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that that would have for lifting all of southern empire. A global economy has collapsed dis- Africa and setting an example that others tances and expanded opportunity, because of might follow is quite extraordinary. a communications revolution symbolized I think the whole world has been moved most clearly by CNN and what all of us are by the size of the turnout, by the profound doing this evening all around the world. passion of the people, and by the rather mi- We are front-row history witnesses. We raculous partnership between Mr. Mandela see things as they occur. I remember when and Mr. de Klerk, and the fact that Chief I was a young man watching the news on Buthelezi and the Inkatha Party came back television at night. There was only a small in the 11th hour, participated, and apparently amount of coverage allotted to the world have done as about projected and will be a scene, and very often the footage I would part of the government. So I’m hoping that see as a boy would be a whole day old. Now this is all going to work out fine. we’re impatient if we learn about things an hour after they occur instead of seeing them Supreme Court Appointment in the moment. Q. Mr. President, would you appoint The Berlin Wall has been toppled. A hand- someone on the Supreme Court without shake of hope has started the series of peace interviewing them yourself? news that will be necessary at long last to President Jimmy Carter. I would. bring peace to the troubled Middle East. And President Clinton. Did you hear what he this week we saw these glorious and unfor- said? He said, ‘‘I would.’’ [Laughter] gettable scenes of millions of South Africans of all races lining up with joy and courage NOTE: The exchange began at 5:23 p.m. at the to give birth to their new multiracial democ- Carter Center. President Jimmy Carter made wel- racy. coming remarks and answered reporters’ ques- tions prior to the President’s remarks. A tape was But all of us know that this era poses dan- not available for verification of the content of this gers as well. Russia and the other former exchange. Communist states are going through wrench- ing transitions. The end of the superpower standoff between the United States and the Interview on CNN’s ‘‘Global Forum Soviet Union lifted the lid off a cauldron of With President Clinton’’ smoldering ethnic hatreds. And there is now May 3, 1994 so much aggression within the national bor- ders of countries all around the world. In- The President. Thank you. Thank you deed, all of us feel our humanity threatened very much. Mr. Johnson, Mr. Turner, and as much by fights going on within the borders ladies and gentlemen, good evening. I want of nations as by the dangers of fighting across to welcome those of you who are here at the national borders. CNN conference and the millions more who There are regimes, such as Iraq, Iran, and are watching all across the world tonight. I North Korea, who persist in working to de- also want to thank the Carter Center for velop weapons of mass destruction. We see hosting us for this pathbreaking discussion brutal human rights abuses from Haiti to of world events. Rwanda and dire humanitarian and environ- Throughout the history of the United mental problems from the sweeping AIDS States and particularly after major conflicts, epidemic and desertification in Africa to de- America has had to reexamine how we define forestation in Latin America and Asia. our security and what kind of world we hope In the face of so much promise and trou- to live in and leave our children and what ble, we have a chance, a chance to create our responsibilities for that world are. With conditions of greater peace and prosperity the cold war over we have clearly come to and hopefully more lasting peace and pros- another such moment, a time of great change perity, but only if the world’s leading nations and possibility. The specter of nuclear anni- stay actively engaged in the effort. hilation is clearly receding. A score of new With the cold war over, there are pressures democracies has replaced the former Soviet here in America and in other nations around

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the world to turn inward, to focus on needs readiness of our men and women in uniform at home. Here at home for us that means remains a bulwark of our freedom and free- things like job creation and reducing crime dom in many places abroad. and providing health care to all our citizens. Last year, we completed a sweeping as- It is right, and indeed imperative, for us to sessment of what military forces we now address these needs. But the United States need in order to meet this era’s threats. We cannot turn our back on the world, nor can concluded that we must have forces that can other nations. I know our engagement costs fight and win two major regional conflicts money, and sometimes it costs lives. I know nearly simultaneously. These forces will cost well that we cannot solve every problem, nor less than what was needed during the cold should we try. But in an era of change and war, but we must not cut too far. And I have opportunity and peril, America must be will- fought against deeper cuts in our defenses ing to assume the obligations and the risks that would weaken our ability to be ready of leadership. And I am determined to see to defend our interests. that we do that. We’re taking other steps to meet the It is important that we have a clear road threats of this new era. At the NATO summit map in a new era based on our national inter- convened in January, we and our NATO al- ests and our clearly stated values, a road map lies adopted the concept of the Partnership that charts where we’re trying to go. Tonight For Peace to help draw former Communist let me briefly sketch it out before taking states and other states in Europe not pres- questions. ently aligned with NATO into closer security Our highest priority and my highest prior- cooperation with Western Europe. We’re ity as President must continue to be simply working to increase regional security in areas and clearly to protect our land, our people, like the Middle East, where we hope tomor- and our way of life. That is the core of our row Israel and the PLO will sign an impor- national interest. We also must seize oppor- tant accord that builds on the promise of tunities that will enhance our safety and our their breakthrough last September. prosperity, acting alone when necessary, act- We’re continuing to reduce the world’s nu- ing with others whenever possible. clear dangers, working to end North Korea’s We have an interest in continuing to serve dangerous nuclear program. We started ne- as a beacon of strength and freedom and gotiations on a comprehensive test ban. hope. For we are, after all, a unique nation. When I took office, four former Soviet re- We are the world’s most powerful arsenal, publics had nuclear weapons. We succeeded its oldest democracy, its most daring experi- with three of them in nailing down commit- ment in forging different races, religions, and ments to eliminate their entire nuclear arse- cultures into a single people. nals. And we are proceeding in that impor- Since taking office, my strategy to advance tant work. And now, for the very first time, those interests has been based on three prior- our nuclear missiles are no longer targeted ities: first, developing policies to meet the at Russia, nor theirs at us. security challenges of this new era and then The second part of our strategy is to place shaping our defense forces necessary to carry economic progress at the center of our poli- out those policies; second, making our Na- cies abroad. For too many years there was tion’s global economic interests an integral a dangerous dislocation here in America be- and essential part of our foreign policies; and tween our international policies and our eco- third, promoting the spread of democracy nomic policies. We were strong militarily abroad. when we became economically weak because Let me discuss each of these briefly. First, of our dangerously high deficits and low pro- ensuring that we have strong policies and ductivity, things which contributed to the ready defenses for a new security environ- weakening of nations all around the world ment. Thankfully, we no longer face the pros- and dried up much of the capital needed in pect of Soviet troops marching into Western less developed countries for development Europe. But the world is still a dangerous and growth. We advocated free trade, but place, and the skill and the power and the often we practiced just the reverse when

