Sciences among its 37 faculty (Jacob- son 2010). Its road to this distinction began inauspiciously in 1850 with the appointment of a 23-year old largely self-taught chemist, Josiah Parsons Cooke, as Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy. Over the interven- ing 44 years, Cooke’s strenuous and fruitful efforts as a teacher, department builder, researcher, and science popularizer significantly advanced chemistry instruction both at Harvard and throughout the Unites States. His efforts were so successful that after his death Harvard President Charles W. Eliot claimed Cooke “created the Chemical and Mineralogical department of Har- vard University” (Eliot 1895, p. -
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1 • I / i PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN ACADEMY ARTS AND SCIENCES. NEW SERIES. Vol. IX. WHOLE SERIES. Vol. XVII. FROM JUNE, 1881, TO JUNE, 1882. SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS. BOSTON: UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1882. X fi^ CONTENTS. PAQE I. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of Harvard College. By Josiah Parsons Cooke 1 II. On the Spectrum of Arsenic. By Oliver W. Huntington 35 III. Thermoelectricity. — Peltier and Thomson Effects. By Charles Bingham Penrose 39 IV. Thermoelectric Line of Copper and Nickel below 0°. By Charles Bingham Penrose 47 V. Crystalline Form of Cryolite. By W. H. Melville ... 55 VI. Researches on the Complex Inorganic Acids. Phospho-molyb- dates. By Wolcott Gibbs, M.D . 62 VII. An Indirect Determination of Chlorine and Bromine by Elec- trolysis. By' Leonard P. Kixnicutt 91 VIII. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of Harvard Col- lege. By Charles F. Mabery 94 "^ IX. On Certain Substances obtainedfrom Turmeric. — I. Curcumin. By C. Loring Jackson and A. E. Menke 110 X. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of Harvard Col- lege. By Henry B. Hill 125 XI. XV. — Simple Method for Calibrating T'hermometers. By Silas W. Holman 157 XII. Contributions to North American Botany. By Asa Gray . 163 XIII. The Wedge Photometer. By Edward C. Pickering . 231 XIV. On the Color and the Pattern of Insects. By Dr. II. A. Hagen 234 IV CONTENTS. PAGE XV. On Telephoning over long Distances or through Cables. By N. D. C. Hodges 268 XVI. On the Young Stages of some Osseous Fishes. With Plates. By Alexander Agassiz 271 XVII. XVI. -
William Albert Noyes
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES 1857—1941 A Biographical Memoir by ROGER ADAMS Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1952 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES1 BY ROGER ADAMS William Albert Noyes was born November 6, 1857 on a farm near Independence, Iowa. He was the seventh generation of the Noyes family in America, being descended from Nicholas Noyes who came with his elder brother, James, from Choulder- ton, Wiltshire, in 1633. Their father had been a clergyman but had died before the sons left England. The two brothers settled first in Medford, Massachusetts but in 1655 moved to Newbury. Samuel, of the third generation in this direct line, moved to Abington about 1713 and there he and the succeeding generations lived for over one hundred and forty years. Spencer W. Noyes, the great grandson of Samuel, was ad- mitted as a student to Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachu- setts, March 21, 1837. He married Mary Packard-related to the famous family of shoe manufacturers-and they had three children when they left: Abington and migrated to Iowa in 185j. When the father with his family went west to open up a home- stead, he found conditions typical of the prairies and life was necessarily primitive. In the east he had been a cobbler by trade so had had little experience working the land. The early years were difficult ones because of the hard work in establishing a farm home, getting land into cultivation, raising food and storing sufficient for winter needs. -
A Century of Mathematics in America, Peter Duren Et Ai., (Eds.), Vol
Garrett Birkhoff has had a lifelong connection with Harvard mathematics. He was an infant when his father, the famous mathematician G. D. Birkhoff, joined the Harvard faculty. He has had a long academic career at Harvard: A.B. in 1932, Society of Fellows in 1933-1936, and a faculty appointmentfrom 1936 until his retirement in 1981. His research has ranged widely through alge bra, lattice theory, hydrodynamics, differential equations, scientific computing, and history of mathematics. Among his many publications are books on lattice theory and hydrodynamics, and the pioneering textbook A Survey of Modern Algebra, written jointly with S. Mac Lane. He has served as president ofSIAM