From a Children's First Dictionary to a Lexical Knowledge Base of Conceptual Graphs
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Words and Alternative Basic Units for Linguistic Analysis
Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis 1 Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis Jens Allwood SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg A. P. Hendrikse, Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria Elisabeth Ahlsén SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg Abstract The paper deals with words and possible alternative to words as basic units in linguistic theory, especially in interlinguistic comparison and corpus linguistics. A number of ways of defining the word are discussed and related to the analysis of linguistic corpora and to interlinguistic comparisons between corpora of spoken interaction. Problems associated with words as the basic units and alternatives to the traditional notion of word as a basis for corpus analysis and linguistic comparisons are presented and discussed. 1. What is a word? To some extent, there is an unclear view of what counts as a linguistic word, generally, and in different language types. This paper is an attempt to examine various construals of the concept “word”, in order to see how “words” might best be made use of as units of linguistic comparison. Using intuition, we might say that a word is a basic linguistic unit that is constituted by a combination of content (meaning) and expression, where the expression can be phonetic, orthographic or gestural (deaf sign language). On closer examination, however, it turns out that the notion “word” can be analyzed and specified in several different ways. Below we will consider the following three main ways of trying to analyze and define what a word is: (i) Analysis and definitions building on observation and supposed easy discovery (ii) Analysis and definitions building on manipulability (iii) Analysis and definitions building on abstraction 2. -
NCH E T RESUME Indochinese Refugee Educationguides
NCH E T RESUME ED 196 310 FL 012 100 TITLE A Selected Bibliography of Dictionaries and Phrasebooks. General Information Series #9. Indochinese Refugee EducationGuides. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.: English Language Resource Center, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Office of Refugee Resettlement (OHMS), Washington, D.C. PUE DATE Oct BO CONTRACT 600-76-0061 NOTE 13p. .EARS PRICE rF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Annotated Bibliographies; Asian Americans; Austro Asiatic Languages; *Cambodian; *Chinese: *Dictionaries: English (Second Language): Indochinese: *Lao: PoStsecondary Education; Second Language Learning: *Vietnamese IDENTIFIERS *Bilingual Materials: *Hmong: Phrasebooks; Yao ABSTRACT The 38 annotated entries in this bibliography describe bilingual dictionaries that are useful for .students of English as a second language who are native speakers of one of the Indochinese languages. The listing is preceded by a general description of bilingual dictionaries, guidelines for choosing a dictionary, and pitfalls of a dictionary. addresses of distributers are appended. (dui ******** ** ************************* ** ******* * *** **** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made * * from the original document. * ************. ********* ********************* *** ** **** ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, formerly National Indochinese Clearinghouse 0 Center-for Applied Linguistics 3520 Prospect Street. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 "PERMISSIONTOREPRODUCETHIS US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
Greek and Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES This is a resource pack that I put together for myself to teach roots, prefixes, and suffixes as part of a separate vocabulary class (short weekly sessions). It is a combination of helpful resources that I have found on the web as well as some tips of my own (such as the simple lesson plan). Lesson Plan Ideas ........................................................................................................... 3 Simple Lesson Plan for Word Study: ........................................................................... 3 Lesson Plan Idea 2 ...................................................................................................... 3 Background Information .................................................................................................. 5 Why Study Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes? ......................................................... 6 Latin and Greek Word Elements .............................................................................. 6 Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 6 Root, Prefix, and Suffix Lists ........................................................................................... 8 List 1: MEGA root list ................................................................................................... 9 List 2: Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 32 List 3: Prefix List ...................................................................................................... -
Different but Not All Opposite: Contributions to Lexical Relationships Teaching in Primary School