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under the pressure of poor economic per- ter partners in diplomacy and security. That’s formance. And even when we pushed free why I have given a lot of attention to promot- trade, we often here in our own country ing democratic and market reformers in Rus- lacked the policies we needed to make sure sia, in Ukraine, the Baltics, and other former that it benefited ordinary American citizens. Communist states. We saw that strategy pay My goal has been to reduce our deficit, off again just last week as Russia and Latvia increase our investment, increase our com- reached an historic accord to withdraw Rus- petitiveness, improve the education and sia’s military from Latvian territory by the training of our people, and keep pushing for end of August. agreements to open world markets for no Our goal is to foster the success of new special treatment for the United States but democracies like those in Latin America and more open markets so that all of us may grow now in South Africa and to apply pressure and compete together. to restore democracy where it has been over- This past year, there was important thrown, as in Haiti. progress. We enacted the North American Security, prosperity, democracy: These are Free Trade Agreement with Canada and the pillars of our strategy in the new world. Mexico and secured the biggest market These building blocks do not answer every opening agreement in history with the GATT question we confront. In particular, this era world trade talks, agreements that will create has seen an epidemic of humanitarian catas- American jobs for us here in the United trophes, many caused by ethnic conflicts or States while spurring significant global eco- the collapse of governments. Some, such as nomic growth. We hosted a summit of lead- Bosnia, clearly affect our interests. Others, ers from the Asian-Pacific region, the fastest such as Rwanda, less directly affect our own growing region on Earth. This year we will security interests but still warrant our con- seek enactment of the GATT round in the cern and our assistance. Congress and convene the first summit in a America cannot solve every problem and generation of our hemispheric neighbors. must not become the world’s policeman. But We work to promote environmentally we do have an obligation to join with others sound forms of economic development both to do what we can to relieve suffering and here and abroad. We have to remember that to restore peace. many of the civil wars we have seen and are The means we use will and must vary from seeing today, tearing apart societies across circumstance to circumstance. When our Africa and elsewhere, are caused not only by most important interests are at stake, we will historic conflicts but also by the abject and not hesitate to act alone if necessary. Where utterly terrifying deterioration of not only the we share an interest in action with the inter- economy but the environment in which those national community, we work perhaps people live. through the United Nations. This week we The third key to our policy is fostering de- will unveil a set of policies to reform U.N. mocracy. The new progress of democracy all peacekeeping to help make those operations around the world resonates with our values both less expensive and more effective. and our interests. It makes us safer here in In other cases we will work in partnership the United States. We know democracies are with other nations. In Bosnia, for example, less likely to wage war, to violate human we have stepped up our diplomatic involve- rights, to break treaties. That’s why we fought ment, along with Russia and others. We sup- two world wars, to protect Europe’s democ- ported NATO enforcement measures and racies, and why we stood firm for a half a committed to provide United States forces century to contain communism. as a part of a NATO enforcement mission Now the greatest opportunity for our secu- if and when the parties can reach a workable rity is to help enlarge the world’s commu- peace agreement. nities of market democracies and to move Although that conflict continues, we toward a world in which all the great powers should never forget that there are tonight govern by a democratic plan. If we do, we’ll people in Sarajevo, Tuzla, and Mostar who have more valuable partners in trade and bet- are alive because of the actions taken with

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NATO working with the United Nations. The went back to the drawing board. We have safe areas, the no-fly zone, the longest hu- worked for months since Governors Island manitarian airlift in history, all these efforts was abrogated to try to find other solutions. and others are contributing to a resolution Meanwhile, innocent civilians are being of a very difficult problem. killed and mutilated. This is a pivotal moment in the affairs of We are doing our best to avoid dealing our world, a moment when we can expand with the military option. We are now pursu- the frontiers of freedom, create a more pros- ing—we put on the table at the United Na- perous global economy, give millions in war- tions today—stiffer sanctions. We’re working torn lands a chance to enjoy a normal life, for tougher enforcement of the existing sanc- when we can make the people in each of tions. But given how many people are being our lands safer from the world’s deadliest killed and the abject misery of the Haitian weapons. people and the fact that democracy was im- On each of these, I believe the leadership planted by the people and then uprooted by of the United States is indispensable. My the military rulers there, I think that we can- commitment is to exercise that leadership so not afford to discount the prospect of a mili- that we can pass onto our children a world tary option. that is safer, freer, and more livable for their I want to work with our friends and neigh- future. bors in the Caribbean and in all of Latin Thank you very much. America. And I hope that whatever we do The President. Thank you. from here on out will have their support. The Haiti United States never will interfere in the af- fairs of another country to try to seek to [At this point, Judy Woodruff described the thwart the popular will there. This is a dif- format for the forum and introduced a partic- ferent case. ipant from Trinidad, who asked about U.S. Ms. Woodruff. If I may follow up, Mr. policy toward the Caribbean and Latin President, when you say you wouldn’t rule America.] out a use of military force, you’re saying U.S. The President. Well, our policy has not troops on the ground. What would be their changed. I believe in the Good Neighbor mission if they were to go there? Policy, and we’ve tried to be a good neighbor. The President. Well, let me say what our We have worked with our friends in Mexico policy is. Our policy—and we have not de- on trade and democracy. We have worked cided to use force; all I’ve said is we can’t with many other countries. The Vice Presi- rule it out any longer. Our policy is to restore dent has been to South America a couple democracy to Haiti and then to work to de- of times to work on developing the informa- velop Haiti with a functioning government tion superhighway and many other things. and a growing economy. The people who are We’re trying to bring democracies into closer now in control in Haiti have thwarted democ- trade relationships with us in the Caribbean, racy; they have brought down the economy; as well as in Central and South America. And they have visited abject misery on their peo- I have made it very clear that the United ple. And they are now once again killing and States wishes to be a partner, not a dictator, mutilating not just sympathizers of Aristide about the internal events of other countries. but other innocent civilians. And it is wrong, On the other hand, every country in the and we’ve got to do what we can to try to region is governed by a democratically elect- stop it. That is our policy, and we are going ed government but two. One is Cuba; the to pursue that policy as vigorously as we can. other is Haiti, which voted two-thirds for I want to make it clear: This is the respon- President Aristide, and he was then thrown sibility not of the United States but of the out. We had an agreement, the Governors people who are running things in Haiti to- Island Agreement, made by the military, the night. They abrogated the Governors Island Aristide faction, in cooperation with the Agreement. They have started killing, first United States and the United Nations. It was the allies of President Aristide and now inno- abrogated by the military rulers of Haiti. We cent civilians. They have brought this reign

