APPENDIX The Succession of Geologic Strata in Eastern Nigeria With an Outline of their Lithology and Related Topography Period Age Formation1 Max. thickness (feet

Quaternary Recent Alluvium (Holocene) - Recent Delta Formation 10,000+ (pleistocene) Pliocene Coastal Plains Sands 5,000+ (Benin Formation) -Unconformity- Miocene Lignite Formation 1,700+ (Ogwashi-Asaba Formation) Tertiary Eocene Bende-Ameki Formation 4,800 (Ameki Formation)

Palaeocene- Imo-Clay Shales Formation 4,000+ Eocene (Imo Shale Formation)

Palaeocene Upper Coal Measures 1,100+ Formation Maastrichtian (Nsukka Formation) Maastrichtian Falsebedded Sandstone 1,100+ Formation (Ajali Formation) Maastrichtian Lower Coal Measures 1,300 Formation (Mamu Formation) Maastrichtian- Enugu Shales 2,500+ Campian(1)

Maastrichtian- Awgu Sandstone 2,000 Cretaceous Campian(1)

Nkporo Shales 1,500

-Unconformity Coniacian- Awgu-Ndeaboh Shale 3,000 Turonian (1) Formation (Awgu Shale Formation) Turonian Eze-Aku Shale Formation 2,000

Albian- Asu River Group 6,000+ Cenomanian Unconformity- Palaeozoic (1) Basement Complex 1 Pre-Cambrian Archaean (1) I 1 Names in brackets are those given in Reyment (1965) and are not in general current use. Origin 01 Lithology materialsl Topography Flat valleys of Niger and Cross Unconsolidated sands with subordinate gravels, clays, Rivers silts. Low-lying land, tidal creeks

Unconsolidated dominantly yellow and white sands, Gently sloping and undulating occasionally pebbly with clay beds of various colours. C plain, more hilly in north-west. Cross-bedded sandstones, often coarse; carbonaceous Rolling, undulating lowland. mudstones and lignite; variegated clays, often sandy C and usually plastic. Fine to coarse sandstone, generally red, white, yellow; Dissected plateau, ridges and shaley sandstones, shales, and sandy shales, mudstones M valleys and rare thin sandy limestones. Blue, dark grey shales with occasional bands of clay Lowlands and ridges ironstone and thin argillaceous sandstones. Intra- M formational sandstones at several horizons. White to grey, coarse to medium sandstones, carbona- Minor cuesta, outlier hills (buttes) ceous shales, sandy shales, thin coals, occasional lime- C on Nsukka-Udi Plateau stone. Fine to coarse-grained, cross-bedded friable sand- Plateau in north, cuesta in stones, sometimes poorly consolidated, with occasion- C south. al bands of white or pale grey shade. Escarpment. Fine to medium-grained, white to grey sandstones, Escarpment (lower slopes) shaley sandstones and sandy shales; grey mudstones C and shales. Subordinate calcareous shales and coals. Bluish-grey to dark grey mudstones and shales with beds of white sandstone and striped sandy shale. M Occasional limestone beds in the lower part. Fine to coarse-grained massive sandstones, locally cross-bedded, with some pebbly beds and subordinate M Escarpment (lower slopes) and bands of siltstone and carbonaceous shale. Shales and immediate lowlands at foot limestone at base. of scarp. Dark shales and mudstones with occasional thin beds of sandy shale and sandstone; very thick lenses of M sandstone present in Afikpo area with associated carbonaceous shales and thin coals. Bluish-grey, well-bedded shales with subordinate shelly limestones and sandstones. Strong development M of sandstone in Afikpo area. Cross River Plain, an extensive lowland with minor undulations Flaggy, calcareous shales and mudstones and sub- M formed by more resistant sand- ordinate shelly limestones and sandstones. stones and limestones. Occasional prominences from Bluish-grey to olive-brown shales and sandy shales, volcanic materials. fine-grained micaceous sandstones and dense blue M and grey limestones. Gneisses, schists, granites and associated crystalline Mountainous terrain of the rocks. Eastern Highlands, with planated margins.

1 C Essentially Continental; M Essentially Marine. Bibliography

I. PERIODICALS (CONTINUING SOURCES) The following English-language periodic publications feature up-to-date contributions on African, West African, Nigerian and Eastern Nigerian geography. Reference should be made to these sources for the latest data on developments in the continent and the region of study featured in this book.

A. AFRICA, WEST AFRICA Africa (quarterly) Africa Report (monthly) African Soils (quarterly) Annals ofthe Association ofAmerican Geographers (quarterly) Economic Geography (quarterly) Focus (monthly) Geographical Journal (quarterly) Geographical Magazine (monthly) Geographical Review (quarterly) Geography (quarterly) Journal ofTropical Geography (quarterly) National Geographic Magazine (monthly) Outlook on Agriculture (quarterly) Scottish Geographical Magazine (quarterly) Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie (quarterly, contributions in English) Tropical Agriculture (quarterly) West Africa (weekly) West African Directory (annual)

a NIGERIA, EASTERN NIGERIA Agro-Meteorological Bulletin (monthly): Nigerian Met. Service BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 Annual Abstract ofStatistics: Nigeria (Fed.), Office of Statistics Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture (Agricultural Division) Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture (Forestry Division) Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Commerce Annual Report: Nigerian Coal Corporation Annual Report: Nigerian Geological Survey Annual Report: Nigerian Railway Corporation Crop and Weather Report (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture Development (quarterly): Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation Eastern Nigeria (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Information Extension Newsletter (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture Farm and Forest (quarterly: ceased publication) Handbook of Commerce and Industry (occasional): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry ofInformation Journal of the West African Science Association (quarterly) Journal of the Historical Society ofNigeria (quarterly) Nigeria Magazine (quarterly): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry ofInformation Nigerian Field (quarterly): Nigerian Field Society Nigerian Geographical Journal (half-yearly): Nigerian Geographical Society Nigerian Grower and Producer (and West African Farmer) (quarterly): University of Ibadan Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies (quarterly): Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, University ofIbadan Nigerian Opinion (monthly) Nigerian Scientist (occasional) Nigerian Trade Journal (quarterly): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry of Commerce and Industries Overseas Review (monthly): Barclays D.C.O. Overseas Survey (annual): Barclays D.C.O. Shell-BP Bulletin (formerly Oil Search Bulletin): (bi-monthly, occasionally monthly): Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd. Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria (annual): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Economic Planning 320 BIBLIOGRAPHY Trade and Industrial Bulletin (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Commerce University Geographer (annual): Geography Society, University ofIbadan

II. GENERAL REFERENCES

A. AFRICA, WEST AFRICA

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Among recent publications dealing with the broad physical and human geographical aspects of the African continent are: Barbour, K. M., Population in Africa (Ibadan, 1963). - and Mansell Prothero, R. (eds.), Essays on African Population (London, 1961). Bascom, W. R., and Herskovits, M. J., Continuity and Change in African Cultures (Chicago, 1959). Caldwell, J. C., and Okonjo, C. (eds.), The Population of Tropical Africa (London, 1968). Carlson, L., Africa'S Lands and Nations (N.Y., 1967). DeBlij, H., A Geography of Subsaharan Africa (Chicago, 1964). Fitzgerald, W., Africa, a Social, Economic and Political Geography (London, 1967). Forde, D. (ed.), African Worlds (London, 1954). Fordham, P., The Geography of African Affairs (Pelican, London, 1965). Gibbs, J. L. (ed.), Peoples of Africa (N.Y., 1965). Grove, A. T., Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1967). Hailey, Lord, An African Survey (London, 1956). Hance, W. A., The Geography of Modern Africa (New York, 1964). Hargreaves, J. F., Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (N.Y., 1963). Harrison Church, R. J., West Africa. A Study of the Environment and of Man's Use ofIt (London, 1963). - Environment and Politics in West Africa (Princeton, N.J., 1963). - et al., Africa and the Islands (London, 1964). Hatch, J., A History ofPostwar Africa (N.Y., 1965). Hazelwood, A., The Economy ofAfrica (London, 1961). Herskovits, M. J., The Human Factor in Changing Africa (New York, 1963). Hodder, B., and Harris, D., Africa in Transition (London, 1967). BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 Hodgson, R. D., and Stoneman, E. A., The Changing Map of Africa (N.Y., 1963). Hughes, J., The New Face ofAfrica (London, 1962). Hunter, G., The New Societies ofTropical Africa (London, 1962). Irvine, F. R., A Text Book of West African Agriculture (London, 1953). Jarrett, H. R., A Geography of West Africa (London, 1960). Johnson, B. F., The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa (Stanford,1958). Kimble, G. H. T., Tropical Africa. 2 vols. (New York, 1961). Legum, C. (ed.), Africa: A Handbook to the Continent (N.Y., 1966). Mair, L. P., Studies in Applied Anthropology (London, 1957). Mountjoy, A. B., and Embleton, C., Africa (London, 1967). Murdoch, G. P., Africa. Its Peoples and their Cultural History (New York, 1959). Oxford Economic Atlas: Africa (Oxford, 1965). Ottenberg, S. and P., Cultures and Societies ofAfrica (New York, 1960). Perham, M., African Outline (London, 1965). Southall, A. (ed.), Social Change in Modern Africa (London, 1961). Stamp, L. D., Africa, a Study in Tropical Development (London, 1966). The Times Atlas ofthe World, vol. iv (London, 1956). UNESCO, A Review of the Natural Resources of the African Continent (Paris, 1963). Worthington, E. B., Science in the Development ofAfrica (London, 1958). Wraith, R., Local Government in West Africa (London, 1964).

R NIGERI~ EASTERN NIGERIA

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Ademoyega, W., The Federation of Nigeria (London, 1962). Aluko, S., The Problems of Self-Government for Nigeria: a Critical Analysis (Ilfracombe, England, 1955). Anon, Directory of the Federation of Nigeria (The Diplomatic Press and Publishing Co., London, 1962). Awa, E. 0., Voting Behaviour and Attitudes of Eastern Nigerians (Ibadan, 1961). Awolowo, Chief 0., Thoughts on Nigerian Constitution (Ibadan, 1966). Azikiwe, N., Nigeria in World Politics (London, 1959). Bretton, H. L., Power and Stability in Nigeria. The Politics of Decoloniza­ tion (New York, 1962). L F.E.N. 322 BIBLIOGRAPHY Buchanan, K. M. and Pugh, J. C., Land and People in Nigeria (London, 1958). Coleman, J. S., Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley, 1958). Collis, R., A Doctor's Nigeria (London, 1961). Dickson, M., New Nigerians (Chicago, 1963). Dudley, B. J. (ed.), Nigeria: Crisis and Criticism (Ibadan, 1966). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Information, Eastern Nigeria. Independence Edition (Enugu, 1960). - Ministry of Economic Planning, Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria. lst ed. Official Document No. 22 of 1963 (Enugu, 1963). -- Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria. 2nd ed. Official Document No. 24 of 1965 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry of Works, Master Plan for Urban and Rural Water Supply (Enugu, 1962). Submitted by Eastern Nigeria Water Planning and Construction Ltd. Prepared by TAHAL (Water Planning) Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Ezera, K., Constitutional Developments in Nigeria (Cambridge, 1960). Forde, D. and Scott, R., The Native Economies of Nigeria (London, 1946). Gwam, L. C., A Handlist of Nigerian Official Publications (provisional) 2 vols. (Ibadan, 1961). - A Preliminary Index to the Intelligence Reports in the Nigerian Secre­ tariat Record Group. National Archives (Ibadan, 1961). Harris, P. J., Local Government in Southern Nigeria. Manual of Procedure and Text ofthe Laws (Cambridge, 1957). Iloeje, N. P., A New Geography ofNigeria (Lagos, 1965). Iyanam, U. 1., 'The Human Geography of Oron County, Eket Division'. University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. Jennings, J. and Oduah, S., A Geography of Eastern Nigeria (London, 1966). Mbah, V. C. J., A Preliminary Index to the Intelligence Reports in the Enugu Secretariat Group. National Archives (Enugu, 1962). Menakaya, J. C. and Floyd, B. N. (eds.), Junior Atlas for Eastern Nigeria (London, 1965). Ndem, E. B. E., lbos in Contemporary Nigerian Politics. A Study in Group Conflict (Onitsha, 1961). Nigeria, Director of Surveys, Gazetteer of Place Names on 1 : 500,000 Map ofNigeria (Lagos, 1949). - Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Nigerian Trade Journal. Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960). BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 - Ministry of Information, Nigeria 1960. Special Independence Issue of Nigeria Magazine; M. Crowder (ed.) (Oct. 1960). Oboli, H. O. N., A Sketch-Map Atlas ofNigeria (London, 1960). Omali, D.O., A Nigerian Villager in Two Worlds (London, 1965). Pedler, F. J., Economic Geography of West Africa (London, 1955). Perkins, W. A., and Stembridge, J. H., Nigeria: A Descriptive Geography (London, 1966). Pugh, J. C., and Perry, A. C., Short Geography of West Africa (London, 1960). Quinn-Young, C. T., and Herdman, T., Geography of Nigeria (London, 1964). Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nigeria: the Political and Economic Background (London, 1960). Sircar, P. K. (ed.), Nsukka Division. A Geographic Appraisal, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Cyclostyled. Sklar, R. L., Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation (Princeton, N.J., 1963). Stapleton, G. B., The Wealth ofNigeria (London, 1958). Tilman, R. 0., and Cole, T. (eds.), The Nigerian Political Scene (Durham, N.C., 1962). Watson, G. D., A Human Geography ofNigeria (London, 1960). U.K., Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disorders in the Eastern Provinces ofNigeria, Nov. 1949 Col. No. 256 (London, 1950). - Willink Commission on the Problems of Nigerian Minorities (Lagos, 1958).