INTE - ITICAM - IDEC 2018, Paris-FRANCE VOLUME 1 All Different But Not All Opposite: Contributions To Lexical Relationships Teaching In Primary School Adriana BAPTISTA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Media Arts and Design inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Portugal [email protected] Celda CHOUPINA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] José António COSTA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] Joana QUERIDO Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education Portugal [email protected] Inês OLIVEIRA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] Abstract The lexicon allows the expression of particular cosmovisions, which is why there are a wide range of lexical relationships, involving different linguistic particularities (Coseriu, 1991; Teixeira , 2005). We find, however, in teaching context, that these variations are often replaced by dichotomous and decontextualized proposals of lexical organization, presented, for instance, in textbooks and other supporting materials (Baptista et al., 2017). Thus, our paper is structured in two parts. First, we will try to account for the diversity of lexical relations (Choupina, Costa & Baptista, 2013), considering phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic- discursive, cognitive and historical criteria (Lehmann & Martin-Berthet, 2008). Secondly, we present an experimental study that aims at verifying if primary school pupils intuitively organize their mental lexicon in a dichotomous way. -
Document Resume Ed 388 032 Fl 022 732 Title Watesol
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 388 032 FL 022 732 TITLE WATESOL Journal, 1989-1994. INSTITUTION Washington Area Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 184p.; Only three issues published (fall 1989, spring 1991, fall 1994) during first 5 years. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT WATESOL Journal; Fall 1989-1994 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Childrens Literature; Class Activities; Elementary Secondary Education; *English (Second Language); Error Correction; Females; Films; Foreign Students; Limited English Speaking; Linguistic Theory; Males; Professional Associations; Professional Development; Realia; Regional Programs; *Second Language 'Instruciion; Whole Language Approach; Writing Instruction IDENTIFIERS Japanese People; Krashen (Stephen) ABSTRACT "WATESOL" is an acronym for "Washington Area Teachers of English To Speakers of Other Languages." This document consisus of the only three issues of the "WATESOL Journal" published from 1989 through 1994. Fall 1989 includes: (1) "The Visual Voices of Nonverbal Films" (Salvatore J. Parlato);(2) "Literature for International Students" (Anca M. Nemoianu and Julia S. Romano); (3) "Male and Female Japanese Students" (Christine F. Meloni);(4) "The Influence of Teaching on Students' Self Correction" (Maria Helena Donahue); (5) "Creating a Precourse to Develop Academic Competence" (H. Doug Adamson, Melissa Allen, and Phyllis P. Duryee). Spring 1991 issue incltides:(1) "Children's Literature for LEP Students, Ages 9-14" (Betty Ansin Smallwood);(2) "Portable -
Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary Present Related Vocabulary Within a Context
Sample Pages Inside Collins BA Sampler.indd 1 1/24/08 3:04:45 PM ‘Word Webs’ Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary present related vocabulary within a context. LEVEL: High-intermediate to advanced With innovations such as DefinitionsPLUS and vocabulary builders, the Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary transforms the learner’s dictionary from an occasional reference into the ultimate resource and must-have dictionary for language learners. Promote learning through DefinitionsPLUS • Defining style: Each definition is written in full sentences to help the learner understand the meaning of the word and to model how to use the word correctly. • Collocations: Each definition is written using the high-frequency words native speakers naturally use with the target word. • Grammar: Each definition includes naturally occurring grammatical patterns to improve accurate language use. Includes: • Natural English: Each definition is a model of how to use the language appropriately. • 263 ‘Word Webs’ • 490 ‘Word Links’ ‘Picture Dictionary’ • 46 ‘Picture Dictionary’ boxes boxes illustrate vocabulary and concepts. • 1108 ‘Word Partnerships’ • 720 ‘Thesaurus’ entries ‘Word Links’ • 100 ‘Usage’ notes exponentially increase language awareness. Learners gain exclusive ‘Thesaurus’ access to the expanded entries offer both synonyms and antonyms. online dictionary and Softcover* (1984 pp.) 978-1-4240-2751-4 other resources through *For pricing or to purchase, contact your local Heinle office. www.myCOBUILD.com. See back cover of sampler for more information. ™ The Bank of English ‘Word Partnerships’ The Bank of English™ is the original and the most current computerised corpus of authentic English. This robust research show high-frequency word patterns. tool was used to create each definition with language appropriate for intermediate level learners. -
Lexical Sense Labeling and Sentiment Potential Analysis Using Corpus-Based Dependency Graph
