Dictionary Policy Located on the TEA’S STAAR Resources Webpage
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English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Services Individualized Modifications/Accommodations Plan
Student Name/ESOL Level:_____ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ School/Grade Level: _____________________ | 1 School District of _____________________________________ County English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Services Individualized Modifications/Accommodations Plan General Specific Strategies and Ideas Modifications General Collaborate closely with ESOL teacher. Establish a safe/relaxed/supportive learning environment. Review previously learned concepts regularly and connect to new learning. Contextualize all instruction. Utilize cooperative learning. Teach study, organization, and note taking skills. Use manuscript (print) fonts. Teach to all modalities. Incorporate student culture (as appropriate). Activate prior knowledge. Allow extended time for completion of assignments and projects. Rephrase directions and questions. Simplify language. (Ex. Use short sentences, eliminate extraneous information, convert narratives to lists, underline key words/key points, use charts and diagrams, change pronouns to nouns). Use physical activity. (Total Physical Response) Incorporate students L1 when possible. Develop classroom library to include multicultural selections of all reading levels; especially books exemplifying students’ cultures. Articulate clearly, pause often, limit idiomatic expressions, and slang. Permit student errors in spelling and grammar except when explicitly taught. Acknowledge errors as indications of learning. Allow frequent breaks. Provide preferential seating. Model expected student outcomes. Prioritize course objectives. Reading Pre-teach vocabulary. in the Content Areas Teach sight vocabulary for beginning English readers. Allow extended time. Shorten reading selections. Choose alternate reading selections. Allow in-class time for free voluntary and required reading. Use graphic novels/books and illustrated novels. Leveled readers Modified text Use teacher read-alouds. Incorporate gestures/drama. Experiment with choral reading, duet (buddy) reading, and popcorn reading. -
Four Strands to Language Learning
International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching… ISSN: 2156-5716 Volume 1, Number 2 © 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. APPLYING THE FOUR STRANDS TO LANGUAGE LEARNING Paul Nation1 and Azusa Yamamoto2 Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand1 and Temple University Japan2 ABSTRACT The principle of the four strands says that a well balanced language course should have four equal strands of meaning focused input, meaning focused output, language focused learning, and fluency development. By applying this principle, it is possible to answer questions like How can I teach vocabulary? What should a well balanced listening course contain? How much extensive reading should we do? Is it worthwhile doing grammar translation? and How can I find out if I have a well balanced conversation course? The article describes the rationale behind such answers. The four strands principle is primarily a way of providing a balance of learning opportunities, and the article shows how this can be done in self regulated foreign language learning without a teacher. Keywords: Fluency learning, four strands, language focused learning, meaning focused input, meaning focused output. INTRODUCTION The principle of the four strands (Nation, 2007) states that a well balanced language course should consist of four equal strands – meaning focused input, meaning focused output, language focused learning, and fluency development. Each strand should receive a roughly equal amount of time in a course. The meaning focused input strand involves learning through listening and reading. This is largely incidental learning because the learners’ attention should be focused on comprehending what is being read or listened to. The meaning focused output strand involves learning through speaking and writing and in common with the meaning focused input strand involves largely incidental learning. -
Etytree: a Graphical and Interactive Etymology Dictionary Based on Wiktionary
Etytree: A Graphical and Interactive Etymology Dictionary Based on Wiktionary Ester Pantaleo Vito Walter Anelli Wikimedia Foundation grantee Politecnico di Bari Italy Italy [email protected] [email protected] Tommaso Di Noia Gilles Sérasset Politecnico di Bari Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Italy Grenoble INP, LIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT a new method1 that parses Etymology, Derived terms, De- We present etytree (from etymology + family tree): a scendants sections, the namespace for Reconstructed Terms, new on-line multilingual tool to extract and visualize et- and the etymtree template in Wiktionary. ymological relationships between words from the English With etytree, a RDF (Resource Description Framework) Wiktionary. A first version of etytree is available at http: lexical database of etymological relationships collecting all //tools.wmflabs.org/etytree/. the extracted relationships and lexical data attached to lex- With etytree users can search a word and interactively emes has also been released. The database consists of triples explore etymologically related words (ancestors, descendants, or data entities composed of subject-predicate-object where cognates) in many languages using a graphical interface. a possible statement can be (for example) a triple with a lex- The data is synchronised with the English Wiktionary dump eme as subject, a lexeme as object, and\derivesFrom"or\et- at every new release, and can be queried via SPARQL from a ymologicallyEquivalentTo" as predicate. The RDF database Virtuoso endpoint. has been exposed via a SPARQL endpoint and can be queried Etytree is the first graphical etymology dictionary, which at http://etytree-virtuoso.wmflabs.org/sparql. -
