Natural Selection and Adaptation TEACHER MATERIALS
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Laroche: Mouse Colouration
Review Activity Module 3: Genetics Laroche: Mouse Colouration During module 4 on evolution, we will spend several classes examining the evolutionary significance of fur colour in a certain group of mice from the Sonoran desert in the South-Western United States. To prepare for this module, in the review activities for the first 3 modules we will be examining the molecular, cellular, and genetic basis for mouse coat colour. In the review activities for modules 1 and 2, we learned about a protein called MC1R that is found in the cell membranes of specific mouse cells called melanocytes, whose job it is to produce the pigment melanin, which gives mice the colouration of their fur. In this activity we will further examine the genetic and molecular basis for the production of fur colour. The Rock Pocket Mouse: The rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius, is a small, nocturnal animal found in the deserts of the south-western United States. Most rock pocket mice have a sandy, light-coloured coat that enables them to blend in with the light color of the desert rocks and sand on which they live. However, populations of primarily dark-coloured rock pocket mice have been found living in areas where the ground is covered in a dark rock called basalt caused by geologic lava flows thousands of years ago. Scientists have collected data from a population of primarily dark- coloured mice living in an area of basalt called the Pinacate lava flow in Arizona, as well as from a nearby light-coloured population. Researchers analyzed the data from these two populations in search of the genetic mutation responsible for the dark color. -
Hispid Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus Hispidus
Wyoming Species Account Hispid Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus hispidus REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: No special status USFS R2: No special status USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: No special status State of Wyoming: Nongame Wildlife CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: No special status WGFD: NSSU (U), Tier III WYNDD: G5, S1S3 Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS The Wyoming Natural Diversity Database has assigned Hispid Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus hispidus) a state conservation rank ranging from S1 (Critically Imperiled) to S3 (Vulnerable) because of uncertainty about the proportion of range occupied and population trends for this species in Wyoming. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Historically, there were four recognized subspecies of Hispid Pocket Mouse, and only C. h. paradoxus was found in Wyoming 1-5. A recent DNA-based study determined that the previously accepted subspecies are neither morphologically nor genetically distinct and instead proposed new subspecies boundaries delineated by four geographically and ecologically disjunct mitochondrial clades 6. Following this taxonomic revision, Wyoming remains within the distribution of the newly defined subspecies C. h. paradoxus 6. Description: It is possible to identify Hispid Pocket Mouse in the field. It is the largest Wyoming pocket mouse species; adults weigh between 40–60 g and can reach total lengths of 200–223 mm 2. Tail, hind foot, and ear length ranges from 90–113 mm, 25–28 mm, and 12–13 mm, respectively 2. Hispid Pocket Mouse is named for its distinctly coarse dorsal pelage, which is buff to yellowish orange mixed with black hairs, thus leading to an overall brownish or even olive appearance 1, 2, 4, 5, 7. -
Rock Pocket Mouse Answers
Rock Pocket Mouse Answers QUESTIONS 1. Explain why a rock pocket mouse’s color influences its overall fitness. Remember that “fitness” is defined by an organism’s ability to survive and produce offspring. Your explanation should include coat color as an important means of camouflage for the rock pocket mice and that this characteristic allows them to survive and produce offspring 2. Explain the presence of dark-colored mice at location A. Why didn’t this phenotype become more common in the population? The dark-colored mice arose in the population at location A by random mutation. The phenotype did not increase because it did not afford a selective advantage to the mice. 3. Write a scientific summary that describes changes in the rock pocket mouse populations at location B. Your summary should include • a description of how the population has changed over time, • an explanation of what caused the changes, and • a prediction that describes what the population will look like 100 years in the future. Base your prediction on trends in the data you have organized. You can assume that environmental conditions do not change over the 100 years. • Originally, location B had a sandy-colored substrate. Light-colored mice had a selective advantage because they could better avoid predation. • Location B became covered in dark-colored volcanic rock, which means that dark-colored mice now had an advantage over light-colored mice in that environment. • Over time, dark-colored mice became more common at location B because more of their offspring survived to reproduce and pass on their genes, including the gene for fur color. -
Colorado Field Ornithologists the Colorado Field Ornithologists' Quarterly
Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists The Colorado Field Ornithologists' Quarterly VOL. 36, NO. 1 Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists January 2002 Vol. 36, No. 1 Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists January 2002 TABLE OF C ONTENTS A LETTER FROM THE E DITOR..............................................................................................2 2002 CONVENTION IN DURANGO WITH KENN KAUFMANN...................................................3 CFO BOARD MEETING MINUTES: 1 DECEMBER 2001........................................................4 TREE-NESTING HABITAT OF PURPLE MARTINS IN COLORADO.................................................6 Richard T. Reynolds, David P. Kane, and Deborah M. Finch OLIN SEWALL PETTINGILL, JR.: AN APPRECIATION...........................................................14 Paul Baicich MAMMALS IN GREAT HORNED OWL PELLETS FROM BOULDER COUNTY, COLORADO............16 Rebecca E. Marvil and Alexander Cruz UPCOMING CFO FIELD TRIPS.........................................................................................23 THE SHRIKES OF DEARING ROAD, EL PASO COUNTY, COLORADO 1993-2001....................24 Susan H. Craig RING-BILLED GULLS FEEDING ON RUSSIAN-OLIVE FRUIT...................................................32 Nicholas Komar NEWS FROM THE C OLORADO BIRD R ECORDS COMMITTEE (JANUARY 2002).........................35 Tony Leukering NEWS FROM THE FIELD: THE SUMMER 2001 REPORT (JUNE - JULY)...................................36 Christopher L. Wood and Lawrence S. Semo COLORADO F IELD O -
Natural Selection and Evolution of Rock Pocket Mouse Populations
ANSWER KEY PART A: NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION OF ROCK POCKET MOUSE POPULATIONS INTRODUCTION The rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius, a small, nocturnal animal, is found in the deserts of the southwestern United States. Most of these mice have a sandy, light-colored coat that enables them to blend in with the light-colored desert rocks and sand on which they live. However, populations of primarily dark-colored rock pocket mice have been found living in areas where a dark rock called basalt covers the ground. The basalt formed from cooling lava flows thousands of years ago. Scientists have collected data from a population of primarily dark-colored mice living in an area of basalt in Arizona called the Pinacate lava flow, as well as from a nearby light-colored population. Researchers analyzed the data from these two populations in search of the genetic mutation responsible for the dark color. Their analyses led to their discovery of a mutation in the Mc1r gene, which is involved in coat-color determination. MATERIALS genetic code chart (see page 4 or any biology textbook) PROCEDURE 1. Read the following excerpt from an article published in Smithsonian magazine by Dr. Sean Carroll, a leading evolutionary biologist and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator: “One of the most widespread phenomena in the animal kingdom is the occurrence of darkly pigmented varieties within species. All sorts of moths, beetles, butterflies, snakes, lizards and birds have forms that are all or mostly black. All of these so-called “melanic” forms result from increased production of the pigment melanin in the skin, fur, scales, or feathers. -
4.7 Transcript for HHMI Rock Pocket Mouse Activity.Docx
Transcript for The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation NARRATOR: Across the American Southwest, golden deserts, dotted by cacti and brush, stretch for miles. Yet here in New Mexico’s Valley of Fire[s], the landscape changes dramatically. Patches of black rock interrupt the sand, remnants of volcanic eruptions that occurred about 1,000 years ago. The eruptions spewed a river of lava more than 40 miles long across the desert. As the molten rock cooled, it darkened, leaving any creature dependent on camouflage in serious trouble. DR. CARROLL: In the complex battle of life, one of the constant struggles is between seeing and not being seen, the evolutionary game of hide-and-seek. And we’ve come here to the Valley of Fire[s] in New Mexico, a battlefield, to find one of the tiniest soldiers and what it can teach us about how evolution works. NARRATOR: On the desert sands, the rock pocket mouse blends in perfectly, its light-colored fur concealing it from predators. But on dark lava, the same fur makes the mouse stand out, attracting the many creatures that see it as food. DR. NACHMAN: These mice are the Snickers bar of the desert. They’re eaten by foxes and coyotes and rattlesnakes, and certainly by owls and maybe even occasionally hawks. And most of those predators are visual predators. NARRATOR: So what happened to the pocket mice that found themselves on this new terrain? When I accompany biologist Michael Nachman onto the lava, it doesn’t take long to find out. DR. -
List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34. -
Chaetodipus Baileyi) and the Peromyscus Eremicus Species Group: Historical Vicariance of the Baja California Peninsular Desert Brett R
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 17, No. 2, November, pp. 161–172, 2000 doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0842, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Comparative Phylogeography of Baileys’ Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus baileyi) and the Peromyscus eremicus Species Group: Historical Vicariance of the Baja California Peninsular Desert Brett R. Riddle,* David J. Hafner,† and Lois F. Alexander* *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004; and †New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104 Received October 13, 1999; revised July 24, 2000 Nelson and E. A. Goldman surveyed the Peninsula on Phylogenetic analysis of 699 bp of the mitochondrial horseback for the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey in DNA (mtDNA) COIII and 450 bp of the cytochrome b 1905 and 1906 (Nelson, 1921). Huey (1964) provided a genes among 14 species of coarse-haired pocket mice description of the Peninsula’s mammals as of 1960, and (Heteromyidae: Chaetodipus) corroborated previous a general description of the mammalian biogeography indications that genetic divergence between species of the region by Orr (1960) was followed by more de- and species groups within the genus is generally very tailed analyses of the ecological (Lawlor, 1983a,b) and high, suggesting old times of divergence, and that the historical biogeography of the mammals of the Penin- nominal species C. baileyi represents a highly diver- sular mainland and surrounding islands (Hafner and gent lineage within the genus, with no closely related Riddle, 1997). In concert with these studies have been extant sister species. -