Periodicals Adebanjo, T., et al., 'Six Views of the Nigerian War', Africa Report, vol. 13, no. 2 (Feb. 1968). Anene, J. C., 'The Nigeria-Southern Cameroons Boundary', Journal of the Historical Society ofNigeria, vol. ii, no. 1 (Dec. 1961), 186-95. Buchanan, K. M., 'Nigeria - Largest Remaining British Colony', Economic Geography, vol. xxviii (1952), 302-22. Floyd, B. N., 'The Federation of Nigeria' , Focus (Nov. 1964). Frodin, R., 'A Note on Nigeria', Reports Service, American Universities Field Staff, West Africa Series, vol. iv, no. 6 (Nigeria) (Aug. 1961). Kitson, A. E., 'Southern Nigeria. Some Considerations of its Structure, People and Natural History', Geographical Journal, vol. xli, no. 1 (Jan. 1913), 16-38. 324 BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchel, N. C., 'Nigeria', Focus (Mar. 1954). Ogunsheye, A., 'Nigeria's Economy', Nigeria Magazine, no. 66 (Oct. 1960), 12-19. Prescott, J. R. Y., 'The Geographical Basis of Nigerian Federation', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. ii, no. 1 (June 1958), 1-13. - 'The Evolution of Nigeria's Boundaries', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ii, no. 2 (Mar. 1959),80-104. - 'Nigeria's Regional Boundary Problems', Geographical Review, vol. xlix (1959),485-505.

III. HISTORICAL ASPECTS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Ademoyega, 'Wale, The Federation of Nigeria, from Earliest Times to Independence (London, 1962). Burns, A., History ofNigeria (London, 1948). Crowder, M., The Story ofNigeria (London, 1962). Dike, K. 0., Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1956). English, M. C., An Outline ofNigerian History (London, 1960). Fage, W., An Atlas of African History (London, 1958). Flint, J. E., Sir George Goldie and the Making ofNigeria (Oxford, 1962). Forde, D., Efik Traders of Old Calabar (London, 1956). Hodgkin, T., Nigerian Perspectives: an Historical Anthology (Oxford, 1960). Jones, G. I., The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: a Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria (London, 1963). Perham, M., Native Administration in Nigeria (London, 1937).

Periodicals Hartle, D. D., 'Archaeology in Eastern Nigeria', Nigeria Magazine, no. 93 (June 1967), 134-43.

IV. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Basden, G. T., Niger /bos (London, 1921). Chubb, L. T., Ibo Land Tenure (lbadan, 1961). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Community Development in Eastern Nigeria. Official Document No. 20 of 1962 (Enugu, 1962). BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 Elias, T. 0., Nigerian Land Law and Custom (London, 1962). Eme, J. C. U., 'Sociological Problems Connected with Farm Settlement Schemes', Appendix VI in Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, Farm Settlement Scheme. Third Annual Programme Planning Con­ ference. Technical Bulletin No.4 (Enugu, 1963). Forde, D., and Jones, G. I., The Ibo and Ibibio speaking Peoples ofSouth­ eastern Nigeria. International African Institute (London, 1950). Green, M. M., Land Tenure in an Ibo Village in Southeastern Nigeria, London School of Economics, Monographs in Social Anthropology No.6 (London, 1941). -lbo Village Affairs (London, 1948). Inyang, P. E, B., Language Groups of Eastern Nigeria, Geography Depart­ ment, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1963). Manuscript. Jackson, I. C., Advance in Africa; a Study of Community Development in Eastern Nigeria (London, 1956). Leonard, A. G., The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906). Meek, C. K., Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe (London, 1937). A Study in Indirect Rule. - Land Tenure and Land Administration in Nigeria and the Cameroons, Col. Research Studies No. 22 (London, 1957). Obi, S. N. C., Ibo Law ofProperty (London, 1963). Ottenberg, P., 'The Afikpo Ibo of Eastern Nigeria', in J. L. Gibbs (ed.), Peoples of Africa (N.Y., 1965). Ottenberg, S., 'Ibo Receptivity to Change', in W. R. Bascom and M. J. Herskovits, Continuity and Change in African Cultures (Chicago, 1959). Schwartz, F. A., Nigeria: the Tribes, the Nation or the Race (Cambridge, Mass., 1965). Smythe, H. B., and M. M., The New Nigerian Elite (Stanford, 1960). Talbot, P. A., Peoples ofSouthern Nigeria. 4 vols. (London, 1926). - Tribes ofthe Niger Delta (London, 1932). - and Mulhall, H., The Physical Anthropology of Southern Nigeria, A Biometric Study in Statistical Method. Occasional Publications of the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cam­ bridge, 1962).

Periodicals Alagoa, E. J., 'Ijo Origins and Migrations', Nigeria Magazine, no. 92 (Mar. 1967),47-55. L2 f.E.N. 326 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anumba, E. 0., 'Geographical Significance of Social Institutions in Eastern Nigeria', The University Geographer (Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 (May 1962), 17-20. Ardener, E. W., 'Some Ibo Attitudes to Skin Pigmentation', Man, vol. ci (1954),1-3. Brinkworth, I., 'Nigeria's Cultural Heritage', Geographical Magazine, vol. xxxi, no. 9 (Jan. 1959),425-38. Forde, C. F., 'Land and Labour in a Cross River Village, South Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. xc (1937), 24-51. Harris, J. S., 'Papers on the Economic Aspects of Life among the Ozuitem lbo', Africa, vol. xiv (1943), 12-23. - 'Some Aspects of the Economies of Sixteen Ibo Individuals', Africa, vol. xiv (1944),302-35. Jones, G. 1, 'Ibo Land Tenure', Africa, vol. xix (1949),309-23. - 'Dual Organization in Ibo Social Structure', Africa, vol. xix(1949), 150-6. Morgan, W. B., 'The Influence of European Contacts on the Landscape of Southern Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. cxxv, Pt. 1 (Mar. 1959), 48-64. Ntukidem, A. E., 'Rural Markets in Nigeria', University Geographer (Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 (May 1962),27-29. Nzekwu, 0., 'Ibo People's Costumes', Nigeria Magazine, vol. lxxviii (Sept. 1963), 164-75. Ottenberg, S., 'The Present State ofIbo Studies', Journal of the Historical Society ofNigeria, vol. ii, no. 2 (Dec. 1961). Porter, P. W., 'Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities - a Background for Cultural Adaptation', in W. Goldschmidt et al., 'Variation and Adaptability of Culture: a Symposium', American Anthropologist, vol.lxviii (1965), 409-20. Ukeje, L. 0., 'Weaving in Akwete', Nigeria Magazine, vol. lxxiv (Sept. 1962),32-41.

V. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Anugwelem, S. C., The Urban Growth of Aba, University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscripts. Emenyi, E. A. H., 'Geography of Oron Town, A River Settlement', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 Karmon, Y., A Geography of Settlement in Eastern Nigeria, Scripta Hiero­ solymitana 15, Pamphlet No.2 (Jerusalem, The Magness Press for the Hebrew University, 1966), 90 pp. Madukaife, G. N., 'The Impact of Migration on Agriculture in Ogidi', Original Essays in Geography, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript. Mitter, O. K., 'On Birth and Death Rates in Nigeria', Mathematics Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Manuscript. Nigeria, Department of Statistics, Population Census of the Eastern Region ofNigeria (Lagos, 1953). - Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, This is Nigeria: Onitsha (Lagos, n.d.). Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce, Port Harcourt (port Harcourt, n.d.). Wigwe, G. A., 'Trade, Commercial and Industrial Development of Aba', University ofIbadan, Original Essays in Geography (1962). Manuscript.

Periodicals Allpress, P. L., 'Post-war Settlement and Resettlement in the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vii (1946). Buchanan, K. M., 'Internal Colonization in Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. xliii (1953),416-18. Hair, P. E. H., 'Enugu: An Industrial and Urban Community in East Nigeria, 1914-1953', Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference, West Africa Institute of Social and Economic Research (lbadan, 1953), 143-67. Jennings, J. H., 'A Population Distribution, Map of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. cxxiii (1957), p. 416. - 'Enugu - a Geographical Outline', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),28-38. Jones, G. I., 'The Method of Obtaining Slaves in the Ibo Country and hence the Effect on Population', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol.lxxix (1949). Mabogunje, A., 'The Economic Implication of the Pattern of Urbanisa­ tion in Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, vol. vii, no. 1 (Mar. 1965),9-30. Morgan, W. B., 'Farming Practice, Settlement Pattern, and Population Density in South-Eastern Nigeria', Geographical Journal, vol. cxxi (Sept. 1955), 320-33. 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY Morgan, W. B., 'The "grassland towns" of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', Transactions and Papers of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. xxiii (1957), 213-24. - 'Settlement Patterns of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. i, no. 2 (Dec. 1957),23-30. Ogbaugu, B., 'Enugu - Coal Town', Nigeria Magazine, no. 70 (Sept. 1961), 241-51. Prothero, R. M., 'The Population of Eastern Nigeria', Scottish Geo­ graphical Magazine, vol.lxxi (1955),165-70. - 'Problems of Population Mapping in an Under-Developed Territory (Northern Nigeria)" Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),1-7. Udo, R. K., 'Land and Population- in Otoro District', Nigerian Geo­ graphicalJournal, vol. iv, no. 1 (Aug. 1961),3-13. - 'Patterns of Population Distribution and Settlement in Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. vi, no. 2 (Dec. 1963), 73-88. - 'Distribution of Nucleated Settlement in Eastern Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. lv, no. 1 (1965),53-67.

VI. GEOLOGY

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Hazell, J. R. T., 'Ground Water in Eastern Nigeria', Geological Survey of Nigeria, Report No. 5198 (Enugu, 1961). Cyclostyled. Mironenko, P. A., Final Report on the Rural Water Supply Problem in the Cross River Plain, Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Works (Enugu, 1962). Mitchell-Thome, R. C., Average Annual Natural Recharge Estimates of Groundwater in Eastern Nigeria, with Comments on Consumption, Geology Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1963). Cyclo­ styled. Monkhouse, R. A., The Geology of Eastern Nigeria, Geology Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1966). Cyclostyled. Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Geologic Division, An Illustrated Review of the Geologic Survey Compiled from Talks Prepared for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (Lagos, 1963). - Geological Survey, Mining and Mineral Resources in Nigeria (Lagos, 1957). - Minerals and Industry in Nigeria (Lagos, 1957). Reyment, R. A., The Future ofGeology in Nigeria (Ibadan, 1964). BIBLIOGRAPHY 329 - Aspects ofGeology in Nigeria (Ibadan, 1965). Simpson, A., The Nigerian Coalfield, The Geology of Parts of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Bulletin No. 24, Geological Survey of Nigeria (Lagos, 1954). de Swardt, A. M. J., and Casey, O. P., The Coal Resources of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 28, Geological Survey of Nigeria (Lagos, 1963).

Periodicals Anon, 'Water Resources of Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1965),2-7. Hazell, J. R., 'The Enugu Ironstone, Udi Division, Onitsha Province' Rec. Geological Survey, Nigeria (1955) (Kaduna, 1958),44-58. Jacobson, R. R. E., Snelling, N. J., and Truswell, J. F., 'Age Determinations in the Geology of Nigeria with special reference to Older and Younger Granites', Overseas Geol. Min. Resources, vol. ix, no. 2 (1963), 168-82. Ledger, D. C., 'Aspects of Nigerian Hydrology', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),18-27. Orajaka, S., 'Geology of the Obudu Area, Ogoja Province, Eastern Nigeria', Nat. Canad., vol. xci, no. 3 (1964), 73-100.