Multilingual Ontology Acquisition from Multiple Mrds
Multilingual Ontology Acquisition from Multiple MRDs Eric Nichols♭, Francis Bond♮, Takaaki Tanaka♮, Sanae Fujita♮, Dan Flickinger ♯ ♭ Nara Inst. of Science and Technology ♮ NTT Communication Science Labs ♯ Stanford University Grad. School of Information Science Natural Language ResearchGroup CSLI Nara, Japan Keihanna, Japan Stanford, CA [email protected] {bond,takaaki,sanae}@cslab.kecl.ntt.co.jp [email protected] Abstract words of a language, let alone those words occur- ring in useful patterns (Amano and Kondo, 1999). In this paper, we outline the develop- Therefore it makes sense to also extract data from ment of a system that automatically con- machine readable dictionaries (MRDs). structs ontologies by extracting knowledge There is a great deal of work on the creation from dictionary definition sentences us- of ontologies from machine readable dictionaries ing Robust Minimal Recursion Semantics (a good summary is (Wilkes et al., 1996)), mainly (RMRS). Combining deep and shallow for English. Recently, there has also been inter- parsing resource through the common for- est in Japanese (Tokunaga et al., 2001; Nichols malism of RMRS allows us to extract on- et al., 2005). Most approaches use either a special- tological relations in greater quantity and ized parser or a set of regular expressions tuned quality than possible with any of the meth- to a particular dictionary, often with hundreds of ods independently. Using this method, rules. Agirre et al. (2000) extracted taxonomic we construct ontologies from two differ- relations from a Basque dictionary with high ac- ent Japanese lexicons and one English lex- curacy using Constraint Grammar together with icon. -
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY Press Y to Select Alphabet Character Input Or Press N to Selecting a Menu Item 12 Select Japanese Input
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY Press Y to select alphabet character input or press N to Selecting a menu item 12 select Japanese input. PW-AC890 The date/time settings screen is displayed. Press メニュー . QUICK REFERENCE 1 13 Select the date items using or , and then enter “年” Use or to select a category menu item. (year), “月” (month) and “日” (day) (e.g. June 23th, 2009 → 2 Or, use the numeric keys to enter the category number to Layout 09 06 23) using the number buttons on the handwriting pad. select the item. Utility keys for Display(Main display) dictionaries / functions Confirm that the cursor is on “AM(午前)” or “PM(午後)”, The individual menu for the selected category menu item is displayed. / touch pad and then select one of them using or . In the individual menu, use or to select the content/ Library key 3 Selection keys Press , select the time items using or and then function and then press 検索/決定 . for contents / functions enter “時” (hour) and “分” (minute) (e.g. 9:00 → 09 00). Or, use the numeric keys ( 1 to 9 ) to enter the number Charge lamp Stylus holder(side) Confirm that the information entered is correct and press in front of the content/function ( 1 to 9 ). Global search keys 14 検索/決定 . The selected content/function screen is displayed. Power ON/OFF key The menu display appears. ● The selected content/function screen can also be selected by touching the relevant item on the category menu or the individual menu. Menu key Function key Selecting a content in the menu display Touch operations AC adapter connector (side) Character size (large/small) The PW-AC890 can be operated by touching the main screen with the stylus. -
NCH E T RESUME Indochinese Refugee Educationguides
NCH E T RESUME ED 196 310 FL 012 100 TITLE A Selected Bibliography of Dictionaries and Phrasebooks. General Information Series #9. Indochinese Refugee EducationGuides. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.: English Language Resource Center, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Office of Refugee Resettlement (OHMS), Washington, D.C. PUE DATE Oct BO CONTRACT 600-76-0061 NOTE 13p. .EARS PRICE rF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Annotated Bibliographies; Asian Americans; Austro Asiatic Languages; *Cambodian; *Chinese: *Dictionaries: English (Second Language): Indochinese: *Lao: PoStsecondary Education; Second Language Learning: *Vietnamese IDENTIFIERS *Bilingual Materials: *Hmong: Phrasebooks; Yao ABSTRACT The 38 annotated entries in this bibliography describe bilingual dictionaries that are useful for .students of English as a second language who are native speakers of one of the Indochinese languages. The listing is preceded by a general description of bilingual dictionaries, guidelines for choosing a dictionary, and pitfalls of a dictionary. addresses of distributers are appended. (dui ******** ** ************************* ** ******* * *** **** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made * * from the original document. * ************. ********* ********************* *** ** **** ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, formerly National Indochinese Clearinghouse 0 Center-for Applied Linguistics 3520 Prospect Street. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 "PERMISSIONTOREPRODUCETHIS US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. -
Bilingual Dictionary Generation for Low-Resourced Language Pairs