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of terror and poverty on their people. They other nations. It is a very serious potential can change it tomorrow if they will. And I situation. We intend to stand firm and to hope they will. keep working with our allies, the South Kore- Ms. Woodruff. But you wouldn’t say at ans, the Japanese, working with the Chinese this point what the mission would be if we and others, to reach a good solution to this. were to go in? Our hand is still out to the people of North The President. The mission of the United Korea and to the leaders of North Korea. States, whatever means we choose to pursue But we expect the commitment that North that mission, is to restore democracy, to start Korea made to be a nonnuclear state to be a multinational effort to help Haiti function honored. and to grow again and to crawl out of this Ms. Woodruff. Mr. President, if I may just enormous hole that the present rulers of quickly follow up here. With all due respect Haiti have illegally driven the people into. to what you said, if North Korea wants to go ahead and develop a nuclear weapon, North Korea what is to stop them from doing so? You’re [A participant from Seoul, South Korea asked not saying that the United States is prepared about the nuclear crisis on the Korean Penin- to go to war if they continue with this pro- sula.] gram that they’ve begun. The President. The President. Well, I think it is a very At a minimum, North serious situation. And let me say, first of all, Korea will be much more isolated, in a much it is a very serious situation because North more tenuous position. And the relationships Korea has agreed to be a nonnuclear state, between the North Koreans and South Korea to follow nonproliferation policies. Because will be strained, I think, irrevocably in many it has nuclear resources, it has agreed in the ways. And the problems that North Korea past to submit to the international inspec- will then have with their neighbors in Japan tions of the IAEA. There has been a lot of as well as with their friends in China will trouble about that, as you know, as well as be very significant. The least that would hap- about how to resume a dialog between North pen is that they would be much, much more Korea and South Korea. I would say to you, severely isolated and they would run a risk sir, that the options we have are largely again of having more difficult things happen. And in the hands of the North Koreans them- their rhetoric has recognized that. selves. North Korea can choose, and I hope I think this is another one of those issues— they will. it’s in the hands of the North Koreans. But And I would say this to the North Kore- we have reached out the hand of friendship ans—I believe we have North Koreans and cooperation, and we know the South Ko- watching us tonight—I would say to you: The reans wish to do the same. It does not really United States wishes to have friendly and make sense for the North Koreans to pursue open relationships with you. We wish to have this path of isolation. They can have more a constructive relationship. We want you to prosperity, more security, and more prestige have a constructive relationship with South by abandoning this nuclear program that they Korea. You in North Korea have pledged have already promised to abandon than by yourselves to a nonnuclear Korean Peninsula. going forward with it, and I hope they will. That’s what we want. If there is a policy of Bosnia isolation pursued by us, it will only be be- cause you decide not to follow through on [Following a commercial break, a journalist the commitments you have already made to in Belgrade asked if it would be more produc- honor international inspections and to be a tive to treat all factions in the Bosnia conflict nonnuclear state. equally, without sanctions against the Serbs.] The options are, I think, clear. But they The President. I guess the short answer are not easy. No one wishes this confronta- is no, but not entirely no. Let me explain tion. But neither does one wish to have a what I mean by that. state not only with nuclear power but with The United States does not believe that a capacity to proliferate nuclear weapons to we can or should, alone or through NATO,