VII. LANDFORMS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Books Ainslie, J. R., The Physiography of Southern Nigeria, and its Effect on the Forest Flora ofthe Country (Oxford, 1926).

Periodicals Allen, J. R., 'Coastal Geomorphology of Eastern Nigeria', Geologie en Mijnbouw, 44 Jaarg. Nr. 1 (Jan. 1965),1-21. Carter, J., 'Erosion and Sedimentation from Aerial Photographs; a micro­ study from Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. ii (Apr. 1958), 100-6. Crowder, M., 'Nigeria's Great Rivers; a Survey of the Great Inland Water Highways - the Niger and Benue', Nigeria Magazine, no. 64 (Mar. 1960),28-55. Iloeje, N. P., 'The Structure and Relief of the Nsukka-Okigwi Cuesta', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iv, no. 1 (July 1961),21-39. 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY Iloeje, N. P., 'Geomorphology of Nsukka-Okigwi Cuesta', Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (Nov. 1961), 13-23. Jungerius, P. D., 'The Environmental Background of Land Use in Nigeria', Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Dee181, no. 4 (1964), 415-37. - 'The Upper Coal Measures Cuesta in Eastern Nigeria', Annals of Geomorphology v (1964), 167-76. Ofom ata, G. E. K., 'Some Observations on Relief and Erosion in Eastern Nigeria', Revue de geomorphologie dynamique, 17. annee, no. 1. Jan.­ fev. 1967,21-9. - 'Landforms on the Nsukka Plateau of Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. 10, no. 1 (June 1967),3-9. Pugh, J. c., 'The Volcanoes of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ii, no. 1 (June 1958),26-36. - 'River Captures in Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iv, no. 2 (Dec. 1961),41-8. - and King, L., 'Outline of the Geomorphology of Nigeria', South African Geographical Journal, vol. xxiv (1952). Thomas, M. F., 'On the Approach to Landform Studies in Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. v (1952),87-101.

VIII. SOILS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Grove, A. T., Land Use and Soil Conservation in Parts of Onitsha and OwerriProvinces, Bulletin No. 21, Geological Survey of Nigeria (1951). - 'Soil Erosion in Nigeria', in R. W. Steel and C. A. Fisher, Geographical Essays on British Tropical Lands (London, 1956), 79-111. Inyang, P., Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation in Eastern Nigeria, Geo­ graphy Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1962). Cyclostyled. Jungerius, P. D., 'The Soils of Eastern Nigeria', Publicaties van het Fysisch­ Geogrqfisch Laboratorium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, no. 4 (1964),185-98. Obihara, C. H., Bawden, M. G., and Jungerius, P. D., The Anambra-Do Rivers Area, Soil Survey Memoir no. 1, Ministry of Agriculture (Enugu, 1964). Vine, H., Nigerian Soils in Relation to Parent Material, Commonwealth Bureau of Soil Science, Technical Communication, no. 46 (Harpenden, 1949). BIBLIOGRAPHY 331 - Notes on the Main Types of Nigerian Soils, Nigeria Agricultural Depart­ ment, Special Bulletin No.5 (Lagos, 1953).

Periodicals D'Hoore, J., 'La Carte des sols d'Afrique au sud du Sahara', Pedologie, x (1960). Floyd, B. N., 'Soil Erosion and Deterioration in Eastern Nigeria: A Geographical Appraisal', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. viii, no. 1 (June 1965), 33-44. Grove, A. T., 'Farming Systems and Soil Erosion on Sandy Soils in South Eastern Nigeria', Bulletin Agric. du Congo BeIge, xl, 2150-5. - 'Soil Erosion and Population Problems in South-East Nigeria', Geo­ graphicalJournal, vol. cxvii (1951), 291-306. Jungerius, P. D., and Levelt, T. W. M., 'Clay Mineralogy of Soils over Sedimentary Rocks in Eastern Nigeria', Soil Science, vol. xcvii, no. 2 (Feb. 1964),89-95. Obihara, C. H., 'The Acid Sands of Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (1961), 57-64. Ofom at a, G. E. K., 'Soil Erosion in the Enugu Region of Nigeria', African Soils, ix, no. 2 (1964), 289-348. - 'Factors of Soil Erosion in the Enugu Area of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. viii, no. 1 (June 1965),45-59. Randall, P. C., 'Soil Degradation and Land Use in Onitsha Province', Farm and Forest, vol. i, no. 2 (1940), 21-5. Sykes, R. A., 'A History of the Anti-Erosion Work at Udi', Farm and Forest, vol. i, no. 1 (1940),3-6. Vine, H., 'Experiments on the Maintenance of Soil Fertility at Ibadan, Nigeria', Journal ofExperimental Agriculture, vol. xxi (1953), 65-85.

IX. CLIMATE

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Garnier, B. J., Using Potential Evapotranspiration as a Guide to the Water Requirements of Crops, University ofIbadan (Ibadan, 1957). - Weather Conditions in Nigeria, Climatological Research Series No. 2 (McGill University, Montreal, 1967). Gregory, S., Rainfall over Sierra Leone, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Research Paper No. 2 (Liverpool, 1965). Section 1: West African climate. 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY U.K., British West African Meteorological Services, Preliminary Note on the Climate ofNigeria (1950). Cyclostyled. - Gusts in Nigeria. Nigerian Meteorological Notes No.1 (Lagos, 1952). Cyclostyled. University of Nigeria, Faculty of Agriculture, Basic Data: Agrometeoro­ logical Station (Nsukka, 1964). Cyclostyled. Walker, H.O., The Monsoon in West Africa, Ghana Meteorological Department, Note No.9 (Accra, 1958).

Periodicals Crowe, P. R., 'Wind and Weather in the Equatorial Zone', Transactions ofthe Institute ofBritish Geographers, xvii (1951). Davies, J., 'Estimation of Insolation for West Africa', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. xci, no. 389 (July 1965), 359-63. - 'Solar Radiation Estimates for Nigeria', The Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ix, no. 2 (Dec. 1966),85-100. Eldridge, R. H., 'A Synoptic Study of West African Disturbance Lines', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxxiii, no. 357 (1957),303-14. Ene, N., 'A Bibliography on the Climate of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. v, no. 1 (June 1962), 53-60. Garnier, B. J., 'Some Comments on Measurements of Potential Evapora­ tion in Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 2 (1953),11-18. - 'Report on Experiments to Measure Potential Evapotranspiration in Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, No.8 (1956). - 'Some Comments on Defining the Humid Tropics', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 11 (1958), 9-125. - 'Maps ofthe Water Balance in West Africa', I.F.A.N. Series A, vol. xxii, no. 3 (1960),709-22. - Fosberg, F. R., and Kuchler, A. W., 'Delimitation of the Humid Tropics', Geographical Review, vol. Ii, no. 3 (July 1961). Hamilton, R. A, and Archibold, J. W., 'Meteorology of Nigeria and Ad­ jacent Territory', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxi, no. 309 (1945), 231-66. Hare, F. K., 'The Concept of Climate', Geography, vol. Ii, no. 2 (Apr. 1966),99-110. BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 Hodder, B. W., 'A Note on Delimiting the Humid Tropics: the case of Nigeria in West Africa', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, No. 10 (June 1957), 1-7. Ireland, A. W., 'The Little Dry Season of Southern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. v, no. 1 (June 1962),7-20. Ladel1, W. S. S., 'Physiological Classification of Climates illustrated by reference to Nigeria', Proceedings, International West Mrican Congress, Ibadan, 1949 (Jos, 1956),4-21. Miller, R., 'The Climate of Nigeria', Geography, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (Nov. 1952),198-213. Pugh, J. C., 'Rainfall Reliability in Nigeria', Proceedings, 17th Inter­ national Geographical Congress (Washington, D.C., 1952),280-5. Schove, D. J., 'A Further Contribution to the Meteorology of Nigeria', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxii, no. 331 (1946), 105-12.

X. VEGETATION

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. African Timber and Plywood (Nigeria) Ltd., A.T.P. Sapele (Lagos, n.d.). Aubreville, A. M., 'Tropical Africa', in S. Haden Guest, J. K. Wright, E. M. Tec1aff, A World Geography of Forest Resources (New York, 1956), chap. 16. Keay, R. W. J., An Outline ofNigerian Vegetation (Lagos, 1959). Molski, B. A., The Importance of Shelterbelts as a Means of Developing Nigerian Agriculture, Botany Department, University of Nigeria (1966). Cyc1ostyled. Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Nigerian Timber (Lagos, n.d.). - Federal Ministry ofInformation, Some Nigerian Woods (Lagos, 1962). - Forest Department, The Vegetation of Nigeria; descriptive terms (Lagos, 1948). Richards, P. W., The Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge, 1952). Rosevear, D. R., Check List and Atlas of Nigerian Mammals; with a fore­ word on vegetation (Lagos, 1953). - and Lancaster, P. C., Our Forests (Lagos, n.d.).

Periodicals Adeyoju, S. K., 'The Forest Resources of Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of Geography, vol. viii, no. 2 (Dec. 1965), 115-26. F.E.N. 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY Jones, A. P. D., 'Notes on Terms for Use in Vegetation Description in Southern Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vi (1945). Killick, H. J., 'The Ecological Relationships of Certain Plants in the Forest and Savanna of Central Nigeria', Journal of Ecology, vol. xlvii, no. 1 ~ar. 1959), 115-27. Northern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, 'A Key to Nigerian Grasses', Samaru Research Bulletin, no. 1 (Kaduna, 1960). . Rains, A. B., 'A Field Key to the Commoner Genera of Nigerian Grasses', Nigerian Field, vol. xxii, no. 4. Richards, P. W., 'Ecological Studies on the Rain Forest of Southern Nigeria', Journal ofEcology, vol. xxvii (1939),1-61. - 'The Floristic Composition of Primary Tropical Rainforest', Biological Review, vol. xx (1945). Rosevear, D. R., 'Mangrove Swamp', Farm and Forest, vol. viii, no. 1(1947).

