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Patterns of Trafficking in Persons and Empowerment Strategies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria i ESSIEN, HELEN OKORO PG/Ph.D/07/42942 Patterns of Trafficking in Persons and Empowerment Strategies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION Ugwoke Oluchi C. Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s Name DN : CN = Webmaster’s name O = University of Nigeria, Nsukka OU = Innovation Centre ii PATTERNS OF TRAFICKING IN PERSONS AND EMPOWERMENT STRATEGIES IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA BY ESSIEN, HELEN OKORO PG/Ph.D/07/42942 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA July, 2013 iii Title Page Patterns of Trafficking in Persons and Empowerment Strategies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria A Thesis Presented to the Department of Health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Pilosophy (Ph. D) Degree in Public Health Education By Essien, Helen Okoro PG/Ph.D/07/42942 i Approval Page This thesis has been approved for the Department of Health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka. By ------------------------------ ------------------------------- Professor C. E. Ezedum Dr. C. C. Igbokwe Supervisor Internal Examiner ------------------------------ ------------------------------- Associate Prof. Maria Ikorok Professor O. C. Ene External Examiner Head of Department Date: ------------------------------ Professor Ike Ifelunni Dean, Faculty of Education Certification ii Essien, Helen Okoro, a postgraduate student in the Department of Health and Physical Education with Registration Number PG/Ph.D/07/42942, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D) in Public Health Education. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any diploma or degree of this or any other University. --------------------------- Essien, Helen Okoro Student --------------------------- Date iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my beloved husband Dr. Okoro A. Essien and my children Anametemfiok, Ediongseyene, Utibeima, SifonAbasi and Kufre. iv Acknowledgements The researcher’s greatest appreciation goes to God Almighty who by His favour sustained her throughout the Ph.D Programme. The researcher gives special thanks to her supervisor Professor C. E. Ezedum, for providing unrestricted access to his personal library for literature search, and for the special attention given to the researcher at every stage of this work. It is likely that this work would not have been possible without the academic shoulder provided by Professor Ezedum for the researcher to ride on. Profound gratitude is given to the researcher’s lecturer Tr. Prof. E. S. Samuel for his inspiration, intellectual guidance and tolerance in directing this thesis. He has been a guiding light throughout the duration of this work. Indeed, Tr. Prof. Samuel is a teacher. The researcher offers sincere gratitude to the immediate part Head, Department of Health and Physical Education, Professor O. C. Ene and also to Professor O. A. Umeakuka for serving as the researcher’s design reader and contents reader at the proposal level. They made marvelous contributions for the improvement of this thesis. Special thanks go to Mr. and Mrs. Emmanuel Essien and Engr and Mrs. Monday Akpan for their moral support during the course of this study. To Mrs. A. V. Olavugba, the researcher says thank you for helping in the analysis of data. The researcher also remains thankful to her parents and Mrs. U. U. Udosen for providing academic foundation. Sincere appreciation goes to Dr. C. C. Igokwe, and Dr. C. N. Ogbuyi of the Department of Health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for serving as the researcher’s examiners and also validated the researchers instrument and made input that helped the researcher to improve the quality of this work. The researcher is very grateful to Dr. (Mrs.) Ngozi for serving as design reader at the Faculty Seminar. Dr. Ngozi particularly took pain to read this work line-by-line from the beginning to the end and advised on necessary modifications and amendments. The researcher remains grateful to Engr. Aniekan Akpan, of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka for providing some of the research materials for this thesis. Special thanks goes to Mr. and Mrs. Emmanuel Essien and Engr. and Mrs. Monday Akpan for their moral support during the course of this programme. To Mrs. A. V. Olavugba, the researcher says thank you for helping in the analysis of data. The researcher also remains thankful to her parents Elder and Mrs. U. U. Udosen for providing academic foundation. v Table of Contents Title Page Title Page i Approval Page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of contents vi List of Tables ix List of Figures x Abstract xi CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 Background to the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 8 Purpose of the Study 9 Research Questions 9 Hypotheses 10 Significance of the Study 10 Scope of the Study 11 CHAPTER TWO: Review of Highlight of Related Literature Conceptual Framework 12 Concepts of trafficking in persons 12 Factors currently sustaining trafficking in persons 16 Parental level of