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enter into your war on the side of the Gov- would encourage North Korea, for example, ernment of Bosnia and its new partnership to take the United States less seriously.] with the Croats. When we supported creating The President. No, but speeches like that the safe zone around Sarajevo, we made it may make them take me less seriously than absolutely clear that anyone caught violating I’d like to be taken. There have been no con- the safe zone would be subject to the NATO stant flip-flops, madam. I ran for President air strikes, including weaponry of the govern- saying that I would do my best to limit ethnic ment. We also have made it clear to the gov- cleansing and to see the United States play ernment that they should not look to us to a more active role in resolving the problem change the military balance on the ground, in Bosnia. And we have been much more and that there has to be a negotiated settle- active than my predecessor was in every way ment. We have said that to the government, from the beginning. I also said very clearly just as the Russians have said that to the Bos- that I did not believe we should inject Amer- nian Serbs. And we intend to undertake a ican ground forces on the ground in Bosnia very intense effort to restore diplomatic ne- to try to affect the strategic outcome, to take gotiations. part in the civil war. Now, having said that, I do not favor lifting When I became President, I argued to our the sanctions while that is going on for the European allies that we ought to lift the arms very simple reason that the United States embargo, or at least be caught trying, in the supported and recognized Serbia when it be- United Nations because of the unfairness of came an independent country, Croatia, and the situation on the ground. They argued Bosnia. The United Nations decided to keep back to me that they were on the ground the arms embargo on all of the former Yugo- as part of the U.N. peacekeeping force and slavia. But the arms embargo was a mockery that if we lifted the arms embargo, we would in Bosnia because Serbia was next to the area lengthen the war, make it more bloody, and occupied by the Bosnian Serbs. And as you subject their people to being shot or taken know, Yugoslavia was a great manufacturer, as hostages. So, we could not prevail. even an exporter, of arms before it broke up. I then worked to get NATO, for the first So the necessary effect of the arms embargo time in its history, to agree to an out-of-area was to give an enormous strategic advantage operation, which we did in August. We have to the Serbs in heavy weaponry, to facilitate enforced a no-fly zone. We have had the ethnic cleansing when we were trying to sup- longest humanitarian air lift in history. We port a peaceful solution that would enable have succeeded, because of the NATO air all the people of Bosnia, the Serbs, the power, I believe, in getting a lot of the lines Croats, and the Muslims, to live together. of communications for humanitarian aid So I could not support lifting the embargo. open again there, and of course, the safe zone But I agree with you to the extent that there around Sarajevo and elsewhere. I wish it cannot be a military victory here. There must could have been done overnight, but fun- be a negotiated settlement. That is why I damentally, Bosnia is in the—it’s in the thought it was a mistake for the Serbs to American interest to limit the conflict to Bos- press their advantage around Gorazde. We nia, to try to restore humanitarian conditions, only seek to use NATO air power to protect to see that a bad example is not set, and to safe areas, to keep the Brcko area stable, to limit the refugee outflow. Those are the stop this fighting on the ground. Let’s go things we are trying to do. back to the negotiations. Let’s make a peace We have troops in Macedonia. We have so that we can all return to normal peaceful used our air power. We have pushed NATO. relations. I want that, and I want that with And we have pushed the United Nations. But Serbia as well. But we have to do it in the I don’t think you can say that the world com- right and moral way. munity could have intervened and changed the course of this war or should have inter- [A participant from Sarajevo asked if delay vened on one side or the other. What we in articulating a policy on Bosnia had aided need to do is to stop the conflict from spread- the Bosnian Serbs and if the policy flip-flops ing, which I think has been done, try to stop

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the military escalation within Bosnia, which it go. It’s a sinkhole. You can have no influ- I think has been done, and then get the par- ence. Walk away from it. If you try to do ties back to negotiate a decent peace. something, you can’t dominate it; you’ll just I believe that was, as a practical matter, be attacked for that.’’ I thought that was bad the only option open to me after I became advice. The United States sometimes has to President, and I have worked very hard on try to make a difference where it cannot con- it for a year. I do not believe I should have trol events but can influence them. That is injected American ground forces there into the situation with Bosnia. We are not in con- the conflict. We, after all, had at the time trol; we have some influence, we’re doing our I became President several thousand forces best to exercise it, and I think we’re better in Somalia. We have obligations in Korea and off. in other places in Asia. We have obligations I think during the campaign, when I made potentially in the Middle East because of the it clear that I didn’t think we could or should work we are doing there. And the United send ground forces in unless there was an States has done the best it could. agreement, I underestimated the difficulty of I think we have done a very great deal. getting broad agreement through NATO and Do I wish we could have done more earlier? then getting the U.N. to use the NATO force. Do I wish the Europeans and our other allies I did underestimate that. It took longer than had totally agreed with me? Of course I do. I wish it had. But if you think about what But I also respect their differences and their an unprecedented action NATO has taken, long experience in this area. I did the best the first time we have ever acted together I could. I moved as quickly as I could. I think out of the NATO area, I think still it’s some- we have shown a good deal of resolve. And thing that’s remarkable and very much worth I think what this Bosnian situation shows is doing. that if you can get NATO agreement to act Poland and NATO with resolve, NATO can have an impact. I will still say in the end we have to resolve [A participant from Poland asked about the this through negotiations. Air power cannot denial of NATO membership to Poland.] change the course of the civil war either. The President. First of all, I fully expect They’re going to have to negotiate a peace. NATO to be expanded eastward. At the time What we’re going to try to do is to make we formed the Partnership For Peace and it less bloody and less productive to pursue asked Poland to participate, which it agreed aggression, so that the parties will want to to do, along with Hungary, Slovakia, the go back to the peace table. Czech Republic, all the former Warsaw Pact Ms. Woodruff. Mr. President, just a quick countries, Ukraine, all the former republics followup. Would you not acknowledge that of the Soviet Union, there was at that time given what you said during the campaign no consensus within NATO about which about it being time to end Serb aggression, countries to take in, in what order, and what that it is much easier to make these state- the obligations of NATO membership would ments in a campaign than actually to carry be for a new country coming in. So it wasn’t, them out as President? with all respect, in response to Russian pres- The President. Well, what I will acknowl- sure that no membership was offered to Po- edge is that I underestimated the difficulty land or any other country last summer. of putting a coalition together, all agreeing What I argued for in the Partnership For on one policy. And that—her question to me Peace was the beginning of joint planning, was right if she were to ask me, do I think joint maneuvers, joint operations with mili- it took too long for all of us to get together? tary cooperation with any country that want- Yes, I do. But we worked at it very hard from ed to join the Partnership For Peace, includ- the beginning. I don’t think it’s fair to say ing, I acknowledged Russia if they wished we’ve gone back and forth. We tried one to join. Because I thought at the end of the area; it didn’t work; we try another. cold war, we had a chance which we ought There were people who said to me, ‘‘Don’t to take, a chance to see Europe united for get involved in Bosnia. Leave it alone. Let the first time since nation states began to dot