Bilingual dictionary generation for low-resourced language pairs Varga István Yokoyama Shoichi Yamagata University, Yamagata University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering [email protected] [email protected] choice and adaptation of the translation method Abstract to the problem of available translation resources between the chosen languages. Bilingual dictionaries are vital resources in One possible solution is bilingual corpus ac- many areas of natural language processing. quisition for statistical machine translation Numerous methods of machine translation re- (SMT). However, for highly accurate SMT sys- quire bilingual dictionaries with large cover- tems large bilingual corpora are required, which age, but less-frequent language pairs rarely are rarely available for less represented lan- have any digitalized resources. Since the need for these resources is increasing, but the hu- guages. Rule or sentence pattern based systems man resources are scarce for less represented are an attractive alternative, for these systems the languages, efficient automatized methods are need for a bilingual dictionary is essential. needed. This paper introduces a fully auto- Our paper targets bilingual dictionary genera- mated, robust pivot language based bilingual tion, a resource which can be used within the dictionary generation method that uses the frameworks of a rule or pattern based machine WordNet of the pivot language to build a new translation system. Our goal is to provide a low- bilingual dictionary. We propose the usage of cost, robust and accurate dictionary generation WordNet in order to increase accuracy; we method. Low cost and robustness are essential in also introduce a bidirectional selection method order to be re-implementable with any arbitrary with a flexible threshold to maximize recall. -
(STAAR®) Dictionary Policy
STAAR® State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR®) Dictionary Policy Dictionaries must be available to all students taking: STAAR grades 3–8 reading tests STAAR grades 4 and 7 writing tests, including revising and editing STAAR Spanish grades 3–5 reading tests STAAR Spanish grade 4 writing test, including revising and editing STAAR English I, English II, and English III tests The following types of dictionaries are allowable: standard monolingual dictionaries in English or the language most appropriate for the student dictionary/thesaurus combinations bilingual dictionaries* (word-to-word translations; no definitions or examples) E S L dictionaries* (definition of an English word using simplified English) sign language dictionaries picture dictionary Both paper and electronic dictionaries are permitted. However, electronic dictionaries that provide access to the Internet or have photographic capabilities are NOT allowed. For electronic dictionaries that are hand-held devices, test administrators must ensure that any features that allow note taking or uploading of files have been cleared of their contents both before and after the test administration. While students are working through the tests listed above, they must have access to a dictionary. Students should use the same type of dictionary they routinely use during classroom instruction and classroom testing to the extent allowable. The school may provide dictionaries, or students may bring them from home. Dictionaries may be provided in the language that is most appropriate for the student. However, the dictionary must be commercially produced. Teacher-made or student-made dictionaries are not allowed. The minimum schools need is one dictionary for every five students testing, but the state’s recommendation is one for every three students or, optimally, one for each student. -
Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J
Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J. Schierholz, Department Germanistik und Komparatistik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany ([email protected]) Abstract: Methods are used in every stage of dictionary-making and in every scientific analysis which is carried out in the field of dictionary research. This article presents some general consid- erations on methods in philosophy of science, gives an overview of many methods used in linguis- tics, in lexicography, dictionary research as well as of the areas these methods are applied in. Keywords: SCIENTIFIC METHODS, LEXICOGRAPHICAL METHODS, THEORY, META- LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY RESEARCH, PRACTICAL LEXICOGRAPHY, LEXICO- GRAPHICAL PROCESS, SYSTEMATIC DICTIONARY RESEARCH, CRITICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, HISTORICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, RESEARCH ON DICTIONARY USE Opsomming: Metodes in leksikografie en woordeboeknavorsing. Metodes word gebruik in elke fase van woordeboekmaak en in elke wetenskaplike analise wat in die woor- deboeknavorsingsveld uitgevoer word. In hierdie artikel word algemene oorwegings vir metodes in wetenskapfilosofie voorgelê, 'n oorsig word gegee van baie metodes wat in die taalkunde, leksi- kografie en woordeboeknavorsing gebruik word asook van die areas waarin hierdie metodes toe- gepas word. Sleutelwoorde: WETENSKAPLIKE METODES, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE METODES, TEORIE, METALEKSIKOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, PRAKTIESE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSI- KOGRAFIESE PROSES, SISTEMATIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, KRITIESE WOORDE- BOEKNAVORSING, HISTORIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, NAVORSING OP WOORDE- BOEKGEBRUIK 1. Introduction In dictionary production and in scientific work which is carried out in the field of dictionary research, methods are used to reach certain results. Currently there is no comprehensive and up-to-date documentation of these particular methods in English. The article of Mann and Schierholz published in Lexico- * This article is based on the article from Mann and Schierholz published in Lexicographica 30 (2014). -