XI. AGRICULTURE

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Anomba, E. 0., 'Rural Economy of Onitsha Southern County', University ofIbadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. Aurlien, 0., 'Research Results from Fertilizer Trials'. Paper presented at Conference on Fertilisers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyc10styled. Bartlett, R., Rubber in Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for Inter­ national Development. Consultant Report No. 10 (Lagos, 1961). Cyclostyled. Christiansen, J. E., et aI., Preliminary Survey of the Cross River Drainage Basin of Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development (Enugu, 1963). Cyclosty1ed. Coppock, J. T., 'Tobacco Growing in Nigeria', Erdkunde, vol. xix, no. 4 (1965),297-306. Davis, L. L., Status of Rice Production in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 12 (Lagos, 1962). Cyclostyled. Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation, Oils (Enugu, n.d.). - The E.N.D.C. in the First Decade 1955-1964 (Enugu, n.d.). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, Eastern Nigeria Farm Settlement Scheme, Agricultural Bulletin No.2 (Enugu, n.d.). - Eastern Nigeria Farm Settlement Scheme. Supplement to Agricultural Bulletin No.2. Technical Bulletin No.6 (Enugu, n.d.). BlnLlOGRAPlIY 335 - Farm Settlement Scheme, Third Annual Progress Planning Conference, Technical Bulletin No.4 (Enugu, 1963). - Crop Calendar for Eastern Nigeria, Technical Bulletin No. 8 (Enugu, 1963). - Farm Management Studies in Eastern Nigeria 1964-65 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry of Economic Planning, Plantation Survey of Eastern Nigeria 1961-62. Official Document No. 17 of 1965 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry ofInformation, Agriculture (,Progress' Series No.1, Enugu, 1960). Ekejiuba, F. I., Padi Lands of Abakaliki District, University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Fennell, M. A., Brief Summary of Cassava Production in Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan (1961). Cyclostyled. Floyd, B. N., 'Rural Land Use in Nsukka Division', in P. K. Sircar (ed.), Nsukka Division: A Geographic Appraisal (Nsukka, 1965), chap. 5, 51- 71. Cyclostyled. - ENDC Ranch: Cattle Ranching in Eastern Nigeria (Enugu, 1965). Halverson, J. H., The Present Nutritional Situation in Nigeria, SSOM/ Nigeria Consultant Report No.4 (Lagos, 1961). Cyclostyled. Helleiner, G. K., Peasant Agriculture, Government and Growth in Nigeria. Economic Growth Center, Yale University (Homewood, 111.,1966). Highsmith, R. M., et al'Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Nigeria', in Case Studies in World Geography, Occupance and Economy Types (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961), chap. 1,3-10. Johnson, G. J., 'Making Practical (Economic) Fertilization Recommenda­ tions'. Paper presented at Conference on Fertilisers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyclostyled. Jugenheimer, R. W., A Maize Improvement Program for Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 17 (Ibadan, 1962). Cyclostyled. Lynn, C. W., Agricultural Extension and Advisory Work, with special reference to the Colonies, Colonial Office Publication No. 241 (London, 1949). McClung, J. R., and Maxwell, T. A., Presenting a Plan for an Agricultural Credit Service for Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for Inter­ national Development. Consultant Report No. 17 (Lagos, 1962). MacFarlane, D. L., and Oworen, M. A., 'Investment in Oil Palm Planta­ tions in Nigeria: A Financial and Economic Appraisal', Economic Development Institute, University of Nigeria (1965). Manuscript. Mann, W. S., A Study in the Economics ofFertilizer Use in Eastern Nigeria, Technical Bulletin No.5 (Enugu, 1963). 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY Martin, A., The Oil Palm Economy ofthe Ibibio Farmer (Ibadan, 1956). Morgan, W. B., 'The Strip Fields of Southern Nigeria', in Stamp, L. D. (ed.), Report of a Symposium Held at Makerere College, 1955 (London, 1956),33-7. Nicholas, I. D., Land Use and Speciality Crops. Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development, Consultant Report No. C-36 (Enugu, 1963). Nigeria, Federal Office of Statistics, Agricultural Sample Survey, Bulletin 5, 1959/60 Eastern Nigeria (Lagos, 1961). Ntukidem, A., 'Population and Agriculture in Southeast District ofEnyong Division, Uyo Province', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. Nugent, J. B., and Taplin, G. B., Cooperatives in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 6 (Lagos, 1961). Nugent, J. and P., Marketing and Distribution ofImported Goods in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No.7 (Lagos, 1961). Ogbonnaya, C. I. N., 'A Geographic Appraisal of the Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation's Plantations', University of Nigeria, Original Essays in Geography (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript. Okeke, P. N. (Minister of Agriculture, Eastern Nigeria), A More Abundant Life (Enugu, 1961). Oluwasanmi, H. A., Agriculture and Nigerian Economic Development (London and Ibadan, 1966). - Dema, I. S., et al., Uboma: A socio-economic and nutritional survey of a rural community in Eastern Nigeria, No.6 of the Wodd Land Use Survey (Bude, Geographical Publications, 1966), 116 pp. Peters, J. R., Report on Grain Storage, Eastern Nigeria. United States Agency for International Development, Consultant Report No. 15 (Lagos, 1962). de Schlippe, P., Shifting Agriculture in Africa, The Zande System of Agri­ culture (London, 1952). Schultz, T. W., Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, 1964). Sly, J. M. A., 'Research Results from Oil Palm Fertilizer Trials, WAIFOR', Paper presented at Conference on Fertilizers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyclostyled. Smock, D. R., Agricultural Development and Community Plantations in Eastern Nigeria, Rural Development Project, Ford Foundation (Lagos, 1965). Cyc1ostyled. BIBLIOGRAPHY 337 U.K., Report of Nigerian Livestock Mission, 1949, Col. No. 266 (London, 1950). - Insect Infestation of Stored Food Products in Nigeria, Col. Research Publication No. 12 (London, 1952). United Nations, F.A.O., Agricultural Developments in Nigeria, 1965-80 (Rome, 1966). Upton, M., 'Recent changes from subsistence to commercial agriculture in southern Nigeria', The World Land Use Survey, Occasional Papers no. 7, 1966, 29-40. Usoroh, E. J., 'The Agricultural Geography of Ikot Ekpene District', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. Uzozie, 1., 'Patterns of Crop Combination, Concentration and Intensity of Production in Eastern Nigeria', Geography Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Manuscript. Virone,1. E., 'Awakening in the Uboma Forests', Geographical Magazine, vol. xl, no. 3 (July 1967),214-24.

Periodicals Bridges, A. F. B., 'The Oil Palm Industry in Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vii, no. 1 (1946), 54-8. Buchanan, K. M., 'The Delimitation of Land Use Regions in a Tropical Environment: An Example from the Western Region of Nigeria', Geography, vol. xxxviii (1953),303-7. - 'Recent Developments in Nigerian Peasant-Farming', Malayan Journal ofTropical Geography, vol. ii (1954), 17-34. Coppock, J. T., 'Agricultural Geography in Nigeria',Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. vii, no. 2 (Dec. 1964),67-90. - 'Agricultural Developments in Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, 23 (Dec. 1966),1-18. Duru, R. C., 'Improvement of the Rural Economy of Eastern Niger Delta', University Geographer (University of Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 1962), 9-11. Fennell, M.A., 'Some Aspects of Research as it Relates to Economic Development in Nigeria', Proceedings of the Agricultural Society in Nigeria, vol. i (1962). Floyd, B. N., 'Terrace Agriculture in Eastern Nigeria: the Case of Maku', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. vii, no. 2 (Dec. 1964), 91-108. 338 BIBLIOGRAPHY Floyd, B. N., and Adinde, M., 'The Farm Settlements of Eastern Nigeria', Economic Geography, vol. xliii, no. 3 (July 1967),187-230. Hanson, A. H., 'Nile and Niger: Two Agricultural Projects', Public Administration, vol. xxxviii (1960). Hardcastle, J. E. Y., 'The Development of Rice Production and Research in the Federation of Nigeria', Tropical Agriculture, vol. xxxvi, no. 2 (April 1959), 79-95. Herrman, R., 'Water Supply in Nutrition in the Humid Tropics, with special reference to Eastern Nigeria', Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, vol. 28 (1966), 17-27. Hill, D. H., 'Beef Production in Southern Nigeria', Nigerian Grower and Producer, vol. i, no. 3 (June/July 1962). - 'Animal Breeding and Improvement in Nigeria', Outlook on Agriculture, vol. iv, no. 2 (1964),80-5. Jarrett, H. R., 'The Present Setting of the Oil-Palm Industry, with Special Reference to West Mrica', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. xi (Apr. 1958),59-69. Johnson, J., 'Agricultural Development in Nigeria', Nigerian Grower and Producer, vol. i, no. 1 (Feb./Mar. 1962),5-7. Jones, G. I., 'Agriculture in Ibo Village Planning', Farm and Forest, vol. vi, no. 1 (1945),9-15. Jones, W.O., 'Food and Agricultural Economies of Tropical Africa', Food Research Institute Studies, vol. ii, no. 1 (Feb. 1961), 3-20. Kilby, P., 'The Nigerian Palm Oil Industry', Food Research Institute Studies, Stanford Univ., vol. 7, no. 2 (1967), 177-203. Kreinen, M. E., 'The Introduction of Israel's Land Settlement Plan to Nigeria', Journal ofFarm Economics, vol. xlv, no. 3 (1963), 535-46. Mabogunje, A. L., 'Rice Cultivation in Southern Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ii, no. 2 (Mar. 1959),59-69. Mackay, J. H., 'Perspective in Land Use Planning', Farm and Forest, vol. v, no. 3 (1944). Morgan, W. B., 'The Nigerian Oil Palm Industry', Scottish Geographical Journal, vol.lxx (1955), 174-7. - 'The Change from Shifting to Fixed Settlement in Southern Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 7 (1955). - 'Agriculture in Southern Nigeria (excluding the Cameroons), Economic Geography, vol. xxxv, no. 2 (Apr. 1959), 138-50. - 'The Distribution of Food Crop Storage Methods in Nigeria', Journal ofTropical Geography, vol. xiii (Dec. 1959), 58-64. BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 Moss, R. P., 'Land Use Mapping in Tropical Africa', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),8-17. - 'Soils, Slopes and Land Use in a part of South-western Nigeria; some implications for the planning of agricultural development in inter­ tropical Africa', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. xxxii (1963),143-68. Okiy, G. E. 0., 'Indigenous Nigerian Food Plants', Journal of the West African Science Association, vol. vi, no. 2 (Aug. 1960), 117-21. Oluwasanmi, H.A., 'Agriculture in a Developing Economy', Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. xiv (1960-1). - and Alao, J. A., 'The Role of Credit in the Transformation of Tradi­ tional Agriculture: the Nigerian Experience', Nigerian Journal of Social and Economic Studies, vol. vii (1965). Oyolu, C., 'Is Nigeria a True Agricultural Country?' Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (1961), 38-47. Prothero, R. M., 'Some Problems of Land Use Survey in Nigeria', Economic Geography, vol. xxx (Jan. 1954),60-9. - 'Recent Developments in Nigerian Export Crop Production', Geo­ graphy, vol. xl (1955), 18-27. - 'The Sample Census of Agriculture, 1950-51', Geographical Journal, vol. cxxi (June 1955), 197-206. Stamp, L. D., 'Land Utilization and Soil Erosion in Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. xxviii (1938), 32-45. Udo, R. K., 'The Migrant Tenant Farmer of Eastern Nigeria', Africa, vol. xxxiv, no. 4 (Oct. 1964),326-39. - 'Problems of Developing the Cross River District of Eastern Nigeria', Journal ofTropical Geography, vol. xx (June 1965),65-72. - 'Sixty Years of Plantation Agriculture in Southern Nigeria, 1902-1962', Economic Geography, vol. iv, no. 4 (Oct. 1965),356-68. Welsch, D. E., 'Rice Marketing in Eastern Nigeria', Food Research Institute Studies, Stanford Univ., vol. 6, no. 3 (1966), 329-52. White, H. B., 'The Movement of Export Crops in Nigeria', Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, vol. xv (1963),248-53.

XII. FISHERIES

Books, Monographs,Pamphlets, etc. Abaribe, J. E., 'Fisheries in Eastern Nigeria', University of Nigeria, Original Essays in Geography (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript. 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY Niven, D. R., Fisheries Development in the Eastern Region oj Nigeria (Aba, n.d.). United States, International Co-operation Administration, Fisheries Survey oj Nigeria. A Summary Report, Consultant Report Series No. 3 (Washington, D.C., 1961).

Periodicals Longhurst, A., 'A Review of the Oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea', Bulletin IFAN, Series A, vol. xxiv, no. 3 (July 1962), 633-63. Nzekwu, 0., 'Banda. The Secret of Ibo Concentration in Maiduguri', Nigeria Magazine, vol.lxxix (1963),248-53. Zwilling, K. K., 'Farming Fish', Nigeria Magazine, vol. xliv (1954),315-28.

XIII. INDUSTRIES

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Confederation of British Industries, Nigeria: An Industrial Reconnaissance (London, 1961). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Economic Planning, Eastern Nigeria Industrial Directory, Official Document No. 29 of 1963 (Enugu, 1963). - Industrial Enquiry 1961-62, Official Document No.6 of 1964 (Enugu, 1964). - Ministry ofInformation, Development (Industrial) (Enugu, 1960). Johnson, J. H. E., Industrial Location in Relation to Nigerian Economic Development, Geography Department, University of Nigeria (1963). Cyclostyled. Muojindu, C. 0., Eastern Nigeria Industrial Mapping, Economic Develop- ment Institute, University of Nigeria (Enugu, 1965). Cyclostyled. Okigbo, P. N. C., Nigerian National Accounts 1950-57 (Enugu, 1962). Okpara, M. I., The Purpose oJIndustrialization (Enugu, 1963). - The Search Jar Investment (Enugu, 1963). Shell-BP Petroleum Development Co. of Nigeria Ltd, 100 Questions and Answers on the Oil Search (Owerri, 1957). - The Story oj Oil in Nigeria, Independence 1960 (Lagos, 1960). United States Agency for International Development, Development oj Small Industries in Eastern Nigeria, The Kilby Report (Enugu, 1963). Wells, F. A., and Warmington, W. A., Studies in Industrialization, Nigeria and the Cameroons (London, 1962). BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 Periodicals Anon, 'Nigercem. Nigeria's New Cement Factory at Nkalagu', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. vi, no. 2 (Apr./June 1958). - 'Industrial Development', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960), 14-17. - 'Nigeria's Oil Refinery', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xi, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1963), 152-4. - 'Rural Industrialization - Timber', Eastern Nigeria, vol. i, no. 3 (Dec. 1963), 22-6. - 'Breweries in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1964),10-15. - 'Tyre Industry in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 2 (Apr./ June 1964),48-51. - 'The Nigerian Petroleum Refinery Project', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. iv, no. 40 (Nov. 1965), 1. Anumudu, T. A., 'Modernizing Our Local Crafts', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. v, no. 42 (Jan. 1966),3. Nwogu, E. D., 'Oil in Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 2 (Nov. 1960), 15-25. Okigbo, L., 'Sawmill Industry in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1965), 154-8.