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the European continent—a chance. And it of Lebanon and excising terrorism from Leb- seemed to me that the Partnership For Peace anon. And I believe we are on that road, and offered us the best of both worlds. That is, we have a real chance to make progress this if everyone would agree to observe and re- year. spect their neighbors territorially and to see Obviously, since their conversations are their neighbors’ territory as integral to their private, I can’t say more. But all I can tell own security, then we might succeed. you is I honestly believe that, and I think If, in fact, imperialist tensions in Russia the other major actors in this drama believe reasserted themselves, then we could always, it as well. by planning for NATO, take in other coun- Ms. Woodruff. Mr. President, I’ve just tries into NATO membership at an appro- priate time without any risk to their security been told that just in the first few minutes whatever. That is my hope and goal. that a Palestinian delegate, PLO delegate, If you’re asking me, the big question is, has announced in the Middle East that the does the United States have an interest in Israelis and the PLO have wound up their the security of the people of Poland and talks, and they have reached an agreement Hungary and Central Europe and Eastern on Palestinian autonomy, which was some- Europe? The answer to that is yes. But don’t thing you referred to just a few moments ago. assume that NATO has walked away from We want to go—continue in our Jerusalem Poland. NATO is walking toward Poland, not location now with a question from a Palestin- away. ian journalist. Go ahead. Middle East [An Israeli journalist asked what evidence the [A Palestinian journalist in Jerusalem asked President had of a strategic change on the about loans and loan guarantees for Palestin- part of President Hafiz al-Asad of Syria re- ians.] garding peace with Israel and regarding ter- The President. Well, first, let me say, I rorism.] agree it will take more than $2 billion to to- The President. The evidence I find is that tally construct a successful economy on the he has welcomed a very frank and candid West Bank and around Jericho and in other and explicit exchange of views and ideas places—in Gaza and Jericho, excuse me. But about how to make a lasting peace and I think the $2 billion is a very good start. achieve normal and peaceful relationships That’s what we might call real money. I with Israel. mean, it’s a pretty good beginning. Secretary Christopher has been asked by And let me say, in anticipation of—I’ve not President Asad, and approved by Prime Min- checked this today, but I asked if we could ister Rabin, to serve as an intermediary at have in Cairo, when the agreement is signed this point in having what I believe are the between the PLO and Israel, a delegation most serious conversations ever held since the creation of this terrible divide between of American business people, American Jews Israel and Syria, between a leader of Syria and Arab-American business people who and a leader of Israel. have pledged themselves to work together to I have had several conversations with bring private capital and private investment President Asad and of course with Prime in to support the other commitments that the Minister Rabin, with whom I talked just this governments have made at the donors con- afternoon about the ongoing progress of ference. Middle East peace negotiations. And all I can So, I believe you can look forward to a tell you is that all of us believe that we have significant increase in private investment a greater chance to achieve a breakthrough from the United States from both Arab- agreement than ever before. And obviously, Americans and Jewish-American business that breakthrough agreement ultimately people in these areas because of their com- would have to include an agreement with mon determination to work together to see Lebanon recognizing the territorial integrity that you are able to work and live together.

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Japan if we can overcome that misunderstanding, we can begin again. [A television correspondent from Japan asked As to when it happens, I think that de- about U.S. requirements for continuation of pends in part on how things go with your trade negotiations with Japan.] attempt to develop a new government and The President. Well, let me answer the new policies. You have a new Prime Minister first question first, the ‘‘what.’’ If you go back now. I hope he can work out arrangements to the agreement I made on my trip to Japan so that we can resume this dialog. I must as part of the G–7 conference last summer say I have a very high regard for all three with the then-Prime Minister Miyazawa and of the Japanese Prime Ministers with whom the conversations I had with Prime Minister I have worked. And I believe we can work Hosokawa and with your new Prime Min- this out. ister, Mr. Hata, when he was in his previous I also think I should say—I don’t mean position, what we wish to do is to simply con- to abuse your time, sir—but for the benefit of the whole rest of the world who look to tinue to make progress within the framework the United States and to Japan for leadership, of the agreement that Japan and the United I think sometimes people are worried about States both made last summer. our relationship because they think we’re The big hangup is over the question of the fighting over trade too much. We are basi- use of numerical targets, and does this cally not only partners but friends. We share amount to managed trade, does this amount common strategic interests, we share com- to quotas. I want to emphasize, if I might, mon political values, and we share common two things: Number one, I have never asked economic interests. We will not allow, we for any access to the Japanese market for the must not allow these differences which re- United States that I have not sought for every flect a mature discussion and debate to spoil other country. It would be wrong. I have not the relationship that I think is so important asked for that. Number two, I have pledged for the whole world. my efforts to ensure that the use of numerical quotas would not be used—or numerical tar- China gets would not be used to establish trade quotas or managed trade for the Japanese [Following a commercial break, a journalist people. I know that we cannot require your from China asked about U.S. relations and people to buy products they do not wish to trade with China.] buy, or we cannot overcome price or quality The President. Let me answer the second problems our products or services might question first, and then I’ll answer the first have. question. Yes, I believe if we were to with- On the other hand, the Japanese Govern- draw most-favored-nation status from China ment, both when Prime Minister Miyazawa it would undermine what I hope to see in was in office and when Prime Minister terms of our relationship, and it would be Hosokawa was in office, always agreed that detrimental to the economic progress in Japan needed a more open trading policy, China and to the standard of living which that your consumers were paying 37 percent has come to so many millions, indeed, hun- more for consumer goods than they would dreds of millions of Chinese people. So I do pay in a more open economy, that it was in not wish that to happen. your long-term interest not to have a perma- As you know, relationships between our nent trade surplus, not just with us but with two countries became very strong again, after the world, of over $100 billion a year. a period of difficulty, starting in 1972 with So we have to know, are we making President Nixon’s trip and then in 1979 with progress or not? The only reason we wanted President Carter’s actions to recognize China to use numbers was because that will show and all the things which have come after that. some aggregate worldwide trend. I do not Then there was a great strain on our relation- want you to promise the United States any ship after the difficulties in 1989 in China specific part of your markets. And I think at Tiananmen Square.