The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation INTRODUCTION to the MOLECULAR GENETICS of the COLOR MUTATIONS IN
Lesson The Making of theThe Fittest: Making of the Fittest LESSON Natural Selection and Adaptation Educator Materials Natural Selection and Adaptation TEACHER MATERIALS INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE COLOR MUTATIONS IN ROCK POCKET MICE OVERVIEW These lessons serve as an extension to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute short film The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation. Students will transcribe and translate portions of the wild-type and mutant rock pocket mouse Mc1r gene. By comparing DNA sequences, students identify the locations and types of mutations responsible for the coat-color change described in the film. Students will answer a series of questions to explain how a change in amino acid sequence affects the functionality of the MC1R protein, and how that change might directly affect the coat color of the rock pocket mouse populations and the survival of that population. KEY CONCEPTS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES • A mutation is a random change to an organism’s DNA sequence. • Most mutations have no effect on traits, but some mutations affect the expression of a gene and/or the gene product. • The environment contributes to determining whether a mutation is advantageous, deleterious, or neutral. • Natural selection preserves favorable traits. • Variation, selection, and time fuel the process of evolution. • Both the type of the mutation and its location determine whether or not it will have an effect on phenotype (advanced version only). Students will be able to: • transcribe and translate a DNA sequence. -
Heteromyidae)
UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2003 Evolutionary and biogeographic histories in a North American rodent family (Heteromyidae) Lois Fay Alexander University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Alexander, Lois Fay, "Evolutionary and biogeographic histories in a North American rodent family (Heteromyidae)" (2003). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/g45f-ub85 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC HISTORIES IN A NORTH AMERICAN RODENT FAMILY (HETEROMYIDAE) by Lois Fay Alexander Bachelor of Science Oregon State University, Corvallis 1990 Master of Science Oregon State University, Corvallis 1994 A thesis submitted in partial fialfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biological Sciences Department of Biological Sciences College of Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Observations on Small Mammals Recovered from Owl Pellets from Nebraska
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum Museum, University of Nebraska State December 2000 Observations on Small Mammals Recovered from Owl Pellets from Nebraska Jeffrey J. Huebschman University of Wisconsin-Platteville, [email protected] Hugh H. Genoways University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Patricia W. Freeman University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Joseph A. Gubanyi Concordia University, Seward, NE, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy Part of the Zoology Commons Huebschman, Jeffrey J.; Genoways, Hugh H.; Freeman, Patricia W.; and Gubanyi, Joseph A., "Observations on Small Mammals Recovered from Owl Pellets from Nebraska" (2000). Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. From: Observations on Small Mammals The Prairie Naturalist 32:4 (December 2000), pp. 209–215. Recovered from Owl Pellets from Nebraska Published by the Great Plains Natural Science Society; used by permission. http://www.fhsu.edu/biology/pn/prairienat.htm JEFFREY J. HUEBSCHMAN, PATRICIA W. FREEMAN, HUGH H. GENOWAYS, AND JOSEPH A. GUBANYI University of Nebraska State Museum, and School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 (JJH, PWF, HHG) Concordia University, Seward, NE 68434 (JAG) ABSTRACT — Mammalian remains from owl pellet material collected in 24 Ne- braska counties were examined. -
Species Risk Assessment
Ecological Sustainability Analysis of the Kaibab National Forest: Species Diversity Report Ver. 1.2 Prepared by: Mikele Painter and Valerie Stein Foster Kaibab National Forest For: Kaibab National Forest Plan Revision Analysis 22 December 2008 SpeciesDiversity-Report-ver-1.2.doc 22 December 2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 PART I: Species Diversity.............................................................................................................. 1 Species List ................................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria .................................................................................................................................... 2 Assessment Sources................................................................................................................ 3 Screening Results.................................................................................................................... 4 Habitat Associations and Initial Species Groups........................................................................ 8 Species associated with ecosystem diversity characteristics of terrestrial vegetation or aquatic systems ......................................................................................................................