mathematics Article Lexical Sense Labeling and Sentiment Potential Analysis Using Corpus-Based Dependency Graph Tajana Ban Kirigin 1,* , Sanda Bujaˇci´cBabi´c 1 and Benedikt Perak 2 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Rijeka, R. Matejˇci´c2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, SveuˇcilišnaAvenija 4, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper describes a graph method for labeling word senses and identifying lexical sentiment potential by integrating the corpus-based syntactic-semantic dependency graph layer, lexical semantic and sentiment dictionaries. The method, implemented as ConGraCNet application on different languages and corpora, projects a semantic function onto a particular syntactical de- pendency layer and constructs a seed lexeme graph with collocates of high conceptual similarity. The seed lexeme graph is clustered into subgraphs that reveal the polysemous semantic nature of a lexeme in a corpus. The construction of the WordNet hypernym graph provides a set of synset labels that generalize the senses for each lexical cluster. By integrating sentiment dictionaries, we introduce graph propagation methods for sentiment analysis. Original dictionary sentiment values are integrated into ConGraCNet lexical graph to compute sentiment values of node lexemes and lexical clusters, and identify the sentiment potential of lexemes with respect to a corpus. The method can be used to resolve sparseness of sentiment dictionaries and enrich the sentiment evaluation of Citation: Ban Kirigin, T.; lexical structures in sentiment dictionaries by revealing the relative sentiment potential of polysemous Bujaˇci´cBabi´c,S.; Perak, B. Lexical Sense Labeling and Sentiment lexemes with respect to a specific corpus. -
Esol Picture Dictionary Pdf, Epub, Ebook
ESOL PICTURE DICTIONARY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Peak Educational | 54 pages | 17 Feb 2020 | Independently Published | 9798614165567 | English | none ESOL Picture Dictionary PDF Book It did not take long for the site to make the transition from one activity to another. While the former focuses on images categorized by theme, the latter illustrates how words relate to one another, making them both unique resources. Click on a vocabulary word. This site is immensely valuable to ESL students and to English native speakers looking to learn a second language. Custom Field. Therefore, visual dictionaries are great for learning new vocabularies. About the Association. Sorry for the trouble. Teaching Resources - Grammar - All prices subject to change, in many cases they'll actually be lower. Search for:. Gardening Picture Dictionary Free printable gardening picture dictionary for readers and writers in kindergarten and grade one. Thousands of everyday words and corresponding scenes and pictures are included in this book. Thank you! You can look for the themes to find the words easily. Business English - All prices subject to change, in many cases they'll actually be lower. Mary Lou Shoemaker Student 18 years ago I spent one hour trying the various activities and links connected to this site. Skip to content. Its rich assortment of games, exercises, and activities makes it flexible for use in conjunction with the Dictionary or on its own. Halloween Picture Dictionary Free printable Halloween picture dictionary for readers and writers in kindergarten and grade one. Purchase Online. Yes Amy Northrup Student 16 years ago Love, love, loved this site!! Has definitions in easy English and audio pronunciation. -
A Reflection on the Definition of Lexical Entries in the English-Isizulu Dictionary for Learners
A Reflection on the Definition of Lexical Entries in the English-isiZulu dictionary for learners Professor Cynthia Danisile Ntuli University of South Africa [email protected] Professor Nina Mollema University of South Africa [email protected] Abstract The writing and publishing of children’s or learners’ dictionaries especially in one of the indigenous South African languages is a genre that has been neglected by the majority of lexicographers and publishers. Following the Pan South African Language Board’s (PanSALB) vision of promoting multilingualism in South Africa by the development and equal use of all official languages, the authors of this article believed that the writing and publishing of young and novice learners’ dictionaries in an indigenous African language would advance this goal. The need for a learners’ dictionary was especially noticeable during the teaching of a Short Course in Basic Communication in isiZulu. Research conducted here revealed that the lexicographic user needs were not provided for as the dictionaries available to these learners were cumbersome and confusing. All learners of a first, second or third language should have access to an uncomplicated, user-friendly dictionary in order to master their acquisition of language. With this aim in mind, the authors compiled an English/isiZulu dictionary of about 3000 lexical items containing illustrative material, cultural explanations and pronunciation guidance. The meaning descriptions of the selected contemporary words are straightforward and comprehensible, and applied in plain sentences taken from everyday conversations which bestow upon the user the opportunity to gain a more practical vocabulary. The intended target users of the dictionary are children and second- language learners acquiring the isiZulu vocabulary as a communicative tool. -