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What I have sought to do is to find a bal- areas outlined in my Executive order of last anced way for our two countries not simply year, but not in all of them. There are still to be partners but to restore our genuine areas in which we are different. And that is friendship, which is very much in the interest obviously clearly an option on the table. Yes, of the whole world as well as our two people, it is a possibility. But he asked me the ques- by trying to establish conditions that would tion, would it be a bad thing for China and permit that partnership and that friendship would it be consistent with the relationship to go forward. Those are the criterion I set I hope we have with them. And the answer forward in order to continue the most-fa- is, yes, it would be a bad thing; and, no, it’s vored-nation status next month. not consistent with the relationship I hope I do not seek nor would it be proper for we have. But we have to keep working to the United States or for any other nation to get over these last humps. And I hope and tell a great nation like China how to conduct pray that we will in the next month. all its internal affairs or to treat all its citizens or what laws it should have. That would be Somalia wrong. [A journalist from Uganda asked about les- The criteria in the Executive order I issued sons learned in Somalia and their applicabil- are those things recognized in all universal ity elsewhere.] declarations by all countries as essential to human rights. I will say we have made real The President. That, sir, is a brilliant progress in our relations with China on the question. I mean, it is the question of the immigration issue, on getting a prison labor day in Africa and in some other places. agreement, in many other areas. As you Let me say, first of all, thank you for ac- know, Wang Jontao was released last week. knowledging the work of the Americans and There has been some progress there, too, in the others there. While we are gone, there the area of political dissidents and human are still several thousand United Nations rights. forces in Somalia from all around the world We still have a way to go. And I told Vice working to continue to save lives. Premier Zou that I would work personally What lessons did we learn? First of all, very hard and that our Government would I think we learned that it is very difficult to work very hard in the next month to try to have the forces of the United Nations and work out our differences so that we could certainly the forces of the United States go go forward together. I think that is in your in for any prolonged period of time and say interest and ours and in the world’s interest. that this is only a humanitarian crisis. In But human rights is very important to the other words, the people of Somalia were United States. And there are some issues that starving and dying not because they couldn’t I believe the United States has perhaps an grow food but because of the political and extra responsibility to stand up for, human military conflicts within the country, not be- rights, nonproliferation, other things that if cause no one would send them food but be- we didn’t do it, it would be even more dif- cause it was hard to deliver before we went ficult for other countries to do. there. So I’m doing what I think we must do, So I think we learned—lesson number one but I am doing it in the spirit of genuine is, don’t go into one of these things and say, reconciliation and hope that in the next as the United States said when we started month our two great nations can work this in Somalia, ‘‘Maybe we’ll be done in a month, out. because it’s a humanitarian crisis,’’ because Thank you. there are almost always political problems Ms. Woodruff. Mr. President, is most-fa- and sometimes military conflicts which bring vored-nation trading status, just to be clear abut these crises. about this, is it seriously in jeopardy of being Lesson number two is that when the withdrawn from the Chinese? United States handed over its mission to the The President. Well, under the present— United Nations, it was quite appropriate for under the present facts, China has made sig- there to be someone who would take action, nificant overall progress in several of the mili-

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tary action if necessary, to protect the lives learned and perhaps do a better job there of the United States and the United Nations over a longer period of time and perhaps troops there. But the United States in its role head off the starvation and do those things as a superpower cannot be caught in the posi- which need to be done. I hope so. tion of being a policing officer in a conflict Aid to Africa like that when there is not political process going on, because what happened was the [A Nigerian television correspondent in Jo- police operation—which was a legitimate hannesburg, South Africa, asked why aid to one, that is, to protect the lives of the soldiers Africa had declined.] who were there trying to save the lives of The President. The search for clients the Somalis—became viewed as a way of rather than friends? No, it is true that there choosing sides in the internal conflict of the has been a reduction in our foreign aid assist- country because there was no political dialog ance to Africa, going back before I became going on. President but continuing. But the reason for So I think those are the two great lessons. that, sir, is that in the aftermath of the cold If we’re going to go in and try to save lives, war, our Government’s deficit was so high we must know that in the beginning, every- we have been cutting almost all kinds of one will be glad to see the U.S. or the U.N. spending. or anybody because they’re starving and And foreign assistance has not had a great dying. But after a certain amount of time, level of support in our country. It’s not that it will be obvious that it wasn’t just a natural we’re looking for clients or we’d rather give disaster. It was a political problem, a military the money to someplace else. It is that one problem. of the things that I still have to do as Presi- And secondly, we must never give up the dent is to do a better job of persuading the political dialog, then, so that everyone in the American people that we have an interest, country know that we are there, all of us, long-term interest in the success of South Af- to make peace and be peacemakers. Yes, we rica and in the success of Nigeria and all will fight to protect the lives of our people, points in between, that we have a long-term but not to try to solve your problems for you. interest that requires us to invest modest Those are the two lessons, I think. amounts of our great treasure in foreign as- sistance so that we can be in a more secure world, a more peaceful world, and that the Rwanda American people actually benefit from it. Q. Can these lessons be used to save lives In our country, many of our people think in a similar situation now in Rwanda? we spend much more money than we do on The President. Well, perhaps. We’re foreign assistance, and they say we have looking at that with the states that border problems at home we should deal with. But Rwanda. We released another $15 billion that’s what caused the decline in assistance. today for aid. And we have to provide more There has been no discrimination against Af- aid; we have to try to deal with the refugee rica in my judgment, although I think we problem; we have to try to get a political don’t emphasize Africa enough and we process going again; and we have to try to should do more. marshall the resources, it seems to me, of nations all around the world who care very [CNN correspondent Bernard Shaw in Jo- deeply about this. I think the conscience of hannesburg asked if other nations would feel the world has grieved for the slaughter in slighted if aid to South Africa is increased.] Rwanda and just a few months ago in Bu- The President. I think other nations may rundi in almost the same proportions. feel slighted. But I think if you look at the But we also know from not only the Somali potential of the government of national unity, experience but from what we read of the con- Mr. Mandela, after all, has committed him- flict between the Hutus and the Tutsis that self to a government of national unity for 5 there is a political and military element in years involving Mr. de Klerk and his support- this. So I think we can take the lessons we ers and presumably Mr. Buthelezi and the

