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Ithe ARCHAEOLOGY of NORTHERN'mesopotamia; THE The archaeology of northern Mesopotamia: the Hassuna-Samarra period Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Thompson, Barry Edward, 1945- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 20:02:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318239 iTHE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTHERN'MESOPOTAMIA; THE HASSUNA-SAMARRA PERIOD Barry Edward Thompson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement$ For Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate - College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library, Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission,provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made, Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: , APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: J. JELINEK Date Professor of Anthropology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I desire to express my gratitude to my parents for their support and encouragement,, ' which enabled 'the necessary research and completion of this thesis, I also wish to express my appreciation to Professor Arthur J e Jeliaek for his helpful comments and suggestions. TABLE.OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . •. ■ , * C 0 *. 0. © 0 0 85 © © viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . » . • 0 <9. * © © © *- * A a ix ABSTRACO? ceQocccoce « * © © ° * A • » ® X INTRODUCTION , , . , * , . « © * ©. * e © > a 1 Northern Mesopotamia @ ®" 0 © © © c c0 e © © a 2 Geographical Features & « © © © © © © 0 A '© a 3 Clxniate c ^ » c- » » a 0 s © 6 A h© © o & 1 0 Flora c- c & t> © & & & oo0 9 o s © © © © 0 © e © ■ © 14 5 au zxa e *> © © © e © © .<> <e e © 0 © © e 0 e © 1 8 Communications.and Trade © * a , © © 9 e a. 19 Previous Research « © © : ® ®. © • © < S 8 A « 29 EASSUNA-SAMARRA PERIOD © © © ° <6 © • © © © .* 3 4 Tell Hassuna © © © © © r. A e 0 0 6 3 4 Nineveh © © © © ® © •© © ® ’ e •© © © © « 0 p© • 52 Tell Arpachiyah e. « © © © © © © © 6 » © © s . O 53 Matarrah © ©©©»©■*© © e©©©©sA0 © 5 6 Tell ShemshEra © * © * , © o© c &0 0 © 0 © © 64 Sites in Northwestern Iraq © © © e© © © © o0 7 1 Umm edh-Dhiab © © ♦ ..* © © © © © 0 © * © 0 © „ ? 4 Telul eth-Thalathat © » C 0 © 0 0 « 0 @ a &0 8 7 4 Tape Gawra © © © * © © © © ©. 0 c e © S 6 6 0 0 « 77 Tell al-Khan $»©,*, © 0 ©c e©6 ©&a8 7 9 Gird All Agha © © » © » <5 0 © © e o© c© © 9 © e e 8 0 The Erbil Area © © © c © © e © © s 0 e « A e © © a « 8 1 Gird Banahilk © ®. « © « « ® 0 © © © © © © A © • a 8 ; 81 Other Sites in Northeast Iraq © © © © 0 © o 0 8 3 The Makhmur Plain © © © © © © © o © » . e© a 84 The Kirkuk Area « © ©. © 0 s e Cr0 ' © e© » 8 5 larmo # » « » © © © © © © e e © © 9 0 a 86 Samarra « © © © © © © * © s © e 0 0 » o A 0 95 Tell es-” Saw wan , , , » * © © © c © 0 » 6 9 © a 97 Biyala Sites » » © © © © o © 0 © © A 9 » e •e 1 0 ? iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued - Page Mandali Sites @10? BQ.gll0U!S 90.*€0*04666000400 60 f) XXX T o XL B l ? c ^ l C . e> <• <£> o o o o e o e e 5 e o c » » a » c c XX6 Cl'iaga.x'* BcISjSiz* & © © © © © © © © & » © « © ©■© © © © XX*7 Te .L-L TTalajL « » © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © @ © X2.0 Other Khabur Sites * « * * * , , * * * * * , . * » 122 Tell Chu&ra © © © © © © » © © © <> ©.© © © © » © © © X2J^ * Balx^h Sx u e s © « © © © * © © © © © © © © © ©©-©■©. 12jS Bouc^ras © © © » © © .« © » © © ©. © © © © © © © © © © 125. EX^KOWJB © c © © e © V © © © © © © a e ' o © © s © o 12S Tell I^iure^foxt © © » © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © X2fp? The <Tabbul Plaxn © © © » © © © © © © ©.© « © © $ © 128 X e 11 Ah mar » © © © © © © © © » © © © © © © © © © o 128 Yunnus-Carehemish ©©©*©©.©©*©©©©©©$ 129 Toll Turlu e © © © © a © © o e © » so © © go d © 129 A d x ^ a nia. n © © » « © © © © ©© » ©<>©©©©©» ©© 1^0 Mala c^ra*3’Els., isx ©©©©©«©© ©»©©©©©&©© 130 I) x v a. r X) alc.x r ©«©©© ©©«©©©©©©©<&.©■© © ■ © 131 Southeast Turkey-TiIkitepe , * © . , * * © . * © 131 TEE HASSUNA-SAMARRA'PERIOD:CORRELATIONS WITH OTHER RECIOXJS e » e » c e co e t> e « o » go b e c e » © 0 © 13 Southern Mesopotamia 133 Erxdu © © © » © © © © « © © © # .© © © © © © © .© 133 Has al ^ Amxya © © ' © » © © © © © © © © © © © © .