XIV. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Louis Berger Inc., Calabar-Ikom Highway Project: Federation of Nigeria­ Eastern Nigeria (Harrisburg, Pa., 1962). Duru, R. C., 'Marketing and Transport in Orlu/Oguta District', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript. Hawkins, E. K., Road Transport in Nigeria: a Study of African Enterprise (London, 1958). Hogg, V. W., and Roelandts, C. M., Nigerian Motor Vehicle Traffic: An Economic Forecast (London, 1962). NEDECO (Netherlands Engineering Consultants), Report on Niger Delta Development (The Hague, n.d.). - River Studies and Recommendations on Improvement of Niger and Benue (Amsterdam, 1959), 342 BIBLIOGRAPHY Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Transport and Aviation, Consideration of the Report by the Stanford Research Institute on Transport Co-ordination in Nigeria (Lagos, 1962). - National Economic Council, White Paper on Transportation (Lagos, 1964) Stanford Research Institute, The Economic Co-ordination of Transport Development in Nigeria (California, 1961). United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, Transport Problems in Relation to Economic Development in Africa (Addis Ababa, 1960). Walker, G., Traffic and Transport in Nigeria, The Example of an Under­ developed Tropical Territory. Col. Research Studies No. 27 (London, 1959).

Periodicals Anon, 'Civil Aviation', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),28-30. - 'Development of Inland Waterways', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),49-51. - 'Railway Development', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960), 54-5. - 'Road Construction', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),52-3. - 'Sea Transport', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),45-8. - 'Progress of Commercial Aviation in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1964), 150-4. - 'Towards Better Services', Eastern Nigeria, vol. vii (Sept. 1965), 1-4. - 'The Missing Link', Eastern Nigeria, vol. vii (Sept. 1965), 16-19. Earl, A. K., 'Nigeria'S Ports', Nigeria Magazine, no. 72 (March 1962), 26-33. Udo, R. K., and Ogundana, B., 'Factors influencing the fortunes of ports in the Niger Delta', Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. lxxxii, no. 3 (Dec. 1966), 169-83.

xv. ECONOMIC PLANNING

Books, Monographs,Pamphlets, etc. Barnet and Reef Associates Inc., Invest in Eastern Nigeria (New York, n.d.). - Investment Opportunities in Eastern Nigeria (New York, n.d.). BIBLIOGRAPHY 343 Eastern Nigeria, Economic Rehabilitation of Eastern Nigeria: Report of Economic Mission to Europe and North America (Enugu, 1955). - Development Programme, 1958-1962 (Enugu, 1959). - Revised Development Programme, 1958-62 (Enugu, 1960). - Investment Possibilities in the Eastern Region ofthe Federation ofNigeria, Official Document No. 11 (Enugu, 1960). - Eastern Nigeria Development Plan, 1962-68, Official Document No. 8 (Enugu,1962). Ford Foundation, Prospects and Policies for Development of the Eastern Region ofNigeria (Enugu, 1960). International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), The Economic Development ofNigeria (Baltimore, 1955). - Current Economic Position amd Prospects ofNigeria, Report No. AF-17a (1964). Mba, M. K., The First Three Years. A Report of the Eastern Nigeria Six-Year Development Plan (Enugu, 1965). Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Economic Development, National Develop­ ment Plan 1962-68 (Lagos, 1962). - Federal Ministry of Economic Development, National Development Plan, Progress Report 1964 (Lagos, 1965). Petch, G. A., Economic Development and Modern West Africa (London, 1961). United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Investment in Nigeria. Basic Information for U.S. Businessmen (Washington, 1957).

Periodicals Anon, 'National Development Plan 1962-68. Progress Report', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1965),160-6. - 'New Thinking in Eastern Nigeria: 1', West Africa, no. 2534 (25 Dec. 1965),1457. - 'New Thinking in Eastern Nigeria: 2', West Africa, no. 2535 (1 Jan. 1966),7-8. - 'Backing Nigeria's Future', West Africa, no. 2542 (19 Feb. 1966), 197-8. - 'Nigeria on the Move', West Africa, no. 2544 (5 March 1966), 265. Mordi, C. L., 'The Problems and Planning for Industrial and Commercial Development in Nigeria', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. v, no. 43 (Feb. 1966), 1,3. Schatz, S. P., 'The Influence of Planning on Development: the Nigerian Experience', Social Research, vol. xxvii, no. 4 (1960), 451-68. Index

Place-names and other features in figures are indicated by F after page number. Similarly, place-names and other features in tables are indicated by T after page number. Small On' indicates footnote reference. Subjects of photo­ graphs have not been included in this index.