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Inkatha supporters. We haven’t gotten the he’s largely been quite successful by bringing final numbers yet, but I think that will be the sort of left and center together, if you the case. will. And if we can help to restore South Afri- So whatever decision the people of Brazil ca’s economy in a multiracial environment— make is fine with me as long as we can have after all, we had a billion dollars in trade this that kind of working relationship when the year; just 10 years ago we had $10 billion election is over. in trade with South Africa in the U.S. alone. Q. Do you believe that if that happens, And South Africa can be a beacon of eco- these two countries will be on that list? nomic development and prosperity for all of The President. It depends entirely, sir, on southern Africa, can help to build interest what policies are pursued. They still have to in American and other business people in in- be committed to growing the economy, to vesting in all of southern Africa and can help participating in a market economy, and to to build a constituency for expanded assist- giving their people a chance to compete and ance throughout Africa. win in the global economy. If they do that, So I think that this is an opportunity which they can be. It depends on what you do with in the short run benefits South Africa, but power once you get it, not so much what has the capacity in the near term to be of the name is, what your label is when you immense benefit to Africa. And it’s not as come to power but what do you do after you if we could double aid to someplace else if assume office. we didn’t do this. There is no possibility. So I think this is an enormous opportunity. We Cuba should seize it and use it to build a broader [A Cuban television correspondent ques- and deeper relationship with the rest of Afri- tioned U.S. policy toward Cuba, saying that ca. it could not be only for the sake of Florida voters.] Latin America The President. Well, but I didn’t win in [A journalist from Brazil asked about leftist Florida, so you can’t hold me—[laughter] presidential candidates in Brazil and Mex- Q. I know. I know. ico.] The President. I mean, I like them very The President. Well, we are ready to do much, but I didn’t win there. [Laughter] business with the democratically chosen I do support, however, the Cuban Democ- leaders of any nations who are willing to deal racy Act, which reinforces the blockade but with us on honorable terms consistent with also calls for greater communications contact international law. And we are certainly ready and greater humanitarian aid to Cuba. to do business there. Let me say that—you I think, in much the way I answered some may know that my Secretary of Commerce of the previous questions, that the isolation has identified 10 nations which he estimates of Cuba is largely the result of the policies will be growing rapidly and will provide great of Cuba and the history of 30 years. I mean, economic opportunities for the United States just recently, just in the last few days, some- in the years ahead. Both Brazil and Mexico one in Cuba was sentenced to several years are on that list. in prison for simply talking to a foreign jour- And we know that if people govern with nalist. an eye toward the interest of their people, And maybe we do have higher standards they can govern well coming from a wide for Cuba because we have a large Cuban- range of democratic parties. If you look next American population and because Cuba is door in Argentina, when President Menem close to our borders, even though there’s no was elected, coming out of the Peronist leg- longer any prospect of Russian missiles there, acy, people said, ‘‘Oh, my goodness, what will but that is our policy. And Cuba continues this Menem do?’’ Well, he got the economy to stand in isolation to the democratic wind straightened out, he opened up the economy which has swept through every country in to trade, he maintained a strict adherence the Caribbean and South and Central Amer- and support to democratic principles, and ica and even through Haiti. Even though the

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Haitian President was ousted, he was at least it. And of course, I have seen your country’s elected. legitimately elected judges and prosecutors And I think that Mr. Castro has it within and political leaders who have taken on the his own power to change the nature of the drug problem, have done it at terrible risks. relationships between our two countries by Many of them have been murdered; all of moving toward a more open and democratic them have put their lives at risk. system. And that is up to him to do. And And I understand that when the United our country, meanwhile, has simply re- States says to Colombia, we’re not satisfied affirmed its policy in 1992 with the passage with the efforts you’re making, it’s a little of the Cuban Democracy Act. And I don’t hard to take sometimes because of the ter- expect that policy to change anytime soon. rible risks that are associated with taking it on. All I can tell you is that we will do more Antidrug Policy to help stop the drug problem in the coun- [A journalist from Colombia asked about tries where the drugs are produced or proc- antidrug policy in the United States and Co- essed if the governments are willing to work lombia.] with us. That is our commitment, and we The President. Well, let me answer the will do more. question slightly differently. It is true that It seems to us we can be more efficient we believe, more strongly than we have in by emphasizing the source countries and re- the past, that the drug problem in America ducing demand in our country, even if we is a problem of demand as well as supply. have to spend a little less in trying to stop That is, we have about 5 percent of the the drugs in transit. world’s population—actually, a little less. We Foreign Policy consume about half the world’s illegal drugs. A participant from Finland said that al- Now, part of that is because we have a good [ though the President was elected for his do- deal of money, but we have only 22 percent mestic policy, he has received more criticism of the world’s wealth, and we consume half on foreign policy issues. the world’s drugs. So, obviously, we want ] drugs more than some other places. The President. I’m used to it—[laughter] There are things unique to the United Q. Do you feel you have received unfair States, that we cannot blame on Colombia criticism on your foreign policy? or Mexico or anyplace else, that we have to The President. Oh, I don’t know. I deal with. So we have invested a lot more wouldn’t say that, in the sense that in our money in this budget in drug education and country, at least, there’s a great tradition of drug prevention and drug treatment—in freedom of the press. And part of the job dealing with the problem—and in enforce- of the press is to criticize whoever’s in power. ment here on our own streets. [Laughter] I mean, that’s part of the job, to There are two other things that we should pick out the things that are going wrong. focus on. One is, can you stop the drugs in I think what I would say is that we have transit? That has been a big emphasis of the had a lot of successes that perhaps have not U.S. Government in the past, getting drugs been as noticed as they should have been, coming into the air into our country or at some of which I mentioned earlier tonight, the borders. The other is, can we help coun- and secondly, that the problems that we have tries deal with drugs at the source, moving had are a result of very difficult issues which farmers into other products, helping deal do not have an easy solution. I just would with the drug cartels in their own countries. mention two, very briefly, we’ve already It is true that we have reduced the former, talked about. that is, we have reduced emphasis on stop- The first is Haiti. Two-thirds of the people ping drugs in transit. But we want to increase voted for Aristide. Enormous numbers of our efforts to work with you in Colombia and people participated in democracy. He’s other countries to stop drugs at the source. kicked out. The military leaders promised to We want to do more with you if you are will- leave; they don’t. But we want to be good ing to take the steps necessary to deal with neighbors. We don’t want to be the big bully