The Impact of Using a Bilingual Dictionary (English-Arabic) for Reading and Writing in a Saudi High School
THE IMPACT OF USING A BILINGUAL DICTIONARY (ENGLISH-ARABIC) FOR READING AND WRITING IN A SAUDI HIGH SCHOOL By Ali Almaliki A Master’s Thesis/Project Capstone Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Education Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) Department of Language, Learning and leadership State University of New York at Fredonia Fredonia, New York December 2017 THE IMPACT OF USING A BILINGUAL DICTIONARY (ENGLISH-ARABIC) FOR READING AND WRITING IN A SAUDI HIGH SCHOOL ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of using a bilingual dictionary (English- Arabic) for reading and writing in a Saudi high school and also to explore the Saudi Arabian students’ attitudes and EFL teachers’ perceptions toward the use of bilingual dictionaries. This study involves 65 EFL students and 5 EFL teachers in one Saudi high school in the city of Alkobar. Mixed methods research is used in which both qualitative and quantitative data are collected. For participating students, pre-test, post-test, and surveys are used to collect quantitative data. For participating teachers and students, in-person interviews are conducted with select teachers and students so as to collect qualitative data. This study has produced eight findings; first is that the use of a bilingual dictionary has a significant effect on the reading and writing scores for both high and low proficiency EFL students. Other findings include that most EFL students feel that using a bilingual dictionary in EFL classrooms is very important to help them translate and learn new vocabulary words but their use of a bilingual dictionary is limited by the strategies for use that students know or are taught, and that both invoice and experienced EFL teachers agree that the use of a bilingual dictionary is important for learning word meaning and vocabulary, but they do not all agree about which grades should use bilingual dictionaries. -
Dictionaries in the ESL Classroom
7/22/2009 The need for dictionaries in the ESL classroom: Dictionaries empower students by making them responsible for their own learning. Once students are able to use a dictionary well, they are self-sufficient in Dictionaries: finding the information on their own. Use and Function in the ESL Dictionaries present a very useful tool in the ESL classroom. However, teachers need to EXPLICITLY teach students skills so that they can be Classroom utilized to maximum extent. Dictionary use can enhance vocabulary acquisition and comprehension. If the dictionary is sufficiently current, and idiomatic colloquialisms are included, the student can [also] see representations of contemporary culture as seen through language. Why teachers need to explicitly teach dictionary skills: “If we do not teach students how to use the dictionary, it is unlikely that they will demand that they be taught, since, while teachers do not believe that students have adequate dictionary skills, students believe that they do” (Bilash, Gregoret & Loewen, 1999, p.4). Dictionary use skills: Dictionaries are not self explanatory; directions need to be made clear so that students can disentangle information, and select the appropriate meaning for the task at hand. Students need to learn how a dictionary works, how a dictionary or reference resource can help them, and also how to become aware of what they need and what kind of dictionary will best respond to their needs. Teachers need to firstly make sure that students are acquainted and familiar with the alphabet and its order. Secondly, teachers need to orientate students as to what a dictionary As students become more familiar and comfortable with basic dictionary entails, its functions, and relative terminology. -
Wiktionary Matcher
Wiktionary Matcher Jan Portisch1;2[0000−0001−5420−0663], Michael Hladik2[0000−0002−2204−3138], and Heiko Paulheim1[0000−0003−4386−8195] 1 Data and Web Science Group, University of Mannheim, Germany fjan, [email protected] 2 SAP SE Product Engineering Financial Services, Walldorf, Germany fjan.portisch, [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, we introduce Wiktionary Matcher, an ontology matching tool that exploits Wiktionary as external background knowl- edge source. Wiktionary is a large lexical knowledge resource that is collaboratively built online. Multiple current language versions of Wik- tionary are merged and used for monolingual ontology matching by ex- ploiting synonymy relations and for multilingual matching by exploiting the translations given in the resource. We show that Wiktionary can be used as external background knowledge source for the task of ontology matching with reasonable matching and runtime performance.3 Keywords: Ontology Matching · Ontology Alignment · External Re- sources · Background Knowledge · Wiktionary 1 Presentation of the System 1.1 State, Purpose, General Statement The Wiktionary Matcher is an element-level, label-based matcher which uses an online lexical resource, namely Wiktionary. The latter is "[a] collaborative project run by the Wikimedia Foundation to produce a free and complete dic- tionary in every language"4. The dictionary is organized similarly to Wikipedia: Everybody can contribute to the project and the content is reviewed in a com- munity process. Compared to WordNet [4], Wiktionary is significantly larger and also available in other languages than English. This matcher uses DBnary [15], an RDF version of Wiktionary that is publicly available5. The DBnary data set makes use of an extended LEMON model [11] to describe the data.