and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Mathematics at Harvard, 1836-1944 GARRETT BIRKHOFF O. OUTLINE As my contribution to the history of mathematics in America, I decided to write a connected account of mathematical activity at Harvard from 1836 (Harvard's bicentennial) to the present day. During that time, many mathe maticians at Harvard have tried to respond constructively to the challenges and opportunities confronting them in a rapidly changing world. This essay reviews what might be called the indigenous period, lasting through World War II, during which most members of the Harvard mathe matical faculty had also studied there. Indeed, as will be explained in §§ 1-3 below, mathematical activity at Harvard was dominated by Benjamin Peirce and his students in the first half of this period. Then, from 1890 until around 1920, while our country was becoming a great power economically, basic mathematical research of high quality, mostly in traditional areas of analysis and theoretical celestial mechanics, was carried on by several faculty members. -
Nov07 NUCLEUS Aa4b
DED UN 18 O 98 F http://www.nesacs.org N Y O T R E I T H C E N O A E S S S L T A E A C R C I N S M S E E H C C TI N O CA February 2009 Vol. LXXXVII, No. 6 N • AMERI Monthly Meeting Professor Wilton L. Virgo of Wellesley College to Speak at Simmons College Tips for Job Seekers By Megan Driscoll Summer Scholar Report Identification of Genes Regulated by Transcriptional Regulator, p8 By Derek Kong This Month in Chemical History By Harold Goldwhite, California State University, Los Angeles February Historical Events in Chemistry by Leopold May, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC February 1, 1905 methods for the determination of ing and used it against pellagra and Fifty years ago, Emilio Segré shared crystal structures, was born on this pursued the idea that diseases such the Nobel Prize in Physics (1959) day. as beriberi, scurvy, rickets and pella- with Owen Chamberlain for their gra were caused by lack of vital sub- discovery of the antiproton. He co- February 16, 1955 stances in the diet. discovered technetium with C. Per- F. P. Bundy, H. T. Hall, H. M. Strong rier in 1937, and astatine with D. R. and R. H. O. Wentoff announced the February 25, 1880 Corson and R. MacKenzie in 1940, synthesis of diamonds at General Arthur B. Lamb, who was the editor and demonstrated the existence of Electric Research Laboratories on of the Journal of the American the antiproton in 1955. -
P1.3 Chemical Genealogy of an Atmospheric Chemist: James N. Pitts, Jr., a Case Study
P1.3 CHEMICAL GENEALOGY OF AN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMIST: JAMES N. PITTS, JR., A CASE STUDY Jeffrey S. Gaffney* and Nancy A. Marley Environmental Research Division Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 1. INTRODUCTION It is indeed a desirable thing to be well descended, but Pitts’ group researched the basic chemistry and the glory belongs to our ancestors. kinetics of gas-phase reactions involved in air pollution - Plutarch (AD 46?-120) and developed methods for studying and detecting these species. As director of the Statewide Air Pollution Plutarch makes an interesting point. It is important to Research Center at the University of California, understand our background and where we came from if Riverside, he led the development of smog chamber we are to really understand the process of creative construction and studies on the fundamental processes effort. Mentoring is a key aspect of atmospheric and production rates of ozone and other oxidants. His chemistry. Our thesis mentors and colleagues have early work focused on singlet-oxygen chemistry, while major influence on us and our research through their his later work addressed the presence and formation of discussions and work during the periods in our careers mutagens in aerosols found in photochemical smog. when we study with them. Here, I explore his mentors and search for links and similar interests in atmospheric chemistry, analytical How far back does this mentoring influence trace? technique development, physical organic chemistry, and Our mentors influence us, but they were impacted by fundamental processes in biological toxicology. their mentors, and so on. Presented here is a chemical genealogy of a well-known atmospheric chemist and mentor (thesis mentor for J. -
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS January 31, 1868-April 2, 1928