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going around using our power in a destruc- to be indifferent. But as we venture out in tive way. How do you solve that? these new areas, we have to risk error. And The other is Bosnia, where I do not believe so I have been willing to risk error. And when we should have intervened in the war on one you do that, you get more criticism. side or the other, but I do believe we have Ms. Woodruff. And when you’re accused an interest in trying to work with Europe. of vacillating, it doesn’t bother you, right? And working with Europe meant in this case The President. Oh, sometimes it really working both with the U.N. and with NATO bothers me. [Laughter] But I think, first of in areas sort of unfamiliar to each, and cer- all, all leaders sometimes have had to back tainly working together was unfamiliar. So it and fill and alter their course throughout his- took longer and it was more ragged and more tory. But there is no vacillation in the prin- frustrating than I wish it had been. But that ciples of the policies here. It’s just that we is part of the reality of the post-cold-war don’t know what will work within the limits world, when we’re all searching for new ar- of our ability to deal with some of these prob- rangements that work. lems. I don’t mind being criticized, but I do Not every issue is one that you can put think it’s not fair to say that we have been the entire wealth, the entire military might, unprincipled or vacillating. That’s just not the entire prestige of the United States on true. We have been quite clear, and we’ve the line for. But many issues are things that tried to work through these problems, but are worthy of our best efforts within the lim- not all problems have easy solutions. its of our ability to proceed. And that is where Ms. Woodruff. Do you think you under- all these gray areas are, the areas of frustra- estimated, Mr. President, the complexity of tion, particularly for the people who are on some of these issues? the receiving end of the problems. I didn’t— The President. I saw an interview the I was waiting for my lecture from Sarajevo other day with President Kennedy, about a tonight, and I rather enjoyed it because that year before he was assassinated, and they poor woman has seen the horrors of this war asked him what he had learned as President. and she has had to report on them. And he said, ‘‘The problems were more dif- Ms. Woodruff. Christiane Amanpour ficult than I imagined them to be.’’ [Laugh- [CNN]. ter] And at least on the international front, The President. Yes, she’s been fabulous. I would say, the problems are more difficult She’s done a great service for the whole than I imagined them to be. world on that. I do not blame her for being Ms. Woodruff. Do you think you’ve had mad at me, but I’m doing the best I can with the right foreign policy team to help you this problem from my perspective. I didn’t tackle them? know—I would have to look at her, now The President. Yes, I think they’re quite blush—[laughter]. Anyway, go ahead. up to the job, it’s just that they’re plowing Ms. Woodruff. That’s a good note to end new ground. We could have gotten less criti- on. Thank you very much, Mr. President. cism in a way if we had just said, ‘‘This prob- The President. Thank you very much all lem and this problem, this problem, don’t of you. Thank you. involve our vital interests; therefore we will not commit our prestige or our efforts.’’ But NOTE: The interview began at 7 p.m. in the Cecil President Roosevelt once said he’d rather be B. Day Chapel at the Carter Center. In his re- part of a government that made a few mis- marks, the President referred to Tom Johnson, takes in the cause of activism than be part president, and Ted Turner, owner and founder, of one that was frozen in the ice of its own Cable News Network. A tape was not available indifference. I do not believe we can afford for verification of the content of these remarks.

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Memorandum on the Migration and nomic opportunities at home. Moreover, it Refugee Assistance Act will allow American workers and businesses May 3, 1994 to compete in a freer, fairer, and more effec- tive global trading system that lays the foun- Presidential Determination No. 94–23 dation for prosperity into the next century. I intend to transmit legislation to imple- Memorandum for the Secretary of State ment the Uruguay Round and am committed Subject: Determination Pursuant to Section to seeking bipartisan support for its passage 2(c)(1) of the Migration and Refugee this year. Assistance Act of 1962, as Amended The attached booklet describes the Uru- guay Round’s benefit to American workers Pursuant to section 2(c)(1) of the Migra- and firms. I look forward to working with tion and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, as you in the months ahead to implement this amended, 22 U.S.C. 2601(c)(1), I hereby de- important agreement. termine that it is important to the national Sincerely, interest that up to $5,000,000 be made avail- able from the U.S. Emergency Refugee and Bill Clinton Migration Assistance Fund to meet the ur- gent and unexpected needs of Rwandan and Burundi refugees, returnees, displaced per- Statement by the Press Secretary on sons, and conflict victims. These funds may United States Counterintelligence be contributed to international, govern- Effectiveness mental, and non-governmental organizations, as appropriate. May 3, 1994 You are authorized and directed to inform President Clinton signed today a Presi- the appropriate committees of the Congress dential Decision Directive on U.S. counter- of this determination and the obligation of intelligence effectiveness to foster increased funds under this authority and to publish this cooperation, coordination, and accountability memorandum in the Federal Register. among all U.S. counterintelligence agencies. William J. Clinton The President has directed the creation of a new national counterintelligence policy NOTE: An original was not available for verifica- structure under the auspices of the National tion of this memorandum. Security Council. In addition, he has directed the creation of a new National Counterintel- Letter to the Speaker of the House ligence Center, initially to be led by a senior on the General Agreement on Tariffs executive of the Federal Bureau of Investiga- and Trade tion. Finally, the President’s Decision Direc- May 3, 1994 tive requires that exchange of senior man- agers between the CIA and the FBI to en- Dear Mr. Speaker: sure timely and close coordination between On April 15, the United States and more the intelligence and law enforcement com- than one hundred other nations signed the munities. Uruguay Round agreement in Marrakesh, The President’s decision to take these sig- Morocco. It is the broadest, most com- nificant steps of restructuring U.S. counter- prehensive trade agreement in history. intelligence policy and interagency coordina- For half a century, the United States has tion, followed a Presidential review of U.S. led the global effort to reduce trade barriers counterintelligence in the wake of the Al- and expand trade. The Uruguay Round, drich Ames espionage investigation. The which is scheduled to enter into force on Jan- President, in issuing this Directive, has taken uary 1, 1995, represents the most important immediate steps to improve our ability to step in that effort. counter both traditional and new threats to This agreement will create hundreds of our Nation’s security in the post-cold-war thousands of American jobs and new eco- era.

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