© 138 Iran ©. » © © © © © © © © * © © © » © © © © © & © # 1^^ Khuzxstan «©©©©. ©©^©©©©©©»o©*© Central Zagros .. , * » * * * e * © * a * * $ * 147 Central Plateau-Tepe Sialk » e « * * «, * * © © 148 Northwest Iran 149 Armenia and the Antifcaurus ©©©©©©©© s©©6 IgO. Syro*31 CxXxcxa © © © » © © & © « © © © © « © © © © © 13x The. Cilician Plain ©©©©»©©»©©©©©© 134 S 3.k c 0 G o jsu "., ©a©© r©©©© ©©©© »©©e» 198 The Amuq ct©©©©©^© ©•©©©© ©© & ©©© ItS 1 Northwest Syria *©©, ©a*.,»**©** © 169 Byblos and Palestine 16? Central and Western Anatolia © » © © © © © © © © © 168 .The Aegean © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © « © © 1(59 Connections with Other .Regions * © * * * - » © , * *. 170 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS i 171 Previous and Cur'rd'At Interpretations 171 The Hassuna-Samarra Assemblage-. ........ $ e 183 Problems of Furture Research ........... .199 APPENDIX A; THE DISTRIBUTION OF HAS SU M AND SAMARRAN POTTERY ............. 201 Partial List of Sites with Reported Occurrences of. Archaic or Standard Hassuna Pottery . „ 202 Partial List of Sites with Reported Occurrences of Samarran Pottery ............... 204 APPENDIX B: THE DISTRIBUTION OF HALAF POTTERY . 206 Partial List of Sites with Reported Occurrences of Halaf Pottery . „ . * . 207 APPENDIX C: REPORTED OCCURRENCES OF HASSUNA, SAMARRA, AND HALAF WARES . 210 Partial List of Sites with Reported Occurrences of Hassuna, Samarra, and Halaf Wares in Northern Mesopotamia and Neighboring Regions . « 211 APPENDIX D: MATARRAH CERAMICS, SHERD COUNTS ...... 215 Matarrah Pottery, Operation IX, Sherd Count . .. 216 Matarrah Pottery, Operation ¥1, Sherd Count . « 217 Matarrah- Pottery, Operation- TT-i, Sherd Count . .. 218 APPENDIX E: AMUQ, POTTERY PHASES A-E . ........ 219 APPENDIX F: RADIOCARBON DATES . .. 220 Jarmo Radiocarbon Dates . ............ 221 Radiocarbon Dates, Northern Mesopotamia ...... 222 Radiocarbon Dates, Northern Mesopotamia and Syrp—O3LI1LC3.S .. 0 . ... 22^> Radiocarbon Dates, Western Iran .......... 224 vii TABLE OF. CONTENTS— Continued Page Radiocarbon Dates» Anatolia .,,»<>.,,<»<,» 225 APPENDIX G: CONVERSIONS . .. e . » . „ » . 226 LIST OF REFERENCES * * . „ » „ . » „ » , „ , . „ « 22? LIST OF TABLES Table Page I, Tell Hassuna, Sherd Count, Sounding 1 , e « » c » , . 39 II« Tell Hassuna Pottery, Relative Percentages of Wares, Sounding 1 ei,, . 40 IIIe Tell Hassuna, Sounding 2, Sherd Count IV. Tell Hassuna, Selected Cultural Inventory I^eve 1 s I T * 1 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 4? V. Ma tar rah Pottery, Sherd Count . 58 VI. Matarrah, Selected Cultural Inventory i » 61 VII. Tell Shemsh&ra Pottery . 66 VIII. Tell Shemshara, Selected Cultural Inventory , , . e 69 IX. Banahilk, Selected.Cultural Inventory e 82 X. Tell es-Sawwah, Selected Cultural Inventory«... 102 XI. Relative Chronology, Southern Mesopotamia ..... e 135 XII. Relative Chronology, Iran « 144 XIII. Relative Chronology of Northern Mesopotamia a n o. the Amu c[ . , « ... , . « 153 XIV. Relative Chronology of Northern Mesopotamia, Amuo, and Anat ol%a . ■. , .. > 155 XV. The Relative Chronology of Northern Mesopotamia,! . 187 XVI. The Relative Chronology of Northern Mesopotamia,II . 188 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure - . Page 1 ti .Northern^Mesopotamia and the Near East *. * « , e 4 2 . Northern Mesopotamia:The Geographic Setting . * • © 6 CommUnieations Routes ............. • . 20 k. Obsidian and Copper Sources . • 25 Northern Mesopotamia;The Hassuna-Samarra Period e •• 35 6 6 Northern Mesopotamia:Halaf Sites ....... • e 6 ' 36 7* Southern Mesopotamia and Iran ......... • 6 154 8 * Approximate Correlation of Tepe Gawra and Eridu •• 141 9. Syr o ^ CI li c zl a ................. * • e ' 152 10. Hassuna-Samarra Sites ............. c 184 11. Halaf Sxtes . « . © © » . ... » © . < ° 185 12. Near Eastern Chronology * ........... 6 . 193 ix ■ ' ABSTRACT The prehistoric sequence of cultural development in 'Northern 'Mesopotamia, during the sixth and early fifth millennia B.C6 was characterised by the increasing sophistication of the village farming community. The Hassuna-Samarra assemblage was centered in Worth Iraq, which is perhaps the best known area, archaeologically during this time range, Samarran Ware is .interpreted as having developed within the Hassuna ceramic tradition and it is the distinctive ceramic ware of the'Hassuna- Samarra Period, During the Hassuna-Samarra Period,some villages appear to have been experimenting with irrigation, but most of the villages were confined to the present area of rainfall farming. Evidence of an extensive obsidian trade and the presence of copper in pre-Hassuna-Samarra
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