awareness about trafficking in persons 19 Government legislations against trafficking in persons 20 Methods of enforcement of available government legislations against trafficking in person 21 Patterns of trafficking in persons 24 Concepts of empowerment strategies 31 vi Theoretical Framework 35 Social learning theory 35 Trans-theoretical model 35 Human capital theory 36 Sociological model of child abuse 37 Empirical Studies 40 Summary of Literature Review 45 CHAPTER THREE: Methods 47 Research Design 47 Area of the Study 47 Population of the Study 48 Sample and Sampling Techniques 48 Instruments for Data Collection 49 Validity of the instrument 50 Reliability of the instrument 50 Method of Data Collection 50 Method of Data Analysis 51 CHAPTER FOUR: Results and Discussion 53 Results 53 Summary of Major Findings 69 Discussion of Findings 71 CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 80 Summary 80 Conclusions 82 Recommendations 83 Suggestions for Further Studies 84 References 85 Appendix A: Pro-forma for Recording Patterns of Trafficking in Persons (PRPTIPQ) 92 B: Perceived Empowerment Strategies Questionnaire (PESQ) 94 C: Key Informant Interview Guide (KIIG) 98 D: Letter of introduction 99 E: Permission to Administer Questionnaire of Staff of Uyo Zonal 100 vii F: Anti-trafficking Related Offences in the Penal Code 101 G: Instrument (PESQ) Reliability Test Analysis 103 H: Heads of Units that Supplied Qualitative Data 105 I: Themes and Transcriptions that Emerged from Qualitative Data 106 J: Map of Akwa Ibom State – Showing the Study Area 108 viii List of Tables 1. Victims of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State According to Demographics 54 2. Victims of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State According to Birth Order 55 3. Victims of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State According to level of Education and Occupation of Parents 57 4. Victims of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State by Temporal Pattern 59 5. Victims of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State by Spatial Pattern 61 6. Factors Sustaining the Practice of TIPs in Akwa Ibom State 62 7. Mean Scores on Perceived Status of Government Legislation against TIPs 63 8. Perceived Empowerment Strategies to Combat TIPs in Akwa Ibom State 64 9. Summary of Chi-square Analysis Testing the Null Hypotheses on Level of Education of Victims’ Parent (LEVP) and Occurrence of TIPs 65 10. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Gender and Occurrence of TIPs 65 11. Summary of Chi-square Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis on Geographical Location and occurrence of TIPs 66 12. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Social Conditions and Occurrence of TIPs 67 13. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Season and Occurrence of TIPs 67 14. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Holiday and Occurrence of TIPs 68 15. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Age and Occurrence of TIPs 68 16. Summary of Chi-square Analysis on Marital Status and Occurrence of TIPs 69 ix List of Figures 1. Schematic Representation of Conceptual Framework on Patterns 34 of and Perceived Empowerment Strategies Against TIPs. 2. Diagrammatic Representation of Theoretical Framework on Patterns 39 of and Perceived Empowerment Strategies Against TIPs. x Abstract This study investigated the Patterns of and Perceived Empowerment Strategies against Trafficking in Persons (TIPs) in Akwa Ibom State. Six objectives, six research questions and eight hypotheses guided the study. The descriptive survey design was employed in the study. Three population groups, consisting of 10,094 victims of TIPs, and 844 community leader and social workers were used. A sample of 1844 respondents (1000 victims of TIPs, and 844 community leaders and social workers) were drawn using systematic sampling technique. Three instruments (Proforma for Recording the Patterns of Trafficking in Persons–PRPTIPs, Perceived Empowerment Strategies Questionnaire-PESQ, and Key Informant interview Guide-KIIG) were used for data collection. Five specialists validated the instruments. The PESQ was subjected to reliability test using Split-half approach and reliability coefficient of .89 was obtained. Data from 1000 victims of TIPs and 844 social workers and community leaders were collected using PRPTIPs and PESQ respectively. Qualitative data were collected through KIIG. Percentages were used for analysis of descriptive data, while the eight hypotheses were tested using Chi-square at .05 alpha level. Findings showed that majority of TIPs victims were aged 11-20 years, and were mostly females. They had secondary school education. Majority of victims were of the 8 th and above birth order. Majority of their parents had primary education, with main occupation as trading, fishing and farming. The victims were mostly from polygamous family, residing mainly in rural area. They were mostly Christians. The victims were of single than married persons. TIPs occurred more in dry season. Ceremonies and holidays mostly attracted TIPs. TIPs occurs mostly on Monday, Saturday and Friday, and in the months of December, October and January.
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