Lexical Semantics
Lexical Semantics COMP-599 Oct 20, 2015 Outline Semantics Lexical semantics Lexical semantic relations WordNet Word Sense Disambiguation • Lesk algorithm • Yarowsky’s algorithm 2 Semantics The study of meaning in language What does meaning mean? • Relationship of linguistic expression to the real world • Relationship of linguistic expressions to each other Let’s start by focusing on the meaning of words— lexical semantics. Later on: • meaning of phrases and sentences • how to construct that from meanings of words 3 From Language to the World What does telephone mean? • Picks out all of the objects in the world that are telephones (its referents) Its extensional definition not telephones telephones 4 Relationship of Linguistic Expressions How would you define telephone? e.g, to a three-year- old, or to a friendly Martian. 5 Dictionary Definition http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/telephone Its intensional definition • The necessary and sufficient conditions to be a telephone This presupposes you know what “apparatus”, “sound”, “speech”, etc. mean. 6 Sense and Reference (Frege, 1892) Frege was one of the first to distinguish between the sense of a term, and its reference. Same referent, different senses: Venus the morning star the evening star 7 Lexical Semantic Relations How specifically do terms relate to each other? Here are some ways: Hypernymy/hyponymy Synonymy Antonymy Homonymy Polysemy Metonymy Synecdoche Holonymy/meronymy 8 Hypernymy/Hyponymy ISA relationship Hyponym Hypernym monkey mammal Montreal city red wine beverage 9 Synonymy and Antonymy Synonymy (Roughly) same meaning offspring descendent spawn happy joyful merry Antonymy (Roughly) opposite meaning synonym antonym happy sad descendant ancestor 10 Homonymy Same form, different (and unrelated) meaning Homophone – same sound • e.g., son vs. -
Antonymy and Conceptual Vectors
Antonymy and Conceptual Vectors Didier Schwab, Mathieu Lafourcade and Violaine Prince LIRMM Laboratoire d'informatique, de Robotique et de Micro´electronique de Montpellier MONTPELLIER - FRANCE. schwab,lafourca,prince @lirmm.fr http://www.lirmm.fr/f ~ schwab,g lafourca, prince f g Abstract a kernel of manually indexed terms is necessary For meaning representations in NLP, we focus for bootstrapping the analysis. The transver- 1 our attention on thematic aspects and concep- sal relationships , such as synonymy (LP01), tual vectors. The learning strategy of concep- antonymy and hyperonymy, that are more or tual vectors relies on a morphosyntaxic analy- less explicitly mentioned in definitions can be sis of human usage dictionary definitions linked used as a way to globally increase the coher- to vector propagation. This analysis currently ence of vectors. In this paper, we describe a doesn't take into account negation phenomena. vectorial function of antonymy. This can help This work aims at studying the antonymy as- to improve the learning system by dealing with pects of negation, in the larger goal of its inte- negation and antonym tags, as they are often gration into the thematic analysis. We present a present in definition texts. The antonymy func- model based on the idea of symmetry compat- tion can also help to find an opposite thema to ible with conceptual vectors. Then, we define be used in all generative text applications: op- antonymy functions which allows the construc- posite ideas research, paraphrase (by negation tion of an antonymous vector and the enumer- of the antonym), summary, etc. ation of its potentially antinomic lexical items. -
Puc Cals Charter Middle and Early College High School
LAUSD BOARD APPROVED 11/19/19 (BR 168-19/20) TERM: 2020-2025 PUC CALS CHARTER MIDDLE AND EARLY COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL A School Within Partnerships to Uplift Communities Los Angeles Allison Vann, MS Principal Jason Marin, HS Principal Concepcion Rivas, Superintendent Partnerships to Uplift Communities, Los Angeles ADDRESS: 7350 N. Figueroa Street Los Angeles, CA 90041-2547 Submitted: September 24, 2019 PUC CALS CHARTER MIDDLE AND EARLY COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL Table of Contents ASSURANCES, AFFIRMATIONS, AND DECLARATIONS ...........................................................................3 ELEMENT 1 – THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM .......................................................................................5 ELEMENT 2 – MEASURABLE STUDENT OUTCOMES AND .................................................................. 166 ELEMENT 3- METHOD BY WHICH PUPIL PROGRESS TOWARD OUTCOMES WILL BE MEASURED......... 166 ELEMENT 4 – GOVERNANCE ........................................................................................................... 178 ELEMENT 5 – EMPLOYEE QUALIFICATIONS ...................................................................................... 191 ELEMENT 6 – HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 221 ELEMENT 7 – MEANS TO ACHIEVE RACIAL AND ETHNIC BALANCE .................................................... 229 ELEMENT 8 - ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................... 231 ELEMENT 9 – ANNUAL