Aba, 31, 49, 63, 71 F, 131, 14OF, 145F, Affa,213 150F, 242, 245, 251, 254T, 257T, 258, Afikpo, 22, 63, 71F, 131, 14OF, 145F, 260F, 265F, 267, 269, 279F, 285-6, 293 F, 294 293 F, 294,298 Afikpo Division, 43, 217T, 227T Aba Division, 42,59,217 T Afikpo Sandstone, 78 Aba River, 88 Afikpo Syncline, 69, 78 Abak, 28, 293 Agbada, 265 F Abak Division, 41, 59 Agricultural development, 156, 160, Abakaliki, 31, 63, 69, 71 F, 78-9, 80, 196-210,211-38. See also Farming 95, 14OF, 145F, 150F, 154F, 170F, Agricultural economy, 52, 169-95 173F, 187F, 204, 260F, 271, 279F, passim, 196-9,211,215,234--8 293F Agricultural products, 185-95, 251, Abakaliki Government Farm, 194 279F, 296-7T. See also Crops Abakaliki Province, 43, 46, 52, 60, 63, Agricultural reforms, 196-210, 211, 161,188-90,194, 217T, 220T, 233--4, 216-19,313 257T Agriculture, traditional, 48, 169-95. Abakaliki Uplift, 69, 78 See also Farming Abam (mercenaries), 43, 46 Agulu, 94, 111, 114--18 Abia-BendegheAyuk, 213F, 220T Agulu-Nankagullies, 13, 116F. See also Abia Ohafia, 213 F Soil erosion Aboh, 71, 72,83,86 Ahoada, 71 F, 14OF, 145 F, 293 F Aboine River, 7, 90, 91, 95 Ahoada Division, 61, 220 T Abonnema, 23, 63, 85, 257 T Ahoada Province, 48,131,147 Absenteeism, male, see Urban migrants Aid, see External aid and Migration Airways, 304--6 Abura,156 Aiya River, 97 Acid Sands, 107. See also Soils Ajali,112F Acioa barteri, 119, 177 Ajbaja Umukabia, 213 F Adada River, 91 Akampa, 257 T Adadama, 292 Akoliufu Alayi, 213 F Afam, 264--6, 282 Akpe Yafe River, 68, 87 Afara (Terminalia superba), 157 Aku,182 346 INDEX Akwete, 21, 213 F, 248 Awgu-Ndeaboh Shale Formation, Alean Aluminium of Nigeria Ltd., 69T, 70F, 76F, 78-80, Appendix 282 Awgu-Okigwi Cuesta, 91, 93 Alesa-Eleme refinery, 251, 252, 265F, AwguSandstone, 76F, 78,Appendix 267-8,295 Awka, 30-1, 59, 63, 74, 76F, 112F, Alluvium, 76F, Appendix 145F, 161,248, 260F, 286, 293 F Aluminium, 262 T, 282 AwkaDivision, 41, 115-18 Amadi Creek, 242, 280 Awka-OrluUplands, 111, 112F, 115 Amaeke-Abam, 213 F Awra River, 90 Amassoma, 63, 86 Aya River, 95, 97 AmboineRiver,112F Azumini, 293 Ameke,293F American aid, see External aid Balegeta tribe, 32-3 Anacardum occidentale (Cashew), 119 Bamboo, 119 AnambraLowlands,112F Bananas, 105, 160, 176, 180, 181, 190. AnambraPlains, 76F, 188 See also Crops Anambra River, 41, 76, 86, 89, 112, Banda, 245 161,244,299 Banks, see Capital Anambra Shelf, 69 Bansara,69,80 Anambra Valley, 50,92,103 Bantu languages, 25 Andoni (Ibeno), 26, 241 Bantu, semi-, 32 Annang (Ibibio group), 26,44,47 Baro,284 Annang Province, 42,131,152,193 Basement Complex, 68, 69, 70F, 80-1, Anticyclone, Saharan, 123, 126. See 102,105,106, Appendix also Climate Beans, 107, 174, 176, 177, 179T, 186. Anti-trades, 124 See also Pigeon peas Apara, 266, 282 Bebi Mountain, 96 Apara Field, 265 F Bebi tribe, 32-3 Apiapum, 271 Bechebe tribe, 32-3 Aquuers, 72, 74, 77, 79 Bende,44,94,95,286,293 Archaeology,22,131,248 Bende-Ameki Formation, 69T, 70F, Architecture, see Building types 73,76F,86,87,94,109 Aro (lbo group), 30, 43,50, 77, 94 Bende Division, 41, 43, 216-17T, Arochuku, 43-4, 71F, 89, 94, 145F, 220T,227T 213F, 285F, 286F, 293 F Benin, 22,193, 295 Arochuku Cocoa Estate, 221-2 Benniseed, 297 T Artuacts, see Archaeology Benue River, 97 Asa,293F Benue Valley, 68,130 Asata,299 Bete tribe, 32 Asbestos cement, 20T, 262, 273-4, 298 Beverage industry, 251, 262T, 269-70, Asu River, 79, 94-5 286,296-8,312-13 Asu River group (Shales), 69T, 70F, Biakpan, 213 F 73, 76F, 188, Appendix BiaseDivision, 219 August break, 132-4 Bight of Benin, 69 Awdaw River, 112 Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea), 67, Awgu, 71F,89,91,93, 112F,293F 85,88,95,132,155 Awgu Division, 43, 46, 69T, 70F, 76F, Bini, see Benin 78-80,248 Biotic Complex, 152-65 passim, 171 INDEX 347 BOAC, 305 Calabar-Arochuku road, 293 Boje, 58T, 213 F Calabar-Ikom road, 287, 292 Boki, 213 F, 227 T, 228, 230, 293 Calabar Province, 25F, 26, 27T, 38, Boki tribe, 32 41,43, 51, 62, 131, 147, 188, 216T, Bomu Field, 264, 265 F, 266 219T, 251, 287 Bonga (Ethmalosa spp.), 241 Calabar River, 26, 87,97,287 Bonny, 23,24,44,85, 105, 145, 147-8, Calaro, 213 F 213, 221 T, 241, 257T, 265F, 266, Cameroon Mountains, 68-9, 126, 127, 268,279F, 280, 302,304 130,134,162 Bonny Coconut Estate, 221 T Cameroon Republic, 45, 68, 97, 131, Bonny River, 265 F, 280, 302 159 Bonny Terminal, 265 F, 265-8 Canoes, 241-2 Bori, 71 F, 293 F Capital, 208, 212, 234, 237, 242, 248, Bornu,22 252-3, 255, 256, 258, 259, 263-4, Bornu Extension, 295 266, 290, 308 T. See also External aid Boundaries, 30, 67-8, 86, 176 Carpentry, 283 Boundaries, ecological, 155 Cash crops, 152-238 passim, 227 T Boundary disputes, 221 Cashew (Anacardum occidentale), 119, Brandler & Rylke Ltd., 159, 164, 250, 214F,262T 271-2 Cashew Estate, 221 T Brass, 23, 24, 64, 85, 265 F, 302 Cassava, 16, 107, 1l0, 117, 120, 174, Breweries, see Beverage industry 176-8, 179T, 181, 183F, 184, 186-90, Brickmaking, 80 187F, 204T, 206 British Cameroons, 287 Cattle, 162, 164, 193-5, 297T, 310. British in Eastern Nigeria, 44, 45, 197, See also Livestock 212-13, 237, 249, 278-9, 282, 284, Cement, 262 T, 273-4, 287, 296 T, 298 285,287,289 Censuses, 19 n, 37-8 Buguma, 63,85,244,302 Ceramics, 262 T, 288, 312-13 Building industry, 114, 273, 281 T, Cereals, 186-8, 251. See also Maize, 296-7T Rice Building types, 28, 31-3, 50, 55,63-4, Citrus, 176, 179, 181, 190, 214F, 227T, 160,231,258,274 262 T. See also Cash crops, Tree crops Buildings, arrangement of, 55-64 Chemical industries, 262 T passim Christian Missions, 26, 30, 204, 209, Bunds, 119,206,207 F 249 Burutu, 284, 304 T Civil War, 11, 19n, 197, 256n, 268, Bush fallowing, 48, 53, 59, 107, 115, 275,304,307,312 173F, 176-8, 187. See also Shifting Clan unions, 40, 50 cultivation Clans,48,50, 52, 56, 199,255 Businesses, see Industrial economy, Clay, see Soils Towns Clay products, see Ceramics Climate, 52, 53, 115-17, 119, 122-51 Calabar, 24, 25, 44, 63, 71 F, 81, 95, passim, 152, 156, 161,211 105, 131, 133 F, 140F, 142 F, 145 F, Coal, 71 F, 75-8 passim, 164, 251, 273, 147, 150F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 282-3,297 213, 243, 257T, 26OF, 272, 279F, Coal-mining, 250, 262-3,294 286-7, 292, 293 F, 299, 302, 303 F, Coastal plains, 69T, 70F, 72-3, 78, 304T,305 82, 84F, 87-9, lll, 127, 188 348 INDEX Coastal vegetation, 153-5, 154F Crafts, 28, 31, 248, 251, 283. See also Cocoa, lOS, 109, 190,205, 214F, 220T, Cottage industry 247, 251, 287, 310. See also Cash Creeks (fishing), 153-6,243-4 crops, Tree crops Creek Town, 26 Cocoa Estates, 220, 221 Cretaceous formations, 70 F, Appendix Coconuts, 105, 214, 221 T. See also Crop combinations, 185-90, 187F Cash crops, Tree crops Crop cover, 121, 178, 179-85passim Cocoyam,47-8, 176, 177T, 179, 181, Crop rotation, 120, 176-85 passim, 183 F, 184, 186-90, 187T 206,208 Colonial Development and Welfare Crop yields, improvement in, 204T. Fund, 118,290 See also Fertilizers Commerce, see Trade Crops, 52, 59,107,109,110,169, 170F, Common Market, 86, 276 174-93 passim, 229, 231-2. See also in­ Commonwealth Development Cor- dividual crops, e.g. Yam, Cassava, etc. poration, 215 Cross River, 13, 32, 41, 46, 47, 68, Communications, 48, 52-3, 57, 82, 69T, 72, 77, 95-7, 105, 112F, 159, 86-7,208,269,272,289-306, 296T, 161-2,292,299 299,306 Cross River Basin, 25, 32, 42, 43, 44, Communities, 50, 55-Mpassim 52, 60, 61, 82-3, 84F, 95-6, 111, Community development, 50, 209, 127,237,271,272,287,309 215-19,235-8,278,290,309 Cross River Delta, 87 Community plantations, 213 F, 215-19, Cross River Plains, 76, 87, 89, 103, 216T 112 F, Appendix Community projects, 156, 313-14 Cross River Plain Group, 69T, 78-80, Composting, 180, 182 87-9, Appendix Compound, 28, 55. See also Buildings, Crotolaria, 179 villages Cucurbits, 174, 176,181, 186 Compound farming, 31, 173 F, 176, Cultivation, shifting, see Shifting cul- 180-2,191 tivation Conservation, see Soil conservation Cultivation, systems of, 171-85, 173 F Consolidation of Lands, 202, 208. Culture, 45-51. See also Social organ- ,see also Land tenure ization Construction industry, 274 Customs, New Yam Festival, 179 Consultative group, see International Customs Union, see Common market Bank Cutch,155 Consumer goods, 259, 268, 279 F Consumer prices, 259-60 Dairy cattle, 194. See also Cattle, Continental Shelf (fishing), 24OT, 241 livestock Contour banks, see Bunds, Soil Death rates, 36 F conservation, Terraces Defensive locations, 46-7 Co-operatives, 28, 209, 215-18, 237, Degema, 71 F, 14OF, 154F, 170F, 173F, 242,246,247 187F, 293F, 303 F, 304T Costume, 20, 21 n Degema Province, 23, 26, 27T, 43,131, Cottage industry, 28, 31, 248, 256. 147,221 T, 257T See also Industries, small-scale Delta Formation, 69T, 70F, 71-2, Cotton seed, 297 T. See also Crops Appendix Coup,275 Delta Province, 42 Cover crops, see Crop cover Delta vegetation, 153-5 INDEX 349 Deltas, 84 F, 266 Ecosystem, see Biotic complex Density of population, see Population Edda (mercenaries), 30, 43 density Ediba, 271 Derived savanna (woodland-savanna Education, 30, 198, 223, 233, 247, 283, mosaic), 53,153, 154F, 156, 161-2 288,308 T, 309. See also Literacy Development Plans, 211, 215-19, 223, Effiat (Ibibio group), 26 225, 234, 235, 248, 270, 276, 291, Effium, 162,293F 295, 307-14, 311 T. See also Agri­ Efik, 25 F, 26,197,286. See also Ibibio cultural development, Commercial Ejagham (Ekoi), 26, 32 development, Economic develop­ Eket, 140F, 150F, 213 F, 293 F ment, Industrial development, Rural Eket Division, 41, 60, 219 T development Eket (Ibibio group), 26 Dialects, 21-32 passim Ekulupottery, 31, 283 Diet,239 Ekulu River, 90, 91, 274 Disease, 44, 194, 205 Ekuri-Yakurr,32 Distribution of goods, 242, 284, 285 Ekurri,292 'Donga Ridge', 113 Elder Dempster Lines Ltd., 301 Drainage, 82-97 passim Electricity, 251, 263, 266, 273-4, 282, Dress, see Costume 308T,311T Dry season, 146-8, 147 F. See also Elele, 213 F, 222F, 293 F Climate, Rainfall, Rainy season Eleme, 257T Duke Town, 26 Emeabiam, 213 F Dunlop Rubber Estate, 213, 215, 230 Emene, 257T, 273-4, 279, 283, 298 Employment, 233, 235, 247, 255, 256, Eastern Nigeria Construction and 257T, 258, 261 F, 263, 269, 272-4, Furniture Company, 251, 270, 283 277,308 Eastern Nigeria Development Cor­ Enamelware, 262 T poration (ENDC), 61, 105, 142, Engineering, 281 T, 282 162, 191, 194-5, 209, 219-24, 270, Enugu, 31, 63, 71 F, 76F, 78-9, 90, 91, 288 93, 112F, 113-14, 125T, 126T, 128T, Eastern Nigeria Development Cor­ 129T, BOT, 131 T, 132T, 135T, 136T, poration, Estates, 212-15, 213 F, 137T, 138T, 140F, 141, 142F, 145F, 219-25, 222F, 224F, 254 146, 147, 150F, 154F, 156, 159, 160, Eastern Nigeria Housing Corporation, 161-2, 170F, 173F, 187F, 195,242, 278 245, 249-50, 251, 254, 257T, 258, Eastern Nigeria Industrial Estates 260 F, 263, 272, 273,275,279 F, 282-4, Company, 278 286,289,292,293F,294-6,305 Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board, 191, Enugu-Abakaliki road, 272-3 209-10 Enugu-Ezike, 41 , 77, 91,93,149,156,162 Eastern Uplands, 84F, 96-7 Enugu-Ngwo, 282 Ebem,94 Enugu-Okigwi escarpment, 78 Ebubu Field, 264, 265 F Enugu Province, 42-3, 51, 60-1, 131, Economic development, 12-13, 150-1, 194,217 T, 221 T, 227 T, 233 185, 209, 268-9, 276-7, 289-306 Enugu Shales, 76, 78, Appendix passim, 307, 309, 310, 311 T. See also Enugu-Ukwu, 231 Development plans Environment, biotic, see Biotic com­ Economic problems in changing tradi­ plex tional agriculture, 208-10, 312-14 Enyong (Ibibio group), 26 350 INDEX Enyong Creek, 88, 94, 96 FUHrlng,26-7,155,239-46,240T,310 Enyong Division, 43,215,227 Flour, 297T Erei, 213 F, 227 T, 228 F, 230 Food crops, 176-91 passim. See also Erosion, 111-21. See also Soil erosion Crops Etche,213F Food industries, 262 T EthrUcgroups,19-33,230-1 Forcados River, 67, 86 European influence, 45, 67-8, 82, 85, Foreign aid, see External aid 197,284 Foreign-exchange earnings, 247, 269 Expatriate machine selling, 313 Foreign investment, 159, 252, 266, Exports, 185, 190-3, 249-50, 263-9, 269,270,275,287,310,312 270, 276,280,287, 296, 300F, 309 Forest, 47, 52-4, 115, 152, 162. See External aid, 194, 208-9, 215, 236, also Rainforest 252, 309, 312. See also Interna­ Forest crops, 190-3. See also Tree crops tionalBank Forest products, 267T, 270-3 External exchange economy, 171 n Forest Reserves, 160, 163, 170F Extractive (mineral-based) industries, Forestry Department, 118, 163 262 T, 279 F. See also Coal, Petroleum Fragmentation of land, 197, 199, Eze-Aku Shale Formation, 69T, 70F, 200-3. See also Land tenure 73, 109, Appendix Freshwater swamps, 84 F Fruits, 160, 190, 251, 297T. See also Factories, 248, 256, 262T, 280-1, 283, Bananas, Citrus, Tree crops 286. See also Industries Fuel, 163-4, 251, 262-3, 273. See also Fallow crops, see Crop rotation Coal, Petroleum Faisebedded Sandstone Formation, FuIani herdsmen, 194 69T, 70F, 76F, 77, 89, 90-2, 94, Fund for Agricultural and Industrial Appendix Development (FAID), 209-10, 259 Family, see Clan Furniture industry, 251, 262 T Farm settlements, 163, 213, 225-38, 226F, 227T, 228 F, 313 Garri, 190,244,297. See also Cassava Farmers, 32, 190-3, 198, 216-19, 223, Garua,284 225,230-1 Gas, 71 F,251, 265-7, 276,282 Farming, 31, 47-8, 53-4, 61, 103, 107, Geographic approach, 11-15, 34-5, 111, 115-17, 120-1, 156-7, 160-1, 51-4,122,169,185,314 163. See also Agriculture, Bush Geography of circulation, 299 fallowing, Compound farming, Cul­ Geological surveying, 263 tivation Geology, 51-2,68-81, 69T, 70F, 82-97 Farming and soil erosion, 111-21 passim, 117, Appendix passim Geomorphology, see Land forms Farming systems, 171-85, 190-3 Ghanaian fishers, 241 Farming, tree-, 190-3 Glass industry, 262 T, 270, 313 Fernando Po, 50 Government, 118-21, 191, 225-38, Ferrallitic soils, 99 F, 101 F, 106-9, 254-5,271,278,282,289-90,307-8 108F Grains, see Cereals Ferruginous tropical soils, 99F, l00F, Grass, 119, 153, 161, 176,206 105-6 Grassland towns, 60-1 Fertility, soil, see Soils Grasslands, see Derived savanna Fertilizers, 178,182,184-5, 204T, 205T Great Kwa River, 87, 97 Fisheries (Nigeria) Ltd., 242 Gross Domestic Product, 169,248,307 INDEX 351 Groundnuts, 297 T. See also Legumes Ikot Ekpene, 28, 59,63,87, 111, 14OF, Gulf of Biafra, 123, 148 145F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 248, Gulf of Guinea, 67, 83, 85,132, 240T 260F,293F Gullied areas, 112F. See also Erosion Ikot Ita, 213 F Ikwa,213F