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES T H E O D O R E W I L L I A M R ICHARDS 1868—1928 A Biographical Memoir by JAMES BRYANT CONANT Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1974 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS January 31, 1868-April 2, 1928 BY JAMES BRYANT CONANT HEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS was a precocious son of distin- Tguished parents. He was born in Philadelphia on January 31, 1868, the third son and fifth child of William Trost Richards and Anna Matlack Richards, who had been married on June 30, 1856. As strict members of the Society of Friends, the Matlack family looked askance at a young man who earned his living painting pictures. Anna was "read out of meeting." The Quaker marriage ceremony took place in the house of a friend. The first months of the honeymoon were devoted to the com- position and illustration of a manuscript volume of poems for the lady who had first brought the young couple together. A mutual interest in Browning and Tennyson had started an acquaintanceship which rapidly became a romance. An old friend and fellow artist of Philadelphia reminiscing long after W. T. Richards had established his reputation as a landscape painter said, "He amazed me by getting married and resigning his position as designer [in a local firm manufacturing gas fixtures] in order to devote himself entirely to his art. -
Cv Mlhg 2015
CURRICULUM VITAE Name: GREEN, Malcolm Leslie Hodder Address: St Catherine's College, Oxford or Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road OXFORD, OX1 3QR Date of Birth: 16/4/36, Eastleigh, Hampshire Nationality: British Marital Status: Married. Three children Degrees: B.Sc.(Hons), London; D.I.C., M.A.(Cantab), M.A.(Oxon), C.Chem., F.R.S.C., Ph.D., F.R.S. ACADEMIC CAREER 1953-56 Acton Technical College, University of London, B.Sc Hons. Chemistry 1956-59 Imperial College of Science and Technology, London; D.I.C. Ph.D. in chemistry. Supervisor Professor Sir G. Wilkinson 1959-60 Post-doctoral Research Associates Fellow. Imperial College of Science and Technology 1960-63 Assistant Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry at Cambridge University 1961 Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 1963 Sepcentenary Fellow of Inorganic Chemistry, Balliol College, Oxford and Departmental Demonstrator, University of Oxford 1965 University Lecturer, University of Oxford 1971 Visiting Professor, University of Western Ontario (Spring Term) 1972 Visiting Professor, Ecole de Chimie and Institute des Substances Naturelles, Paris (six months) 1973 A.P. Sloan Visiting Professor, Harvard University, (Spring Semester) 1979-84 Appointed to the British Gas Royal Society Senior Research Fellowship 1981 Sherman Fairchild Visiting Scholar at the California Institute of Technology(4 months) 1984 Re-appointed British Gas Royal Society Senior Research Fellow (1984-6) 1987 Vice-master, Balliol College, Oxford (T.T.) 1989 Appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and Head of Department, Oxford University Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford 2004- present Emeritus Research Professor in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College and St Catherine’s College Publications Two text books, 646 refereed papers and 8 patents. -
Feb., 1914 the Jourival of INDCSTRIAL a Iv D E at GI ATE E
Feb., 1914 THE JOURiVAL OF INDCSTRIAL A iV D E ATGI ATEE RI NG C H E ;MIS T R Y 171 Bverage copper The officers of the local section are : President, F. \br, Weissmann, present Copper found 2900 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Secretary, Stephan J. Name Per cent Per cent Hauser, 1623 Maple Svenue, College Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vanadium steel No. 24.. ............... 0.022 0,020 Chrome nickel steel pio. 32.. ........... 0.056 0.056 A more complete statement of the meeting will appear in the Chrome vanadium steel No. 30.. ........ 0 .0i0 0.066 March issue of THISJOURNAL. The titles of papers should be Nickel steel No. 33.. .................. 0.150 0.150 sent to the Secretary, Charles L. Parsons, Box 505, \bTashington, So. 5 A iron (C). ..................... 0.060 0.063 D. C. As a further proof of the accuracy of this method, known The following chairmen of committees have been appointed : amounts of pure electrolytic copper containing 99.88 per cent Executive Committee, Frederick W. Weissmann. of copper were added to the Bureau of Standards’ sample No. Finance Committee, Archibald Campbell. 14 A steel. The mixed drillings were dissolved in 20 cc. of Transportatidn and Excursions, Gordon Farnham. (2-1) nitric acid, 8 cc. of sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) added and Press, Publicity and Printing, C. T. P. Fennel. the solution evaporated until sulfuric acid fumes were evolved Reception and Registration, J. W. Ellms. freely. The solution was allowed to cool and then 25 cc. of cold Ladies’ Reception, Mrs. J. W, Ellms. water were added and the solution was heated until all the Entertainment, Richard Lord. -
Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity Sourcebook, 2013-2014 This Sourcebook Is the Property Of
Alpha Chi Sigma Sourcebook A Repository of Fraternity Knowledge for Reference and Education Academic Year 2013-2014 Edition 1 l Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity Sourcebook, 2013-2014 This Sourcebook is the property of: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Full Name Chapter Name ___________________________________________________ Pledge Class ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Date of Pledge Ceremony Date of Initiation ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Master Alchemist Vice Master Alchemist ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Master of Ceremonies Reporter ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Recorder Treasurer ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Alumni Secretary Other Officer Members of My Pledge Class ©2013 Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity 6296 Rucker Road, Suite B | Indianapolis, IN 46220 | (800) ALCHEMY | [email protected] | www.alphachisigma.org Click on the blue underlined terms to link to supplemental content. A printed version of the Sourcebook is available from the National Office. This document may be copied and distributed freely for not-for-profit purposes, in print or electronically, provided it is not edited or altered in any -
John Ulric N E F
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JOHN ULRIC N EF 1862—1915 A Biographical Memoir by M E L V I L L E L . W O L F R O M Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1960 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. JOHN ULRIC NEF' June 14,1862-August 13,1915 BY MELVILLE L. WOLFROM OHN ULRIC NEF was a great pioneer in American chemistry. It was J he, along with Arthur Michael and Ira Remsen, who was mainly responsible for the transfer to the universities of the United States of the tenets of the actively growing science of organic chemistry from the laboratories of the great European universities of the time. Nef was a pioneer in theoretical organic chemistry, a great experimental- ist, and an inspiring trainer of men. His advanced students, the Ph.D. trainees, went into positions in the American universities, and espe- cially in the Middle West, determined to carry on the tradition of research. In the words of one: "We were determined to keep some research going if it were only to boil water." This establishment of chemical research in the American universities was carried out under the most difficult of conditions and with little support or understand- ing on the part of the administrators of these growing institutions, who mainly considered the science departments, in the liberal arts colleges, as units which cost a lot of money and produced results of doubtful cultural value. -
A Book Collector's View of the Periodic Table: Key Documents
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia A Book Collector’s View of the Periodic Table: Key Documents before Mendeleev’s Citation: G. S. Girolami (2019) A Book Collector’s View of the Periodic Table: Contributions of 1869 Key Documents before Mendeleev’s Contributions of 1869. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 109-124. doi: 10.13128/Sub- stantia-592 Gregory S. Girolami Copyright: © 2019 G. S. Girolami. School of Chemical Sciences, 600 S. Mathews Ave., University of Illinois at Urbana- This is an open access, peer-reviewed Champaign, Urbana, 61801, US article published by Firenze University E-mail: [email protected] Press (http://www.fupress.com/substan- tia) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Abstract. The present article identifies and discusses some of the books and scientif- License, which permits unrestricted ic articles that played important roles in the development of the periodic law, before use, distribution, and reproduction Mendeleev published his Periodic System in 1869. For each book, information is giv- in any medium, provided the original en about the edition in which the discovery was made, and for each scientific article, author and source are credited. information is given about the form in which it was issued, such as whether offprints Data Availability Statement: All rel- were printed in addition to the journal appearance. Some observations of interest to evant data are within the paper and its book collectors are included, such as assessments of the availability of these documents Supporting Information files. on the rare book market. This paper may also be of use to those who wish to learn about (or to teach) the history of the periodic law from the original documents that Competing Interests: The Author(s) first announced important advances toward its creation.