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Barkás Vesszőként Alkalmazható Hazai Salix Taxonok Termesztésbe Vonása És Posztharveszt Kezelése

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Barkás Vesszőként Alkalmazható Hazai Salix Taxonok Termesztésbe Vonása És Posztharveszt Kezelése DOI 10.14267/phd.2014004 Barkás vesszőként alkalmazható hazai Salix taxonok termesztésbe vonása és posztharveszt kezelése DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Treerné Windisch Mária Készült a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar Dísznövénytermesztési és Dendrológiai Tanszékén Budapest 2014 DOI 10.14267/phd.2014004 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, DSc BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető: Tillyné dr. Mándy Andrea egyetemi docens, CSc BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Dísznövénytermesztési és Dendrológiai Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, ezért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. …………………………………… ……………………………………… Dr. Tóth Magdolna, DSc Tillyné dr. Mándy Andrea, CSc Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezető jóváhagyása ii DOI 10.14267/phd.2014004 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanács 2013. december 4-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke Rimóczi Imre, DSc, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Tagjai Hegedűs Attila, PhD, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Neményi András, PhD, Szent István Egyetem Simon Gergely, PhD, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Sütöriné Diószegi Magdolna, PhD, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Opponensek Máthé Ákos, DSc, Nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem Szafián Zsolt, PhD, Prenor Titkár Sütöriné Diószegi Magdolna, PhD, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem iii DOI 10.14267/phd.2014004 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 1 BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 A HAZAI BARKAFÜZEK, MINT VÁGOTT VIRÁGOK (BARKÁS VESSZŐK) ALKALMAZÁSÁNAK LEHETŐSÉGEI ÉS PROBLÉMÁI ............ 1 1.2 CÉLKITŰZÉSEK ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2 IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 A SALIX NEMZETSÉG BEMUTATÁSA ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 A Salix nemzetség általános jellemzése és taxonómiája ...................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Hazánkban őshonos fontosabb barkás Salix fajok ............................................................................... 8 2.1.2.1 Salix caprea L. .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2.2 Salix purpurea L. ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.1.2.3 Salix rosmarinifolia L. ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.2.4 Magyarországon honos, barkás vessző termesztésre alkalmas egyéb fűz fajok ........................................ 16 2.2 SALIX FAJOK AUTOVEGETATÍV SZAPORÍTÁSA ........................................................................................................ 18 2.2.1 A kecskefűz gyökeresedésének problémája ....................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Barkás vesszők termesztése ............................................................................................................... 19 2.3 SALIX FAJOK KÁROSÍTÓI .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Salix fajok kórokozói ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.1 Levél- és hajtáskórokozók .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.2 Kéregben, fatestben élő kórokozók ........................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1.3 Törzs- és tőkorhasztó gombák ................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Salix fajok kártevői ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.4 NYÍLASZTÁS – A NÖVÉNYEK NYUGALMI ÁLLAPOTÁRA HATÓ TÉNYEZŐK ...................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Nyugalmi állapot ................................................................................................................................ 26 2.4.2 Rügyek nyugalmi állapota .................................................................................................................. 27 2.4.3 Rügynyugalomra ható tényezők ........................................................................................................ 28 2.4.4 A nyugalmi állapot molekuláris biológiai háttere .............................................................................. 33 2.5 VÁGOTT VIRÁGOK ÉS VÁGOTT ZÖLDEK HOSSZABB TÁVÚ TARTÓSÍTÁSÁNAK LEHETŐSÉGEI............................................... 35 2.5.1 Növényi anyagok tartósítása ............................................................................................................. 35 2.5.2 Tartósítás glikolokkal ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.5.2.1 Növényi anyagok tartósítására használt főbb glikolok............................................................................... 37 2.5.2.2 A szisztemikus és a merítéses tartósító eljárások ...................................................................................... 40 2.5.2.3 Glikolok kiválása a tartósított növényi anyagokból ................................................................................... 41 2.5.2.4 A tartósító oldat összetevői ....................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2.5 A víz-helyettesítési faktor (Z) meghatározása ............................................................................................ 43 3 ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER .............................................................................................................................. 45 3.1 BARKÁS VESSZŐ TERMESZTÉS CÉLJÁBÓL SZELEKTÁLT SALIX KLÓNOK MORFOLÓGIAI ÉS FENOLÓGIAI VIZSGÁLATA, VESSZŐHOZAMA ÉS GYÖKERESEDÉSE ..................................................................................................................................... 46 3.2 A MELEGTALP KEZELÉS, A GYÖKEREZTETŐ SZEREK, ÉS A SZAPORÍTÁSI IDŐPONTOK HATÁSÁNAK VIZSGÁLATA A GYÖKERESEDÉSRE ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 3.3 SALIX FAJOK KÁROSÍTÓINAK ÉS MÁS MINŐSÉGRONTÓ TÉNYEZŐINEK VIZSGÁLATA ........................................................ 50 iv DOI 10.14267/phd.2014004 3.4 SALIX ROSMARINIFOLIA VESSZŐK NYÍLASZTÁSÁNAK VIZSGÁLATA .............................................................................. 50 3.5 SALIX VESSZŐK HOSSZÚ TÁVÚ TARTÓSÍTÁSI LEHETŐSÉGEINEK VIZSGÁLATA ................................................................. 51 3.5.1 A tartósítási kísérletben szereplő taxonok ......................................................................................... 52 3.5.2 A tartósítási kísérlet során alkalmazott kezelések ............................................................................. 52 3.5.3 Mérési időpontok ............................................................................................................................... 54 3.5.4 Új módszer Salix vesszők rugalmassági modulusának meghatározására.......................................... 54 3.5.5 A vesszők víztartalmának és víz-helyettesítési faktorának (Z-érték) meghatározása ........................ 57 3.5.6 Morfológiai paraméterek értékelésének módszere ........................................................................... 58 4 EREDMÉNYEK ......................................................................................................................................... 59 4.1 BARKÁS VESSZŐ TERMESZTÉS CÉLJÁBÓL SZELEKTÁLT SALIX KLÓNOK MORFOLÓGIAI ÉS FENOLÓGIAI JELLEMZŐI, VESSZŐHOZAMA ÉS GYÖKERESEDÉSE ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 4.1.1 Salix caprea CA1 klón ......................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.2 Salix purpurea klónok ......................................................................................................................... 63 4.1.2.1 Salix purpurea PU1 klón ............................................................................................................................. 63 4.1.2.2 Salix purpurea PU2 klón ............................................................................................................................
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