Hamlets, 56 Imo Clay-Shales Formation, 69T, 70Ft Harmattan, 123-6, 137-8, 141 75, 76F, 87, 92, 94,111, Appendix Hausa,24F Imo River, 47, 75, 80,95-6, 112F,266-7 Health, 140, 308 T. See also Disease Imo River Field, 265 F Hills, 46-7, 76, 92-3, 182. See also Importers, 281 T Landforms Imports, 253-4, 240T, 259-60, 273, History,22,43-8,53,85,248 277,280 - of Aba, 285-6 Import substitute industries, 312 -ofCalabar, 286 Income, national, 247 - of Enugu, 282-3 Income, regional, 191-3, 253, 254T - of Onitsha, 284 Income tax, 215,252 - of Port Harcourt, 278-80 Industrial development, 256-77, 282-3, - of river transport, 299-301 286,296,298 Hotels, 19,281,288 Industrial economy, 247-55 passim, House types, see Building types 258-60, 263-77 passim, 308 Housing, 63, 273-4, 278, 280-1, 283 Industrialization, 49, 247-55, 278-88 Hydrography, 82-97 passim, 301 passim, 308-9, 312-13 Hydrology, see Water resources Industries, large-scale, 260-2, 279 F, Hydrological Provinces, 150F 310 Hydromorphic soils, 99F, 101 F, 108 F Industries, small-scale, 256-60, 260F, 261 F. See also Cottage industry Ibiae-Biase, 213 F Industries, traditional, 248-50, 285 Ibibio, 25F, 26-8, 44, 47-8, 59-60,197, Industries, types of, 256, 261-77, 261 F 241 Infant mortality, 35 Ibibioland, 41, 109 Inheritance system and fragmentation lbo, 12-13, 20-1, 25F, 28, 31,41,44, of land, see Land tenure 48, 52-3, 59-60, 67, 176, 189, 197, Inland waterways, 285, 299, 301 219,241 Inselbergs, 97 Ideh-Mill River, 74, 94 Insolation, 139. See also Climate Idodo River, 90 Intensive sedentary cultivation, 173 F, 19a1a, 46, 93 180-5. See also Agriculture, Farming Igbariam, 213 F, 227, 231 Internalexchangeeconomy,171 n Ihiala, 63, 293 F International Bank, 208. 252, 297, 312. Igbo, see Ibo See also Capital, External aid Igrita Umuechem Field, 265 F, 266 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone Ijali River, 91 (lTCZ), see Inter-Tropical dis­ Ijaw, 23-4, 25F, 42, 67, 85, 155, 197, continuity 241,243,294 Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (lTD), Ijebu-Ode,295 124-51 passim Ikem,293F Inter-Tropical Front, see Inter-Tropi­ Ikom,61,79, 14OF, 145F,213F,293F cal Discontinuity Ikom-Calabar road, 272 Intrusions, 69, 70F, 95. See also Ikom Division, 42 Geology 352 INDEX Invasions from north, 22 Land area, 19,43-5,67 Investment, 208, 258, 268-9, 312. See Land customs, 197, 199-202 also Capital Land development, see Agricultural Inyi,248 development Inyong Oron, 213 F Land development schemes, 278 Iroko (Chloroplwra excelsa), 157 Land, disposition by provinces, 170 F Iron and steel industry, 250, 262 T, Land disputes, 120,202,223 274-6,285,296-7 Landforms, 46, 48, 51-4, 82-97, 84F. Iron Ore, 75 See also Geology Iron-working, 248 Land hunger, 31. See also Population Irrigation, 151 density Israeli Water Planning Co., 151 Land ownership, 199-200 Isuochi,76F Land, quality of, 48, 53-4 Itigidi Adadana, 213 F Land reform, 208-12 Itu, 111,248,299 Land reform schemes, 313 Iva River, 91 Land tenure, 51, 199-203, 208, 212, Iwoma,213F 215-16,223,236-7 Land use, 48, 53-4, 111-21, 164, Jos Plateau, 295 196-210,231-2,314 Language,21-2,28-30 Kaduna,295 Lead, 71 F, 80 Kafanchan, 295 Legumes, 110, 121, 176-88 passim, Kaiama,86 187F, 206 Kainji Dam, 301 Leja,93 Kalabari group, 23 Lekwesi, 213 F Kanem, Empire of, 22 Life-expectancy, 35 Khaya antlwtheca (mahogany), 157 Lignite formation, 69T, 70F, 73, Khayagrandi/oliola (mahogany), 157 Appendix Khaya ivorensis (mahogany), 157 Limestone, 71 F, 273, Appendix Kinship system, 56, 197, 199-200. Linguistic groups, 21-2, 30--3, 32F See also Clans Literacy rates, 26 T Kolo Ishi, 96 Lithosols, 99F, l00F, 101 F, 102 Kolo Koshun, 96 Livestock, 162, 169, 193-5, 297T, 298 T, Korokoro Field, 265 F, 266 310 Kudzu, 121 Local authorities, 290 Kwa Falls, 213 F Location factors in industry, 250--5, Kwa lbo, see Ibibio 267,269-70,275-6 Kwa Ibo River, 47,88,244 Location factors and urban centres, Kwa language group, 28 278-88 passim Lokoja, 275, 284 Labour, 181-2, 223, 229-30, 237, 247, Lokpa Ukwu, 79 249, 251-8 passim, 269, 272, 278, Lokpanta, 91 283,286,296,313 Long Juju, 30,43-4, 94, 285 Lagoon fishing, 243-4 Lower Coal Measures Formation, 69, Lagos, 31, 133F, 134, 289-90, 295, 70F, 75, 76F, 77-8, 90--1, 94, 113, 304T 282, Appendix Lake Chad, 244-5 Lumbering, 250, 262 T, 270--3. See also Lake Ukwu, 96 Timber INDEX 353 Machinery, 253, 259, 262 T, 272 Mineral resources, 71 F, 251, 296T. See Mahogany, 156-7 also Coal, Petroleum Maiduguri, 245, 295, 302 Ministry of Agriculture, 156, 198,203 Maize, 105, 107, 1l0, 174, 176, 177, Ministry of Economic Development, 179T, 181, 186-90, 187F, 206. See 198 also Cereals, Crops Ministry of Town Planning and Maku, 103 Surveys, 278 Maku terrace farming, 46, 183 F, 184, Ministry of Trade, 259 208 Ministry of Works, 283 Makurdi, 284 Monoculture, imperfect, 186, 187F, Malnutrition, 44, 239 108 MamuRiver, 75,91, 93, 111, 112F, 161 Monsoon, 123-4 Man-Land relationships, 171-2, 197. Mortality rate, 35, 140 See also Geographic approach Motor industry, 276-7, 281 T, 283, 285 Mangrove forest, 103, 153, 154-5, Mpu,76F 154F,243 Mulching, 180 Mangrove soil, 104 F Munshi country, 97 Mangrove swamps, 84, 85-7, 104 F Munshi Wall, 68 Manufacturing, see Industries Muturu cattle, 194 Manufacturing production, 296 T Mapping,34,38,102,263-4,301 ~anka,94,111,112F,114-15 Marine fishing, see Fishing ~anka Sands, 70 F, 74, 76 F, 86-8, 94 Market, internal, 312 ~ational Development Plan, 307, Market, Onitsha, 284 310-11 Marketing of agricultural products, ~ational Economic Council, 275 201, 202. See also Agricultural ~ative Authorities, 118 economy, Trade ~atural gas, see Gas Marketing of fish, 242 ~atural resources, destruction of, Marketing of iron and steel production, 111-21 passim, 162, 178-90 passim, 250,276 197-8,248 Marketing techniques, 253, 259 ~atural resources, development of, Markets, for industry, 253-4 248. See also Forest Reserves, Gas, Markets, world, 301-4 Oil Mbiama-Yenagoa road, 294 ~avigation, see Shipping Mbo (Ibibio group), 26 ~dama (cattle), 194 Mechanization, 201, 241-2. See also ~embe,23-4 Industries ~ew Calabar, see Kalabari group Medical facilities, 45 ~ewYamFestival, 179 Mercenaries, Aro, 30 ~gusu, 89, 94, 112F Metal products, 262 T, 279 F ~iger Bridge, 285, 294 Metal-working, 248, 284 ~iger and Cross River Alluvium Meteorology, see Climate Formation, 69T, 71-2,73, Appendix Mid-West State, 67, 71 ~iger Delta, 23-4, 42, 46-7, 61-2, 67, Middlemen, 24,242,245 69-72 passim, 82-6, 84F, 103, Migrant camps, 60 125-6, 130, 132, 188, 190, 240T, 241, Migration, 32, 185, 233. See also 243-4,264,292,294 Urban migration ~iger Delta Development Board, 156, Milliken Hill, 113 309 354 INDEX Niger flood plain, 86-7, 89, 103, 188 112F, 113-15, 121, 128, 141, 146, Niger River, 29, 47, 52, 68, 72, 83-7 148-9, 161, 178, 182, 188, 195, 227T passim, 89,94, 112F, 244, 265F, 284 Nun River, 67, 85-6,156, 265F, 266 Nigergas Ltd., 283 Nupe Country, 22 Nigerian Airways, 305-6 Nutrition, see Diet Nigerian Cement Co. (Nigercem), 79, Nyaba River, 79, 89, 90,114 273,283,295 Nigerian Coal Corporation, 263 Oban Hills, 19, 41, 48, 51, 61, 81, 87, Nigerian Glass Co., 282 95,97,102,106,127,141,159,188 Nigerian Industrial Development Oban Plantation, 213 F Bank, 253. See also Capital Obanliks, 32 Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Re­ Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon), 157 search (NIFOR), 160, 193 Obimo, 92, 182 Nigerian National Line, 302 Obitti, 213 F Nigerian Petroleum Refining Co., 252, Oboli,95 268 Obrenyi, 213 F, 220 Nigerian Ports Authority, 302 Obubra, 79, 109, 145 F, 159,213 F, 244, Nigerian Railway Corporation, 296 250, 271, 293 F Nigerianization, 277 Obubra Plantation, 220 T, 221 Nigersteel, 274-5, 283 Obubra-Ediba road, 272 Nike, 50, 51 Obudu, 293F Nine-Mile Corner, 76F, 91, 92, 93 Obudu Plateau, 32-3, 42, 51, 61, 68, Nkalagu, 79, 257T, 273-5, 279F, 283, 81,96,102,162 293,295-8 Obudu Ranch, 33, 194-5 Nkembe,32 Odi,24,86 Nko-Obubra, 213 F Ododop,26 Nkporo Shales Formation, 69, 70F, Odomoke, 79, 80 75, 76F, 78, 91, Appendix Oferekpe, 272 Nkwelle Hills, 112 F Ogada,272 Nkwerre, 31, 286 Oghe, 213F, 257T, 279F Nnewi, 73, 177 T, 179,286,293 Ogoja, 25F, 71 F, 80, 14OF, 145F, 150F, North Awdaw River, 111, 115-18 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 293F North-eastern groups, 25 F, 31-3 Ogoja Province, 25F, 27T, 31-2,42-3, Northern Nigeria, fishing, 24OT, 245 46, 51, 60, 63, 131, 147, 162, 187-8, Northern Nigerian, influences on 220T,239 Eastern Nigeria, 22, 63, 68, 194, Ogoni, 26, 43 24OT,263,275,294,302 Ogrugru,112F Norwegian Church Agricultural Pro- Ogugu,91 ject (NORCAP), 204 Oguta Lake, 244 Nri,29,30 Ohaji, 213 F, 227 T, 228 F, 230 Nsadop, 213 F Oil (petroleum), 68, 71 F, 72, 78, 156, Nsukka, 20,248, 293 F 251,264,266-8,266T,304,310-11 Nsukka, climate, 139, 141-3, 142F, Oil bean tree, 119 143T, 144F, 145F, 147-9, 150F Oil palm (Elaesis guineensis), 52, 106, Nsukka Division, 41, 42, 91,148-9 107, 152, 159-60, 179, 181, 186, 189, Nsukka-Okigwi-Arochuku Plateau 190-3,205, 214F, 227T, 251,310 and Escarpment Zone, 13, 46, 50, Oil palm plantations, 212-15, 216T, 52, 76F, 77, 89-95, 102-3, 107, Ill, 217T, 219T, 220T, 227T, 237 INDEX 355 Oil Rivers boat yard, 254 Owerri Province, 19, 26, 31, 38, 42, Oil Rivers Protectorate, 24, 249, 286, 46,51,53,60,131,152, 170F, 173F, 304 187F, 190, 193, 217T, 220T, 227T Oji River, 91, 93,161 Owerrinta, 260 F Oji River power station, 78, 263, Ozalla,78 273-4 Okigwi, 69, 76F, 77, 78, 112F, 14OF, Palm Grove Rehabilitation Scheme, 145F,293,294 192-3,236 Okigwi-Abakaliki Anticline, 79 Palm oil, 24, 26, 192 T, 244,247,248-50, Okigwi Cuesta, 88-90, 93-5 287. See also Oil palm Okigwi Division, 31, 41-2, 59, 61, 88, Papermanufacture,157,282 216-17T,227 'Pax Britannica', 44 Oko, 94, 111, 112F, 118 Peasants, see Farmers Okpauka (Anyim) River, 95 Pennington River, 67 Okpuala, 293 Peremobiri, 156 Okrika,23,24,265,268 Petroleum production, 248, 263-4, Okundi, 293 F 269,281 T. See also Oil (petroleum) Okwelle,74 Physiographic features, see Land­ Okwelle River, 94, 95 forms Old Town (Calabar), 26 Pigeon pea, 186-90 passim, 187 F, 206. Oloibiri,63,86,264,265F See also Crops Onitsha, 31, 49, 63, 67, 71 F, 72, 76F, 'Pioneer' industries, 252 78, 86, 87, 112F, 126, 14OF, 145F, Pioneer Oil Mills, 191,249-50,254 150F, 154F, 242, 245, 257T, 258, Planning authorities, 278 260 F, 270, 275, 279 F, 284-5, 289, Plantain, 176, 179, 181, 186-90passim, 293F 187 F. See also Crops, Tree crops Onitsha ferry, 285,299, 300 Plantation agriculture, 50, 170 F, 212- Onitsha Province, 25 F, 27 T, 42, 46, 38, 212T, 213F,214F,216T, 287, 313 51,59,73,74,111,114-18, 131, 161, Plantations, ENDC, 61, 105-6, 160 170F, 173F, 187F, 233 162-3, 164,219-25. See also Eastern Opobo, 71F, 73, 85, 14OF, 145F, 257T, Nigeria Development Corporation, 265 F, 279 F, 286, 293 F Estates Opobo Division, 42, 60, 217 T Plateau and Escarpment group, 69T, Oporama, 156 70F, 75-8, 88-95,111,115,121 Orashi River, 47, 86, 89, 265 Politics and agriculture, 212 Orira, 293F Politics and boundaries, 68 Orlu, 74, 76 F, 293 F Politics and industry, 12, 255, 274-6, Orlu Division, 33, 41, 42, 59, 61, 88, 287-8 217T Polygamy, 35 Oron, 28, 73, 95, 145 F, 260 F, 293 F Population density, 19, 38, 4OF, 41-3, Oron ferry, 300 46-8, 50, 53-4, 64, 74, 82, 88, 96, Otamiri River, 88 102, 107, 109, 115, 120, 152, 156-7, Outlier Hills, 92-3, 93 F 159, 176-85 passim, 189-90, 217T, Overpopulation, see Population den- 230,231,251,269 sity, Settlements Population and development planning, Ovim,94 307,308 Owerri, 25F, 31, 71F, 87, 140Ft 145F, Population distribution, 19, 34-54, 147,149,154F,16O,26OF,288 95,187,233 356 INDEX Population growth, 35-6, 36F, 38-40, Raw materials, 250-1, 273, 278, 286, 45, 150, 181-5 passim 296 Population growth, urban, 39 T, 63, Reafforestation, 118, 119 280,283,284,286 Red earths, 112. See also Soils Population, rural, 38-42 passim, 56-7, Relative humidity, 125 T, 126 T, 128 T, 57T,313-14 129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 135T, Population settlement patterns, see 136T, 137T, 138T, 141, 143F, 144T Settlement patterns Relief, see Landforms Port Harcourt, 31,43, 49, 63, 71 F, 72, Religion, 29, 120, 161, 199 154F, 159-60, 170F, 173F, 187F, 'Ribbon' development, 59-60 242-3,251, 254T, 257T, 258, 26OF, Rice, 110, 151, 155-6, 186, 188-90 262-7 passim, 270,272,276,278-82, passim, 214F, 227, 246, 297T 279 F, 286, 289, 294-6, 293 F, 302-3, River capture, 88-9 303F,304T Rivers, see Hydrography Port Harcourt, climate, 125T, 126T, Rivers Province, 27 T 128T, 129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, Roads, 52-3, 59, 60, 63, 82, 160, 227, 133F, 135T, 136T, 138T, 140F, 141, 271-2, 276-7, 288, 289-94, 290T, 142F, 145F, 150F 291F,293F,297-8,299,310 Port Harcourt Province, 60, 131, 187, Rocks, see Geology 220T,257T Root crops, see Cassava, Cocoyam, Pottery, 31,74,80,283 Yam Poultry, 182, 193-4,300 Rubber, 106, 213-15, 214F, 220T, Power resources, 71 F, 253, 263, 266-7, 222F,227T,247-8,251,276,310 273-4,278,282-3,286,297 Rumuekpe, 265 F Precipitation, see Rainfall Rural attitudes, 61, 120-1, 171, 178, Private enterprise, 309 193,198,201,203,234-5 Processing, 247,250-1, 279F. See also Rural development, 163, 198, 208, Industrialization 248. See also Agricultural develop­ Production, primary, 248, 308T, 311 T. ment; Population, rural See also Agriculture Rural Development Programme, Protectorate, 30 215-19,216-17T Protein consumption, 206, 239, 245 Provincial Administration, 288, 290 Sabagreia, 86 Pulses, 186-8. See also Legumes Sahara, 123, 124, 125, 128, 134. See also Harmattan 'Quarters' (of settlements), 48, 57 Sandlands, 52-4 Sandy beaches and ridges, 84 F Race, 20 Sandy delta plains, 84 F Railways, 251, 263-5 passim, 273, 280, Sankwala Mountains, 96, 97 282,294-9 Sapele, 304 T Rainfall, 52, 53, 86, 122-38 passim, Sardines, 241 125T, 126T, 128T, 129T, 130T, Savanna, 60-1, 152-65. See also 131 T, 132T, 133F, 135T, 136T, Derived savanna mosaic 137T, 138T, 145-8, 156, 187-8 Saw-milling, see Lumbering Rainforest, 47, 111-13, 156-60 School-Ieavers, 248, 258 Rainy season, 113, 119, 129-31, 145-8, Season, low-water, 284 180. See also Climate Seasons, see Climate, Dry season Raphia palm, 103, 156 Rainy season INDEX 357 Sengana River, 85,156 Taungya system, 164 Settlement patterns, 48, 55-64, 58 F, Technical advice, 249, 269, 278 62F, 176. See also Population Technical education, 247, 259, 269, density, Population distribution 274,277,283,286,288,309 Settlers' Co-operative Society, 225 Temperatures, 122, 125T, 126T, 128T, Shell-BP,72, 263-9, 265F, 304 129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 135T, 136T, Shifting cultivation, 47, 48, 52, 115, 137T, 138T, 139-41, 14OF, 142F 172-5, 173F, 187. See also Bush Terrace farming, 46, 76, 91, 103, 119, fallowing 173F,182-5,206,208 Shipping, 281 T, 299-304 Tertiary formations, 70F, Appendix. Six-Year Development Plan, see See also Geology Development Plans Textiles, 70, 262, 277, 283, 285 Slave trade, 24,26, 30,43-4, 85,286 Tidal creeks, 84 F Sleeping sickness, 47 Timber, 155, 156,157,250,251,270-3, Social organization, 45-51, 55, 56, 287, 297T 172,178-9,182,184-5,196,199-200, Tiv, 32, 68, 97 203,211,215-19,223,234,237,242 Tobacco, 251, 262T, 281 T Social welfare, 308 T Topography, 52, 57, 82-97 passim, Soil conservation, 114, 118-21, 163-4, 111-18,282,295. See also Landforms 177-80, 182-5, 203, 206-8, 207F Tourist facilities, 195 Soil erosion and deterioration, 69, Town planning, 63, 285-6, 308 74,77,79, 90-6 passim, 110, 111-21, Towns, 31, 49-50, 57, 63-4, 85, 86, 177-8,180,182-5. 257-8,278-86,281T Soil profiles, 100F, 101 F, 102, 104F, Trade, 26, 30,49,85, 163,248-50,259, 108F 268-9,280,286,299-304,305 Soils, 53-4, 98-110, 99F, 100F, 101F, Trade winds, see Harmattan 104F, 108F, 111, 115, 119, 154, 157, Traditional systems of cultivation, 161,174,187-8,200,203-4 173F,187 Solar radiation (insolation), 139 Traffic, Rail, 296 T, 297 T Sonkwala Mountains, 162 Traffic, River, 86-7 'Sons Abroad', 13, 31, 50, 55, 182. Trans-Amadi Industrial Estate, 72, See also Urban migration 266,276,280,282,295 Soya beans, 227T. See also Legumes Trans-Niger pipeline, 265 F, 267 Steel mill, 274. See also Iron and steel Transportation, 49, 156, 159,201,208, Stock fish, 240 T 250-1, 253, 262T, 265-8, 271-3, Strip cropping, 119. See also Soil 274,276-7,278,280,283-6,289-90, conservation 299,301-4,305 Stylosanthes gracilis (legume), 121,206 Transport equipment, 262 T Subsidy Scheme, see Tree Crop Trawlers, 242 Subsidy Programme Tree Crop Subsidy Programme, 216, Subsistence agriculture, 171-93, 244, 217,234,236 247 Tree crops, 109, 190-3, 205, 218, 229, Subsistence crops, 185-90. See also 236, 262 T, 310. See also individual Cassava, Cocoyam, Crops, Yam tree crops, e.g. Oil palm, Rubber, Super-villages, 57, 61 etc. Swamps, 19, 103-4, 153-6 Trees, 154, 155-60, 161, 163, 164, 173, 176,180,187, 279F. See also Forest, Tariffs, 254 timber 358 INDEX Tribes, 19-33, 44, 46-7, 51, 197. See Urban population, 31, 38-40, 50, 239, also Ethnic groups 273 Trunk road mileage, 291 F Utanga,32 Trypanosomiasis, 194 Utile (Entandrophragma utile), 157 Tsetse fiy, 194 Uyanga, 215 Tyre industry, 262, 276-7,282,285 Uyo, 28, 111, 140F, 145F, 154F, 160, 170F, 173F, 187F,26OF,293F Ubani,221-2 Uyo Division, 41-3,53,60 Udi, 76F, 77, 89, 93, 95, 145F, 217T, Uyo Province, 24, 27T, 152, 194, 217T, 293F 219T, 227, 257T, 264 Udi Division, 43, 61 Uzakoli, 260 F Udi Escarpment, 282, 283 Uzo-Uwani, 213 F, 227, 228 F Udi Forest Reserve, 114 Ugep,63,80,109,145F,292-3 Vegetables, 176, 177, 179T, 181, 183F, Ughelli Field, 265 F 186, 214F, 262T Ugwuaka, 213 F Vegetation, 47, 52-4, 103, 111-21, lJkehe, 77,91,113 152-65, 154F, 163T, 227T, 251 lJkelle,32 Vehicles, 291-2, 296T, 298 lJkuakoli, 59 Villages, 31,46-50,55-7,61,63, 176, lJkwa Lake, 244 181-2,209,226,231 Ulonna, 213 F, 227, 228 F, 230 Volcanic intrusions, 79. See also Umuahia, 31, 71 F, 73, 88, 14OF, 145F, Geology 150F, 154F, 160, 173F, 176F, 187F, 213 F, 244, 251, 26O,278,279F,287-8, Warri, 133 F, 284, 304T 293F,298 Water and erosion, 113, 118, 119. See Umuahia ENDC Estate, 220T, 221, also Soil erosion 224F Water resources, 53, 72, 74, 77, 86, Umuahia Province, 42, 43, 49, 51-2, 90-1, 115, 118, 134, 148-51, 164, 63,152,190, 216T, 239, 257T, 264 308T Umudike Agricultural Research Water supply, 273-4, 282, 310 Centre, 310 Wave-bedding, 119 Umuezeala, 293 F Weather, 122-51 Umuna Fish Farm, 245-6 West Aboine River, 79 Umuogbo Nkwerre, 213 F West African Airways Corporation Unemployment, see Employment (WAAC),305 Unilever,213 West African Iron and Steel Authority, United Africa Company, 269 276 United Nations, 208 Western Nigeria, Communications University of Nigeria, 194,203,309 with,295 Upper Coal Measures Formation, 69, Winds, see Climate 70F, 75-6, 76F, 89, 91-3, 182, 246, Women, 35, 176, 181,284 Appendix Woodland savanna mosaic, see De- Upper Cross River Basin, 56 rived savanna Urban centres, see Towns Workum (Leffin) Hills, 79, 95 Urban growth, see Industrial develop­ World Bank, see International Bank ment, Towns World market, 223, 247, 265,270,277 Urban migration, 50, 55, 178, 182, World Wars, 118-20, 249, 289, 290, 247,252,296. See also Migration 300,305 INDEX 359 Yam, 52, 107, 110, 117, 120, 176-90 Yola, 32, 284 passim, 183F, 187F, 189F, 204T, 206, Yoruba, 22, 25F, 241 297T Yenagoa, 140F, 145F, 150F, 154F, Zebu cattle, 194 170F, 173F, 187F,265F,293F Zinc, 71 F, 80 Yenagoa Province, 23, 26, 42-3